Chapter 7 Line Models 271

Chapter 7
Line Models

Many real-world objects can be modeled as line bodies. When a body has small lateral dimensions and has a uniform
cross-section, it is often modeled as a line body. The most obvious applications of line models are frame, beam, and truss
structures. Workbench meshes a line body with beam elements (1.3.3[13], page 39). Advantages of using line models
over surface models or solid models include: (a) creating line models is usually easier, (b) the problem size is much
smaller, and (c) the solution can be more accurate. Therefore, engineers should consider using line models instead of
surface or solid models whenever possible. Workbench stores many built-in cross sections in the database to be chosen
from by the users. Workbench allows the rendering of cross-sections when displaying the model, so that the line bodies
visually look like solid bodies.

Purpose ofThis Chapter

The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce the use of beam elements (1.3.3 [13], page 39). This chapter guides the
students to create line models and perform simulations using these models. The chapter provides three examples; two of
them are entirely line models, while the other one is a model mixed up with line bodies and surface bodies.

About Each Section

Section 7.1 creates a flexible gripper model and performs a simulation using the model. Section 7.2 demonstrates the
creation of a truss structure and the simulation. Section 7.3 uses a two-story building as an example to demonstrate the
creation of a building structure and the simulation. Another purpose of Section 7.3 is to demonstrate how surface
bodies and line bodies can be mixed up in a simulation model.

@Seismicisolation
272 Chapter 7 Line Models

Section 7.1
Flexible GrippeHRef 4

[5] Gripping
7.1.1 About the Flexible Gripper direction
(output). /

[I] The gripper [2-5] is made of a POM

(polyoxymethylene, a plastic polymer), which has a [2] The
Young's modulus of 2 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of gripper. |
0.35. It has a rectangular cross section of 1x5 mm2.
A concern in designing this gripper is its
geometric advantage (GA). The GA is defined as the
ratio of the horizontal output displacement [5] to
the input actuation [4]. The GA value is used to
assess the efficiency of the gripper; the larger the [3] The ends are
better. The main purpose of this simulation is to fixed to a rigid
assess the GA value of the current design as shown ground. \
in the figure [6]. Note that only half of the gripper is
[4]
modeled due to the symmetry.
Actuation
The profile consists of two smooth spline curves direction
defined by 7 key points, whose numbering and (input), f
coordinates are shown in the figure [6-7].
[6] The
The problem could be solved with a 2D
simulation. With 2D simulations, however, the
current P4(-35,I6O)
design.
current version of Mechanical supports only solid
models (it doesn't support 2D surface model or line
model). Compared with a 3D line model, a 2D solid
P3(—69,120)
model is not efficient (in terms of accuracy and
computing time.) We decide to go for a 3D line
P5(-34,IOO)
model although the geometry and the motion are
entirely on a plane. P6(-24,60)
We will create a line model in the first part of
P7(0,50)
this section. The model will be used in the second P2(-90,40)
part of this section to simulate the motion of Y
gripping and to assess the GA value. The model will
be used again in Section 8.1 to demonstrate an
PI(-70,0) X
optimization capability of Workbench, in which we
want to relocate the positions of the key points to
[7] Origin of
achieve an optimum GA value. /
coordinates. #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 7.1 Flexible Gripper 273

PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING

7.1.2 Startup
/\ Gripper - Workbench □ x
)is lints E> Help

J ^Project

Update Project
Project Schematic

В Analysis Systems
И Design Assessment
0 Eigenvalue Buckling
13Electric
[I] Launch U Explicit Dynamics Engneemg Data
@ Fluid Flow (CFX) [3] Start up
Workbench and save © Fluid Flow (Fluent)
U Harmonic Acoustics Q Model DesignModeler. #
the project as И Harmonic Response Й Setup
Gripper. \ 8 IC Engine (Fluent)
В IC Engine (Forte)
U Magnetostatic ») Results
Ш Modal Static Structural
u Modal Acoustics
Ш Random Vibration
Г.1 Response Spectrum
E? Rigid Dynamics
u Stade Acoustics [2] Create a Static
|Q Static Structural C
U Steady-State Thermal Structural system. /
Hj Thermal-Electric
Q Topology Optimization
E Transient Structural
Q Transient Thermal
T urbomaehjnery Fluid Flow
В Component Systems
В Custom Systems
В Design Exploration

View Al /Customize...

v Double-dick component to edit

7.1.3 Create Sketch on XYPIane

■35

■34
Flexible 17 -24

[3] Draw another spline

connecting P4-P7. End the
[2] Draw a spline (using the spline with right-click-selecting
Spline tool) connecting PI-P4. Open End. #
End the spline with right-click­
selecting Open End.

| * Construction Point

[I] Select Millimeter as the length unit. On

XYPIane, draw 7 points, using the Construction
Point tool. Specify their positions, f

@Seismicisolation
274 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.1.4 Create Line Body

[I] Pull-down-select
Concept/Lines
From Sketches. |

Details View
s Details of Liael
Lines From Sketches Linel [2] Select Sketch I in
Base Objects 1 Sketch O-==n
the model tree and
click Apply. Click
Operation Add Material
Generate. /

View Help

* Shaded Exterior and Edges

[5] Rotate to an isometric view. A local coordinate system
Shaded Exterior
attaches to each spline, its Z-axis (blue) tangent to the curve
and its Y-axis (green) pointing out of the plane of the curve.
Wireframe
We need to be aware of these local coordinate systems
Graphics Options
because, in the next subsection, we want to define a cross
Frozen Body Transparency section for the line body, and its coordinate system aligns with
Edge Joints these local coordinate systems. |
Cross Section Alignments
Display Edge Direction
Display Vertices
Cross Section Solids

Ruler
[4] Make sure View/Cross
Section Alignments is
Outline turned on. /
Windows

[6] Turn off View/Cross

Section Alignments [4]; it
looks like this. Turn it on again. #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 7.1 Flexible Gripper 275

7.1.5 Create a Rectangular Cross Section

Concept Tools Units View

°S> Lines From Points

Details View Lines From Sketches

в Details of Recti (Q Lines From Edges [I] Pull-down-select
Sketch Recti
V\ 3D Curve Concept/Cross
Show Constraints? No
Split Edges Section/
в Dimensions: 2
[2] Type I (mm) for В ф Surfaces From Edges Rectangular. <-
В 1 rnrm
and 5 (mm) for H. | Surfaces From Sketches
H 5 mm

в Edges: 4 <ji3 Surfaces From Faces

Line Lnll & Detach

Line

Line
Lnl2

Lnl3
Cross Section □ Rectangular •

Line Ы4
О Circular

В Physical Properties: 10
<§> Circular Tube

A 5 mm! E Channel Section

hoc 10.417 тп/Ч E I Section

by 0tW4 E Z Section
lyy 0.41667 mTn*4
0= L Section
Iw 0.73342 mrr?6
T- 1.4571 mn?4
E T Section
JnL Hat Section
[□] Rectangular Tube
[S] User Integrated
C°l User Defined
[3] A rectangular cross section Recti is created. Note
that its local Y-axis (green) is in the longer direction;
that is exactly what we intend (see 7.1.4[5], last page).
You don't need to click Generate when creating a
cross section. #

