1.
Liberal Humanism
Definition: This is a way of thinking that values human beings and their ability to be creative
and express themselves. It focuses on the importance of the individual.
Brief Note: In literature, liberal humanism believes that stories help us understand human
experiences. It values the text itself and thinks that the meanings in literature are timeless and
should be found within the text, not from the author’s life. This approach also emphasizes the
moral and ethical lessons that literature can teach us, encouraging readers to connect with
universal human values.
2. Introduction to Literary Theory
Definition: Literary theory is the study of how to understand and interpret literature.
Brief Note: There are many ways to look at literature, like focusing on the text’s structure, the
historical context, or the author's life. Different theories give us different tools to analyze and
understand literary works deeply. For example, Marxist theory looks at how literature reflects
social and economic conditions, while feminist theory examines how gender roles and identities
are portrayed. Each theory provides a unique perspective, helping us to see different layers and
meanings in literary texts.
3. Close Reading Method
Definition: Close reading is carefully analyzing a small part of a text to understand its deeper
meaning.
Brief Note: This method involves paying attention to details like word choice, sentence
structure, and literary devices such as metaphors and symbols. It helps us see how every part of
the text works together to create meaning. Close reading often involves looking at how the text’s
language and form contribute to its overall themes and messages, making us more aware of the
author's craftsmanship and intent.
4. Poetics by Aristotle
Definition: "Poetics" is a book by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle that talks about the
principles of writing, especially focusing on tragedy.
Brief Note: In "Poetics," Aristotle explains how stories and plays should be structured. He talks
about important concepts like imitation (mimesis), emotional release (catharsis), and tragic flaw
(hamartia). Mimesis refers to the idea that art imitates life, catharsis is the emotional release that
audiences experience, and hamartia is a character’s flaw that leads to their downfall. Aristotle's
analysis of tragedy includes the importance of a coherent plot and well-developed characters,
influencing how we understand and critique dramatic works today.