7.1.6 Assign the Cross Section to the Line Body

[4] The rectangular shape of
В A: Static Structural the cross section is now
View Help
- ^XYPlane visualized. Note that this is
v Shaded Extenor and Edges
Sketchl for visual effect only. This is a
ZXPlane [I] Select Line Shaded Exterior
line body, not a solid body,
YZPlane Body. | Wireframe
Й- Linel
Graphics Options
Й 1 Cross Section
v □ Recti v* Frozen Body Transparency
Bv 1 Part, 1 Body
Edge Joints
"s Line Body
Cross Section Alignments
Display Edge Direction
Sketching Modeling Г
Display Vertices
Details View Cross Section Solids
[2] Select the
В Details of Line Body
newly created Blade Ruling Lines
Body Line Body

Faces 0
cross section. |
Ruler
Edges 2
Triad
Vertices 3

Cross Section. Recti Q) Outline

Offset Type Centroid

Shared Topology Method Edge Joints

[3] To display the cross
Geometry Type DesignModelei
section, turn on View/
Cross Section Solids, f

@Seismicisolation
 T7f> Chapter 7 Line Models

Adjusting Cross Section Alignments

[5] When creating line models, make sure the cross section alignments are correct. In our case, the default alignments
are what we want, so we don't need to make any adjustment. In other cases, if adjustment of cross section alignments
is needed, you can turn on the edge selection filter, select the edges of the line bodies, and type the rotation angle [6].
We will demonstrate the procedure in 7.3.9, page 300. |

Details View
□ Li*e-Body Edge
Alignment Mode Selection

Cross Section Alignment Plane Normal

Alignment X 0

Alignment Y 0
[6] Cross section
Alignment Z

Rotate
alignment can be
Reverse Orientation? adjusted by rotating
Frame Alignment Automatic (Frenet-Serret) an angle.

PART B. SIMULATION

7.1.7 Prepare Material Properties A

r Static Structural [I] Double-click
Engineering Data >/ Engineering Data.
[3] Double-click to
| [5] Return to Project Geometry V л
I Schematic. # include Isotropic
Model j
Elasticity. \
Setup “F j

Solution "F j

Results “F

Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data Static Structural ▼ Ф X

0 Physical Properties
□ LinearElastic Contents of Engineering Data Source Description
Й Isotropic Elasticity Б Material
Orthotropic Elasticity
Anisotropic Elasticity Structural Steel from 1! [4] Type 2e9 (Pa) for
Div 2, ’
0 Hyperelastic Experimental Data Young's Modulus and 0.35
POM
0 Hyperelastic for Poisson's Ratio.
Click here to add a new material
0 Chaboche Test Data
0 Plasticity

[2] Type POM to add a Property Unit

new material to S И Isotropic Elasticity
Engineering Data. f Derive from >ung's and Poisson's Ratio
Young's Modulus 2E+09
0 Viscoelastic Poisson's Ratio 0.35
0 Shape Memory Alloy Bulk Modulus 2.2222E+09

0 Damage Shear Modulus 7.4074E+08

@Seismicisolation
 Section 7.1 Flexible Gripper 277

7.1.8 Start Up Mechanical and Assign Material

HI Project
В Model (A4)
- Geometry
[2] Highlight
Line Body. |
S
Mesh
в ?£] Static Structural (A5)
Analyse Settings
В ?£| Solution (A6)
. f | Solution Information

[3] Select POM. #

Details of “Line Body"

[I] Start up
Mechanical. Make
sure the unit system
on Display/
is mm-kg-N-s. /
Shells»and
Beams. /

7.1.9 Generate Mesh

[3] The default mesh

[I] Highlight Mesh in the settings generate 34
project tree and click beam elements and 69
Generate. / nodes. A convergence
study (see 7.1.16, page
282) shows that, for GA
assessment, the mesh is
acceptable. #

7.1.10 Specify Fixed Supports

[I] Highlight Static Structural

in the project tree and insert a
Fixed Support.

Э Fixed О
14 4 * Frictionless
Supports л ,
Cp Displacement
[2] Select this vertex. You may need to turn
Structural
on the vertex selection filter. The Fixed
Support prevents translations as well as
rotations in all three directions, |

@Seismicisolation
278 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.1.11 Specify Symmetry Condition and the Actuation

[3] And click
Apply. 1
Э Fixed
Details of "Fixed Rotation'
"" Frictionless в Scope
Supports л , Scoping Method Geometry Se
4 Displacement
Geometry 1 Vertex
Structural
в Definition

4[I] Select
Supports/Fixed
Rotation.
Type____________
Coordinate System
Rotation X
Rotation Y
Rotation Z
Fixed Rotation
Global Coordinate System
Free
Fixed
Fixed
No"
О

Suppressed

[4] Set Rotation X free and leave the

[2,6] Select this rotations inY- and Z-direction fixed. /
vertex. / |

Э Fixed [7] And click [8] Type 0 to fix the

Frictionless Apply. displacement in X-
Supports л . direction. This
Cp Displacement
Details of "Displacement' condition together
Structural
with those in [4]
в Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Se
ensure the symmetry
Geometry 1 Vertex
about YZPIane
(see [10]). |
в Definition
[5] Click
Type____________ Disphcemext
Displacement. /
Define By Components
Coordinate System Global Coordinate Systei
X Component 0. mm (ramped) [9] Apply 50 mm
Y Component -50. mm (ramped) displacement
Z Component Free downward. |
Suppressed No

Symmetry Conditions for Shell and Beam Elements

[10] The purpose of the steps [1-8] is to set up a symmetry condition about YZPIane, while step [9] is to set up a
downward actuation.
Beam elements, like shell elements, have rotational degrees of freedom (1.3.3[l 3], page 39). The rule of symmetry
conditions for shell and beam elements is this: fixing (zero values) the out-of-plane translations and the in­
plane rotations.
Consider the boundary conditions at the vertex shown in [2]. In this case, YZPIane is the plane of symmetry, X-
displacement is the out-of-plane translation [8],Y-rotation and Z-rotation are the in-plane rotations [4].
With surface models, you may set up symmetry conditions using the Symmetry tool (3.1.11 [7], page 119). Even
so, make sure you know Workbench sets up symmetry conditions by fixing the out-of-plane translations and the in­
plane rotations. As a good engineer, use software only when you know how it works.
The Symmetry tool (3.1.11 [7], page 119) is not applicable for a line model. #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 7.1 Flexible Gripper 279

7.1.12 Set Up Analysis Settings

Why Large Deflection?

S Geometry
Line Body [4] Turning on large deflection is to include
Coordinate Systems geometry nonlinearity, which always gives more
Mesh
Static Structural (A5) accurate solutions but takes more computing
[I] Highlight Analysis
Analysis Settings time. To justify the inclusion of geometry
Fixed Support
Settings. |
Fixed Rotation nonlinearity, at the end of this section, turn off
Displacement Large Deflection and rerun this case. A
Solution (A6)
. JJ Solution Information substantial difference in the results is an
indication that the inclusion of geometry
Details of "Analysis Settings"
nonlinearity is necessary.
H Step Controls
Numbex Of Steps

Cirnent Step Numbex

Step End Time

[2] Turn off Auto Auto Time Stepping
Time Stepping and
Auto Time Stepping Off
type 10 for Number This model is simple enough that we actually
Define By Suhsteps
la Of Substeps. | don't need to change any default settings other
Numbex Of Substeps

Solvex Controls than just turning on Large Deflection. The

Solvex Type Program Controlled
solution would be complete in just 3 substeps,
Weak S pongs Off

Solvex Pivot Checking Program Controlled

with auto time stepping controlled by the
Laxge Deflection On
[3]Turn on Large program.
Inertia Relief Off Deflection.
The reason we turn off Auto Time
E Restart Cattails
Stepping and specify 10 substeps is because
В Nanliaeax Controls
E we want to gather more data for plotting an
E input-displacement-versus-output-displacement
E
chart (see 7.1.15[7], page 281). #

7.1.13 Set Up Solution Branch and Solve the Model

Project Toolbox
e| Model (A4) Deformation
E Geometry
5... V Line Body
В Coordinate Systems
v Tft] Mesh
В Q Static Structural (A5)
[I] Highlight [3] Select
Analysis Settings [2] Select
Solution. -» Toolbox/Beam
v(Fixed Support
Deformation/ Tool. /
Fixed Rotation
Total. -+
Displacement
I Solu t io n (A6)[
. J] Solution Information
. Total Deformation
В 4Э1 Beam Tool
Direct Stress [4] The Solution [5] Click
Minimum Combined Stress branch looks like this. Solve. #
Maximum Combined Stress

@Seismicisolation
280 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.1.14 View Results

jnore the warning
message. /

□ E) • A: Static Structural - Mechanical (ANSYS Academic Teaching introductory) □ X

Result Display Selection Automation S ® O’

£? SKI election [Г Commands ffi Images ’ ©Probe

[□ X 1.0 (True Scale)
E
X ESQ *С01 te System £3 Comment fj Section Plane Scoped Rndirs ©Maximum
Duplicate Q Solve Analysis idges Vector Views

Outline Solver,
'omt ,j,|‘ Chart
insert
©Annotation

[3] The maximum

©Minimum Display -
Ж
Outline - 9 □ x Q Q e „ Л
total displacement ^Clipboard’

Name -
A: Static Structural is 77.153 mm. |
Л Project*
Total Deformatoon
В T Model (A4)
Type Total Deformation
Unit: mm
UneBodv Time 1. /
ffi ✓!
77.153 Max
[6] Numerical data for each
[2] Highlight Total оУ bUI--------
60008 substep are available. You could
в Deformation. / 51 436
42 863 copy/paste to your spread
34 29
sheet for further processing. /
Displacement I
25.718
- v Solution (A6) \ 17145
Solution Information V
85726
Total Deformation (_)
В ✓E Beam Tool [4] Click Result
✓e Greet Stress
Mnrun Comtxned Stress
Maxmum Comtxned Stress X

Details of "Tot [5] Set Result to

- Scope True Scale and click Tabular Data
Scoping Met
Time [s] | [7 Minimum [mm]
Geometry
Play. Click again to 2 Sec (Auto)
8 0845
- Definition pause the animation. 16164
Type 24 189
By 32.126
39 954

[7] A graph of maxi mu m- 55236

Sup response-versus-time is 69 986

displayed here. We re­ Graph cs Annotations uraph
Readl produce the graph as S л 2 Messages No Selection A Metnc (mm. kg. N. s. mV. mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius

shown in [8-9]. \

80

[9] The total-displacement-

E versus-input-displacement curve
E 60
is almost a straight line. #
<y
Eф
40
[8] The maximum input
displacement (50 mm) is divided
Ct 20 into 10 substeps; therefore, each
substep is 5 mm of input
displacement, f

Input Displacement (mm)

@Seismicisolation
 Section 7.1 Flexible Gripper 281

7.1.15 Assess GA Value

a -S Solution (A6)
Solution Information
TotalDeformation
[I] With Solution in the X Axis - Directional Deformation
project tree highlighted, select В у® Beam Tool
Deformation
Deformation/ Direct Stress
Directional. | Minimum Combined Stress
Maximum Combined Stress

[3] Right-click Directional

[2] You don't need to
Deformation and rename it like this. |
make any change in the
Detailsof "Directional Deformation" details. We want to see
Scope
displacements in X
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Axis.
Geometry AU Bodies
Definition
Type Directional Deformation
Orientation X Axis
By__________________ Time
Display Time Last
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Calculate Time History Yes
[5] The maximum horizontal
Identifier
displacement is 52.016 mm. |
Suppressed
Results
Minimum
A: Static Structural
X Axis - Directional Deformation
Maximum
Type: Directional Deformation(X Axis)
Minimum Occurs On
Unit: mm
Maximum Occurs On Global Coordinate System
Information Time: 1.

52 016 Max |
46.236
[7] The Graph window shows a 40.457
34.677 j
horizontal-displacement-versus-
input-displacement plot. # 28.898
23.118
17.339
11.559
H o rizo n ta l D isplacem ent (m m )

5.7795
0 Min

Horizontal-Displacement-versus-
Input-Displacement Plot
[6] A horizontal-displacement-versus-input-
displacement curve is shown as [7]. The curve
is nearly but not a straight line. The GA value

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
in this case is about 1.04 (52/50). \

Input Displacement (mm)

©Seismicisolation
282 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.1.16 Convergence Study of Beam Elements

[I] A convergence study of the gripper model is summarized in the table/figure below [2-3]. The table/figure shows
that the displacement converges to 52.035 mm [2]. In the foregoing simulation, we meshed with 34 elements using the
default settings and obtained a displacement of 52.016 mm [3]. That is accurate enough for GA assessment, but may
not be adequate for other purposes (e.g., stress assessment).
Generally, models meshed with beam elements or shell elements converge very fast. The meshing consideration is
mostly geometric. In our case, since it is a curved structure, the major consideration is to mesh the structure so that
the geometry of the meshed finite element model doesn't deviate from the original geometry too much.
For a structure composed by straight beams, we can obtain a solution equal to theoretical values by meshing each
straight beam with a single element! This will be demonstrated in Section 7.2. j

Element Number Output

Size (mm) of Displacement
Elements (mm)

10 32 52.010

default 34 52.016

6 53 52.028

4 79 52.032

3 104 52.033

2 157 52.034

1 312 52.035

0.5 624 52.035

Number of Elements

[4] At the end of this study, Details of

Mesh looks like this. We will use this mesh
for another exercise in Section 8.1.^

Wrap Up
[5] Save the project and exit Workbench. #

Reference
I. Chao-Chieh Lan and Yung-Jen Cheng, 2008, "Distributed Shape
Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms Using Intrinsic
Functions," ASME Journal of Mechanical Design,Vol. 130,072304.

@Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 283

Section 7.2
3D Truss

72.1 About the 3D Truss

[I] Traditionally, a truss is defined as a structure consisting of two-force members; i.e.,the members are pin-jointed at
ends and the loads are applied on the joints so that the members are either stretched or compressed but not bent.
Two members connected by a pin-joint can rotate about the joint independently. In the real world, structural members
are rarely connected by pin-joints. Modern structures are constructed using either welds or multiple bolt-and-nuts; i.e.,
the members are rigid jointed, not pin-jointed. Even in the old days, pin-jointed structures were not common. The
main reason for pin-joint assumption was to ease the computational difficulty, in the days when computers were not
widespread. Note that, due to the neglect of joint rigidity, pin-joint assumption leads to a conservative design: safer, but
over-designed.
How much is the error caused by the pin-joint assumption? This is a good exercise problem for engineering
students (7.4.2, page 310). The amount of error depends on the slenderness of the structural member. If the members
are slender enough, there are no essential errors caused by the pin-joint assumption. On the other hand, if the
members are not slender enough, then the pin-joints assumption may induce substantial errors.
The beam element BEAM 188tRef Ч (1.3.3[ 12-13], page 39) is the only element supported in Workbench for line
bodies. The so called "truss elements" (such as LINKI80[Ref2]) are not supported in Workbench. To model a pin-jointed
structure in Workbench, you need to either specify revolute joints between the members or utilize End Release
feature (7.4.2, page 310).
In this section, we will create a line model for a power transmission tower as shown below. All members are made
of structural steel angle of l| x l| x cross section. Note that we've assigned a number for each joint (PI -PI 0) and each
member (1-25). The design loads are also tabulated below. #
75"

@Seismicisolation
284 Chapter 7 Line Models

PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING

7.2.2 Startup
/\ Truss - Workbench

He xViewX^Toois Unrts
[I] Launch Workbench and
jLd save the project with the
name Truss. j

□ Analysis Systems
a Design Assessment
t) Eigenvalue Buckling
(£9 Electric
И Explicit Dynamics
Fluid Flow (CFX)
I Geometry
[3] Start up
£3 Fluid Flow (Fluent)
и Harmonic Acoustics Ф Model DesignModeler. #
69 Harmonic Response 1ft Setup
£3 IC Engine (Fluent)
£3 IC Engine (Forte)
(Kj Solution

(2i) Magnetostatic s) Results

if Modal
Static Structural
u Modal Acoustics
ttl Random Vibration
EJ Response Spectrum
E? Rigid Dynamics
u Static Acoustics
|В Static Structural O"^
[2] Create a Static
tl Steady-State Thermal Structural system. /
Ё0 Thermal-Electric
Q Topology Optimization
03 Transient Structural
(J Transient Thermal
Turbomachinery Fluid How
0 Component Systems
0 Custom Systems
В Design Exploration
0 ACT

View Al /Customize...

w Double-click component to edit 53 Job Monitor... it" Show Progress ° Show 0 Messages

7.2.3 Create 10 Construction Points in 3D Space

[I] Select Inch as the length

unit. Turn on Display Plane
and make sure Display Points
is turned on. J

[2] Click Point on

the toolbar. /

@Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 285

Point X Coordinate Y Coordinate Z Coordinate

[7] The 10 points. (The
(in) (in) (in)
numbers are added by the
[6] Repeat steps [2-5] author for your
1 -37.5 0 200
for additional 9 points convenience.) Note that
(Points 2-10), their the view is rotated such
2 37.5 0 200 that Z-axis directs
coordinates shown
here. upward. |
3 -37.5 37.5 100

37.5 37.5 100 ♦

4
2
5 37.5 -37.5 100

6 -37.5 -37.5 100 *5 6.

.
7 -100 100 0 4
♦ 10
8 100 100 0 9♦
9 100 -100 0

10 -100 -100 0 ♦8

Using Coordinates File to Define Points

[8] An alternative way of defining points is to select From Coordinates File for Definition and read the
coordinates from a file [9-10]. When the number of points is large, this is obviously a better way to input coordinates.
A Coordinates file [10] is a text file describing the coordinates of points. The file has 5 columns, or fields: (a)
group number, (b) ID number, (c) X-coordinate, (d)Y-coordinate, and (e) Z-coordinate. The group number and the ID
number can be arbitrarily chosen and they together uniquely identify a point from others.
The fields can be separated by spaces orTABs. You may prepare the text file using a text editor; another way is
using a spread-sheet program such as Microsoft Excel and saving as a text file (e.g., a CSV file). /

[9] An alternative way of defining coordinates

is to select From Coordinates File [ 10] The format of a
(default) for Definition and read the Coordinate File. #
coordinates from a file.

___________________________________
Details View
1 1 -37.5 0 200
Details of Pointl 1
1 2 37.5 0 200
Point Point!
1 3 -37.5 37.5 100
Type
1 4 37.5 37.5 100
Definition From Coordinates File
1 5 37.5 -37.5 100
Coordinates File C:\Users\ASUS\Document5 \[Link]
Coordinates Unit Inch
1 6 -37.5 -37.5 100
Base Plane XYPIane
1 7 -100 100 0
1 8 100 100 0
1 9 100 -100 0
1 10 -100 -100

@Seismicisolation
286 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.2.4 Create Line Body

[I] Pull-down-select
Concept/Lines
2] Click Point I and control-click
From Points. <-
Point 2 to create a line segment
(see the joint numbers in [7]). |
Concept Tools Units
Lines From Points •
Lines From Sketches
Member Start Point End Point [3] Repeat step [2] for additional 24 ГД Lines From Edges
line segments (25 line segments in
total). Each line segment is created
\A 3D Curve
1 PI P2
by clicking the starting point and
**4 Split Edges
2 PI P4 then control-clicking the ending Surfaces From Edges
point. If you make a mistake, you Surfaces From Sketches
3 P2 P3 can remove a line segment by
clicking its starting point and then
Surfaces From Faces
4 PI P5 control-clicking ending point again. Detach
P2 P6
When creating or removing a line Cross Section
5 segment, order of starting/ending
points is not relevant. |
6 P2 P4

7 P2 P5
✓ Shaded Exterior and Edges
Details View Shaded Exterior
8 PI P3
ы Details of Line! Wireframe
PI P6 Lines From Points Linel Graphics Options
9
Point Segments 25 О
* Frozen Body Transparency
10 P3 P6 Operation Add Material Л
Edge Joints

P4 P5 Cross Section Alignments

II
Display Edge Direction

12 P3 P4 [4] Click Display Vertices

Apply. / Cross Section Solids
13 P5 P6
Generate Ruler

14 P3 PIO [6] Turn off View/

Cross Section
Outline
15 P6 P7 Alignments for
Windo
[5] Click clarity. |
16 P4 P9 Generate.

17 P5 P8
[7] A line body of 25
18 P4 P7
members is created. (The
numbers are added by the
19 P3 P8
author for your
P5 PIO convenience.) #
20

21 P6 P9

22 P6 PIO

23 P3 P7 PIO

24 P4 P8

25 P5 P9

©Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 287

72.5 Create Cross Section

[2] Type dimensions
Concept Tools Units View for the steel angle.

Lines From Points

Lines From Sketches
Q Lines From Edges
V\ 3D Curve
Split Edges
ф Surfaces From Edges
Surfaces From Sketches
Surfaces From Faces
Detach Г
Cross Section ►
О Circular
© Circular Tube
E Channel Section
I Section
c[la Z Section [I] Pull-down-select
L Section Concept/Cross
Section/L Section, f
JL, T Section
JnL Hat Section
[□] Rectangular Tube
gU User Integrated
User Defined

72.6 Assign Cross Section to the Line Body 0.25

Point?
PointlO
Linel
□ 1 Cross Section
✓ IL Ll
Й w Сй 1 Part, 1 Body
"ч Line Body

Sketching Modeling [

)etails View
[3] Although we created only 10 joints and 25
Б Details of Line Body
Body Line Body
members, the details view shows that there are 16
Faces 0 vertices and 37 edges. An additional 6 vertices and
Edges 37 12 edges are created because 6 pairs of members
Vertices 16 cross over each other and are treated as if they
Cross Section Ll ' are rigidly welded to each other at points of
Offset Type Centrad \\ cross-over. We assume that this is the real
Shared Topology Method Edge Joints situation and accept this default arrangement. ।
Geometry Type DesignModelei
[2] Select the cross
section LI.

@Seismicisolation
288 Chapter 7 Line Models

[4] Turn on View/Cross

Section Solids and make
sure Cross Section
Alignments is off. \

[5] Enlarge to view

the details. /

View Help

Shaded Exterior and Edges

Shaded Exterior
Wireframe
Graphics Options

✓ Frozen Body Transparency

Edge Joints [6] Turn on View/
Cross Section Alignments Cross Section
~l Alignments. |
Display Edge Direction
Display Vertices
✓ Cross Section Solids

Ruler [7] The default cross

Triad
section alignments. Close
DesignModeler. |
Outline
Windows

Cross Section Alignments

[8] The default cross section alignments [7] are not entirely consistent with the real situation in this case. However, we
decided to neglect the difference between the reality and the default alignments. Since the structural members are
quite slender, the behaviors are essentially two-force members; therefore, alignments should not be critical. In other
words, cross section alignments have little effect on the structural response in this case. We will demonstrate the
adjustment of cross section alignments in 7.3.9 (page 300), in which the alignments must be adjusted, otherwise it
would deviate from the reality too much. #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 289

PART B. SIMULATION

72.7 Start Up Mechanical

Static Structural

2 Engineering Data >/

6 Solution

7 Results

Static Structural

72.8 Generate Mesh Why mesh each member with a

single element?
[4] We mentioned (7.1.16[ I ], page 282) that
Я1 Project*
В... £| Model (A4) we can obtain a solution equal to analytical
a Geometry values by meshing each straight beam with a
а уMaterials
S Cross Sections ________________________________„
single element. The reason we meshed each
В Coordinate Systems (
member with a single beam element here is
,«5Mesh o-==Z7 [I] Highlight Mesh. I
В ?|—I Static Structural (A5) I
to demonstrate this fact.
yA Analysis Settings ----------------------------------------
The default settings of Mesh would
- 7$| Solution (A6)
.411 Solution Information mesh the model with 205 beam elements
and would result in exactly the same
solution as 37 elements. As an exercise
(7.4.2, page 310), verify it yourself after the

[2] Type a large completion of this section.

number (e.g., 999 in)
for Element Size to
Use Surface/Line Models
ensure that each
member is meshed Whenever Suitable
with a single beam
element. Generate the Since the solution of a model meshed with
mesh. | beam elements or shell elements converges
very fast (i.e., very accurate solution can be
obtained with only a few elements), we
should consider a line model or surface
model whenever suitable. This is
particularly true for those problems
[3] A total of 37 beam elements (one element for requiring many iterations or substeps, such
each line segment) are generated. Note that each
as nonlinear problems, dynamic problems,
beam element has a mid-node, so there is a total of
53 nodes (16 end-nodes + 37 mid-nodes). optimization problems, etc. #

@Seismicisolation
290 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.2.9 Specify Supports

[2] Control-select the 4 vertices

[I] Highlight Static at the base. You may need to turn
Structural in the on vertex select filter. |
project tree and insert a
Fixed Support.

Э Fixeo О
Frictionless
Supports ,
Cp Displacement
Structural

7.2.10 Specify Loads [2] Select PI (see figure

below) and click Apply. <-

Details of "Force"
[4] Select P2 and
в Scope click Apply. «-
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
[1,3,5,7] Click Force. Details of "Force 2"
Geometry 1 Vertex
- I \ в Definition - Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Type____________ Force
Define By Components О -
Geometry
Definition
1 Vertex

Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

Type Force
Э Force О X Component 1000. Ibf (ramped) Q
-10000 Ibf (ramped) О Define By Components О
Y Component
® • Moment Z Component -10000 Ibf (ramped) Q Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Loads Suppressed No
X Component 0. Ibf (ramped)
Y Component -10000 Ibf (ramped) Q
Z Component -10000 Ibf (ramped) Q
Suppressed No

Details of "Force 4" click Apply. #

Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 1 Vertex
[6] Select P3 and
в Definition
click Apply, f
Type____________ Force
Details of "Force 3' Define By Components О
в Scope Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Scoping Method Geometry Selection X Component 600. Ibf (ramped) q“
Geometry 1 Vertex Y Component 0. Ibf (ramped)
в Definition Z Component 0. Ibf (ramped)
Type____________ Force Suppressed No
Define By Components Q
Coordinate System Globe! Coordinate System
X Component 500. Ibf (ramped) Q
Y Component 0. Ibf (ramped)
Z Component 0. Ibf (ramped)
Suppressed No

@Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 291

72.11 Set Up Solution Branch and Solve the Model

ЕГ Ф1 Model (A4)
В Geometry
S Coordinate Systems u
v Mesh Deformation Toolbox
В Q Static Structural (A5)

Analysis Settings
Я Fixed Support
[I] Highlight
& Force
Force 2 Solution.
Force 3 [2] Select
Force 4
Й- Ф1 Solution (A6) Deformation/
■J~T| Solution Information Total. -+
[3] Select Toolbox/
Total Deformation
В Beam Tool Beam Tool. /
Direct Stress
Minimum Combined Stress
Maximum Combined Stress
Minimum Bending Stress
Ф Maximum Bending Stress
[4] With Beam
Details of "Multiple Selection" Tool highlighted,
в [5] And select Max
Defiuitioiu select Min
Type_________________
[6] Highlight the Bending. <-
Bending.
By___________________ Time
Display Time Last
5 objects under
Calculate Time Histoiy Yes
Beam Tool. |
Identifier
Suppressed No
В lutegxutiau Pont Results
Display Option Unavexaged Direct Min Max Min Max
Results Bending Bending Combined Combined
II Ыоопшймп. Stress

[7] Select Unaveraged

for Display Option
(see [9])
9
Solve
[8] Click
Solve. |

Why Unaveraged Stresses?

[9] We've introduced the notions of averaged and unaveraged stresses (3.5.6, page 160). Unaveraged stresses are also
called element stresses, since they are calculated at points (usually the geometric center or the integration points) inside
elements. On the other hand, averaged stresses are also called nodal stresses, since they are calculated at nodes, which
are located at element boundaries. Since we mesh each member with a single beam element, and if we select to display
averaged stresses, every two adjacent members' stresses would have been averaged and reported. The averaged
stresses in this case would not have any meaning. #

@Seismicisolation
292 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.2.12 View Results

[I] Maximum
deformation is
0.39454 inch. J A: Static Structural
A: Static Structural | Direct Stress |
| Total Deformation |
Type: Direct Stress (Unaveraged)
Type: Total Defoimauoi
Unit: psi
Unit: in

1
Time: 1
Time: 1

11932 Max
0.39454 Max
8052.6
0.3507
4172.9
030686
293.31
0.26302
-3586 3
0.21919
-7465 9
0.17535
-11346
0.13151
-15225
0.087675
-19105
0.043837 [2] Maximum | -22984 Min~|
0 Min
compressive stress L
is 22,984 psi. | J

[3] Maximum
A: Static Structural A: Static Structural
| Minimum Combined Stress |
tensile stress is | Maximum Combined Stress |

Type: Minimum Combined Stress (Unaveraged) 11,932 psi.; Type: Maximum Combined Stress (Unaveraged)
Unit: psi
Unit: psi
Time: 1
Time: 1

10855 Max
6825
2795.1
— 2140.2
-1234 9
[4] The combined -1800 5

□
-5264 8
-9294 8 stress (bending -5741 2
------- 9681 9
-13325 stress plus direct
-17355
-21385
stress) ranges ■------- 13623
-17563
-21504 Min
-25415 Min | from -25,415 psi
to +13,962 psi. I

A: Static Structural A: Static Structural

| Minimum Bending Stress | | Maximum Bending Stress |
Type: Minimum Bending Stress (Unaveraged) Type: Maximum Bending Stress (Unaveraged)
Unit: psi
Time!

2030 1 Max'"]
1810.6
—I 1591.1

— 1371.6
[5] The bending
stress ranges
from -2430 psi to
1— 1152.1
932.64
713.15
493.66
+2030 psi, which 274.17
is only about 10% 54.684 Min
of the combined
stress [4]. #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 72 3D Truss 293

72.13 View Member Forces/Moments

[Details of "Axial Force"

В Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry All Line Bodies
□ Definition
Type Directional Axial Force
Beam By__________________ Time
Results - Display Time Last
Diagram Coordinate System Solution Coordinate System
Calculate Time History Yes
Identifier
Suppressed No
E Integration Point Results
Display Option Unaveiaged
E Results
E Minimum Value Ovex Time
E Maximum Value Ovex Time
E Information

Details of "Torsional Moment"

Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection Scoping Method Geometry Selection

Geometry All Line Bodies Geometry All Line Bodies

Definition Definition
Directional Totsicaal Mb...
Type Total Bending Moment
By_________________ Time
By Time
Display Time Last
Display Time Last
Coordinate System Solution Coordinate System
Calculate Time History Yes
Calculate Time History Yes
Identifier
Identifier
Suppressed No

В Integration. Point Results Integration Point Results

Display Option Unaveraged Display Option [ Unaveiaged
в Results Results
в Minimum Value Over Time Minimum Value Ovex Time
в Maximum Value Over Time Maximum Value Ovex Time
в Information Information

[5] Click
Solve Solve. ( ।

@Seismicisolation
294 Chapter 7 Line Models

A: Static Structural
| Total Bending Moment"!

Type: Total Bending Moment (Unavenged)

Unit: Ibfin
Time: 1

411.96 Max
367.44

■
— 322.91
— 278.39
— 233.86
— 189.34
— 144.81
— 100.29
— 55.763
I-—I 11238 Mm

A: Static Structural A: Static Structural

| Torsional Moment ~~| | Total Shear Force |
Type: Directional Torsional Moment (Unaveraged)(X Axis) Type: Total Shear Force (Unaveraged)

r
Wrap Up
[7] Save the project and exit Workbench. #

References
I. All Help>Mechanical APDL>Theory Reference* 13.188. BEAM 188
2. All Help*Mechanical APDL>Theory Reference* 13.180. LINK 180

@Seismicisolation
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 295

Section 7.3
"Iwo-Story Building

7.3.1 About the Two-Story Building

[I]The two-story building [2-7] is constructed for residential usage. The local building code requires that a live load of
50 lb/ft2 be considered, along with its own weight. Since the building is in an earthquake zone, an earthquake load must
be considered. For a low-rise building like this, the building code allows an equivalent static analysis instead of a
dynamic analysis. Here we consider a static earthquake load, which is equivalent to 0.2 times gravitational acceleration,
applying horizontally in the shorter direction of the building. In a practical design project, earthquake load applying in
other directions should also be simulated.
The beams and columns will be modeled as line bodies and the floor slabs as surface bodies. We assume that all
bodies are perfectly bonded together. The geometric model will be used for a static structural simulation in this
section. The model will be used again in Section 11.2 for a modal analysis and Section 12.3 for a harmonic response
analysis.
In this exercise, we will use in-lbm-lbf-s unit system most of the time. On some occasions, we will change the
unit system to ft-lbm-lbf-s unit system. One feature ofWorkbench is the flexibility of using unit systems. When
you switch to another unit system,Workbench will convert the units nicely for you. /

[3] The floor slabs are made

of reinforced concrete, its
thickness 5 in. |
[2] All beams and
columns are made of
structural steel, with a
cross section of
W16x50. -►

[4] Each story has a

floor-to-floor
height of 10 ft. <-

[5] Plane view. /

[6] Beam. |

[7] Column. #

20’ 20’ 20’

@Seismicisolation
296 Chapter 7 Line Models

PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING

7.3.2 Start Up

[2] Start up
[I] Launch Workbench. DesignModeler.
Create a Static
Structural system. Save
the project as Building.

7.3.3 Create 16 Points in the Space

[I] Select Inch as the
Point X Coordinate Y Coordinate Z Coordinate length unit. Click Point
on the toolbar. J
(in) (in) (in)

1 0 0 0

240 0 0 [2] Select Manual

2 Details View Input. J,
480 0 0 □ Details of Poixtl
3 Point Pointl

720 0 0
Type Construction Point 1
Г
4 Definition Manual Input Q s
Б Poiat Gimp 1 (RMB)
5 0 0 240
FD&, XCoooalinate Oin
FD9, Y Cooariinate Oin
6 240 0 240
FD10, Z Cooxdinate Oin

7 480 0 240

8 720 0 240
[3] Type coordinates
for Point I. |
9 0 120 0

10 240 120 0

II 480 120 0 Generate [4] Click

Generate. J,

12 720 120 0

13 0 120 240
[5] Repeat steps [1-4] for additional 15
14 240 120 240 points (Points 2-16) and type their
respective coordinates shown in this table.
15 480 120 240 Remember that, alternatively, you may input
- the coordinates by preparing a coordinates
720 120 240 file (see 7.2.3[8-10], page 285). j
16

@Seismicisolation
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 297

73.4 Create a Line Body of 10 Beams

Member Start Point End Point

Concept Tools Units View I
[2] Define 6 line segments.
Lines From Points 1 P9 PI2
Remember that each line
Lines From Sketches segment is defined by first
2 PI3 PI6
IJj Lines From Edges clicking its starting point
\A 3D Curve and then control-clicking its
3 P9 PI3
ending point. |
Split Edges [I] Pull-down-select
Concept/Lines 4 PIO PI4
From Points.
^3 Surfaces Fn PH PI5
5
ip Surfaces FronTra^
[3] Click 6 PI2 PI6
A Detach
Apply. -+
Cross Section

Details View [4] Click

В Details of Line 1 Generate. У
View Help
Lines From Paints Linel II

Paint Segments 6 О
Operation Add Material
Generate

©Seismicis0^^
298 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.3.5 Copy the Line Body

Create Concept Took Units V] [2] Select the newly

New Plane created line body and
|B' Details of Txaaslatel
click Apply. |
0 Extrude Translate Translate 1
6^0 Revolve Preserve Bodies? Yes

Sweep Bodies
Direction Definition Coordinates
Skin/Loft [3]Type 120 (in). Click
FD3, XOfiset Om
В Thin/Surface Generate. This copies the
FD4,Y Offset 120 m
line body and moves 120
% Fixed Radius Blend FD5,Z Offset Oin
inches upward. #
4 Variable Radius Blend
Vertex Blend

ИЛ Pattern

Body Operation
Body Transformation J® Move
□ Translate •
Boolean
Slice □D Rotate

Delete M Mirror
J® Scale
ф Point qp

Primitives
[I] Pull-down-select Create/
Body Transformation/
Translate. /

7.3.6 Create Line Body for Columns

[2] Define 8 columns, each two-

Details View stories high, and click Apply.
[I] Pull-down-select
в Details of Luu2 Remember that if you make a
Concept/Lines
Lines From Points Line2 mistake, you can remove a line
From Points.
Point Segments 8 O“=ZZZ segment by clicking its starting
Operation Add Material point and then control-clicking
ending point again. Click
Generate. #

©Seismicisolafion
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 299

73.7 Create a Cross Section

Concept Tools Units View 1

L ines From Points

Lines From Sketches
Q Lines From Edges
V\ 3D Curve
Split Edges [I] Pull-down-select
Surfaces From Edges Concept/Cross
i^sl Surfaces From Sketches Section/I Section.

£& Surfaces From Faces

Detach ] □ Rectangular
Cross Section
о Circular
© Circular Tube
E Channel Section
I Section
■tL Z Section
L Section
T Section
«ft Hat Section
И Rectangular Tube
User Integrated
User Defined

73.8 Assign the Cross Section to the Line Body

E3 • y $ 1 Cross Section
.Д и
Й v 1 Part, 1 Body
[I] Select Line Body in
\ Line Body
the model tree. |
Sketching Modeling f

Б Details of Liae Body

Body Line Body
Faces 0
Edges 36
Vertices 24
Cross Section 11 [2] Assign II to the
Oflbet Type Centroid line body. #
Shared Topology Method Edge Joints
Geometry Type DesignModeler

©Seismicis0^^
300 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.3.9 Adjust Cross Section Alignments

[2] Cross section
alignments of the beams
View Help
in longer-direction need
v* Shaded Exterior and Edges
to be adjusted. Z
Shaded Exterior
Wireframe
Graphics Options
[I]Turn on View/
Cross Section
v* Frozen Body Transparency Solids. [3] Turn on the edge
Edge Joints selection filter. Z
Cross Section Alignments
Display Edge Direction
Display Vertices
Cross Section Solids

Ruler

Outline

Windows

[4] Control-select
these 12 line edges. |

[6] Now the beams

look like this.
Beams are usually
constructed this
way. #

Details View
В Lixe-Body Edges: 12
Alignment Mode Selection
Cross Section Alignment None (+Z by default)

Alignment X
Alignment Y
Alignment Z
Rotate -90”
Reverse Orientation? No
Frame Alignment Automatic

[5] Type -90 (degrees) to turn

the sectional Y-axis upward. Z

@Seismicisolation
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 301

73.10 Create Surface Bodies

[2] Control-select these 4
edges. Notice that the cursor
Concept Took Units View ] turns to the line-edge shape. |

Lines From Points

Lines From Sketches
Q Lines From Edges

& Detach

Cross Section

[4] Turn on the face selection filter and click the surface
body. One of the surface faces is highlighted (with a
green color), indicating that it is the positive-side of the
surface body; the other side is the negative-side. \

Details View

Б Details of Sufi
Line-Body Tool Surf!
Edges 4
# Edge joints generated 4
I Flip Surface Normal? Yes ( ) ▼
| Thickness (>=0) p in

[7] Select this edge. Use

[5] If the positive-side of the
Selection Panes (see [8]) to
surface body is not upward,
correctly select a line edge
select Surf I in the model tree,
rather than a surface edge. \
and, in the details view, select
Yes for Flip Surface
[9] Control-select the Normal?. Click Generate
other 3 edges, ( । and go back to [4] to make sure
the positive-side is upward. \

[8] Selection Panes can be used to

select a line edge (instead of a surface edge).
In this case one pane represents a line edge
and the other pane represents a surface
edge. You can distinguish them by the cursor
shape. Also, you can deselect a pane by
control-selecting it. \

@Seismicisolation
302 Chapter 7 Line Models

[Details View [ 10] And click Apply. Type

Details of Svrf2 5 (in) for Thickness. Click
Line-Body Tool Sing________________
Generate. |
Edges 4 Cr^ " '

Thickness 0=0) 5 in О

Details View

[II] Remember, if the positive-side of the

surface body is not upward, select the
surface in the model tree, and, in the details
view, select Yes for Flip Surface
Normal? (see [4-5], last page).

Edge Selection
[13] When you select edges, you may need to use
Selection Panes to correctly select the line
edge rather than a surface edge ([7-8], last page).
You can distinguish them by the cursor shape. If
you select a surface edge instead of a line edge, [14] If you select a surface edge instead
the slab would not connect to the line body and of a line edge, the slab would not
would have a gap after deformation [14]. connect to the line body and would have
a gap after deformation. <-

Direction of Surface Bodies

[15] Each surface body has a positive-side and a
negative-side. In Mechanical, the pressure
always applies on the positive-side. Therefore it is
important to know which is the positive-side: turn
on the face selection filter and click the surface
body, and the positive-side will be highlighted with
a green color. Make sure the positive-side of each
surface body is upward in this case. If it is not,
select Yes for Flip Surface Normal? in the
details view (see [4-5], last page). #

@Seismicisolation
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 303

73.11 Form a Single Part

PART B. SIMULATION

73.12 Prepare Material Properties

[I] Double-click
[4] Click to return to Engineering Data. |
Project
Schematic. #

@Seismicisolation
304 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.3.13 Start Up Mechanical

[I] Start up
Mechanical. Make
sure the unit system i;
in-lbm-lbf-s. #

7.3.14 Assign Materials

ifl| Project
Й ф| Model (A4)
Details of "Multiple Selection"
В Geometry
Й Part В Graphics Properties
В Definition
Suppressed No

Stiffness Behavior Flexible

Coordinate System Default Coordinate System

Reference Temperature By Environment

Thickness 5. in

Thickness Mede Refresh on Update

Й Coordinate Systems Offset Type Middle

Connections Behavior None
CfJj Mesh В Material
Й Static Structural (A5) [2] Select
Assignment Concrete
Analysis Settings Nonlinear Effects Yes
Concrete. #
S.. ?ф| Solution (A6) Thermal Strain Effects Tes
. 4T| Solution Information
В Bonding Box
В Properties
[+] Statistics

7.3.15 Generate Mesh

[2] The default mesh settings generate

608 elements (including shell elements
and beam elements). /

@Seismicisolation
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 305

7.3.16 Specify Supports

Details of "Fixed Support"
0 Scope
[2] Control-select all 8
Scoping Method Geometry Selection. points at the base and click
[I] Highlight Static Geometry 8 Vertices Apply. Use the vertex
Structural in the s Definition selection filter (and turn off
project tree and Insert a Type Fixed Support Display/Thick Shells
Fixed Support. Suppressed No and Beams). #

Э Fixed
"" Fnctionless
Supports л ,
Э Displacement
Structural

73.17 Apply the Live Load

Details of "Pressure" [2] Control-select all the surface

В Scope
bodies and click Apply. Remember
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
® Force the pressure is applied on the
Geometry 6 Faces
positive-side of the surface bodies. |
* Э . Moment Definition
Type Pressure
Define By Normal To ____________________________________

[3] Select the ft-lbm-lbf-s unit

system and type 50 (psf) for
Magnitude. #

[I] Insert a
Pressure.

©SeismicisolaHon
306 Chapter 7 Line Models

7.3.18 Apply Earth Gravity

A: Static Structural
Standard Earth Gravity
Time: 1. $
[I] Select Inertial/
Inertial Standard Earth
□ Standard Earth Gravity: 32.174 ft/s2
Gravity. |
Components: 0., -32.174,0. ft/s3

7] Select -Y Direction. This defines

the direction of gravitational force. #

7.3.19 Apply the Earthquake Load

[I] Select
Inertial/
Acceleration. | A: Static Structural
Acceleration
Time: 1. s

| Acceleration: 6.4 ft/s2

Components: 0., 0., 6.4 ft/s2

Details of "Acceleration"
0 Scope
Geometry All Bodies

0 Defiaitioa
Define By Components О

Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

X Component 0. ft/s? (ramped)
Y Component 0. ft/s? (ramped)
| Z Component 16.4 ft/s? (ramped)
| Suppressed |"No ” ~ ТГ"
Q

[2] Select Components for Define By and type

6.4 (ft/s2) for Z Component. This defines how the
bodies accelerate; the "Inertia force" applies in the
opposite direction (-Z direction). #

©SeismicisolaHon
 Section 73 Two-Story Building 307

73.20 Solve the Model and View the Results

Я| Project [3] Select Total

Й ф| Model (A4) Deformation. The
S Geometry
75 ([Link] Auto)
S Coordinate Systems exaggerated; reduce
Connections Scoped Bodies * the scale like this. |
vTiJ] Mesh
0 1~1 Static Structural (A5)
✓ Large Vertex Contours
!’ ✓/?! Analysis Settings
Q Fixed Support [ I ] Set up
Pressure Solution branch
Standard Earth Gravity
like this. /
I... yO? Acceleration
0 Ф1 Solution (A6)
:fT| Solution Information у
o< Total Deformation
e Maximum Principal Stress
Minimum Principal Stress Display Thick Shells Cross Display
and Beams Section SQfo ’
0 Beam Tool sXle J
Direct Stress
Minimum Combined Stress
L. ф Maximum Combined Stress

[4] Turn on Display/

Thick Shells and
Beams. |

Solve

A: Static Structural
Total Deformation_____
Type: Total Deformation
Unit: in
Time: 1

0 30373 Max
0.26998
0.23623
0.20249
0.16874
0.13499
0.10124
0.067495
0.033748
0 Min

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308 Chapter 7 Line Models

[7] Maximum compressive stress of

the concrete slab is about 550 psi,
well below the fracture stress of
the concrete (3000-4000 psi). I
A: Static Structural_____
| Minimum Principal Stress |
Type: Minimum Principal Stress - Top/Bottom
Unit: psi
Time: 1

pi 1.5432e-13 Max
------- 60.639
- -121.28
------- 181.92
— -242.56
------- 303.2
------- 363.83
------- 424.47
-[Link]

S -545.75 Min~|

A: Static Structural
Minimum Combined Stress |
Type: Minimum Combined Stress -
Unit: psi
Time: 1

— 320.96 Max
■ -1320.6

— -2320.3
------- 3320
— -4319.6
------- 5319.3
------- 6319
— -7318.6
И -8318.3_________
- I -9317.9 Min |

[8] Maximum stress for

beam/column is 9300 psi
(compressive), well below
the yield stress of the steel
(40,000-60,000 psi). |

Wrap Up
[9] Save the project and exit Workbench. #

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 Section 7.4 Review 309

Section 7.4
Review

7.4.1 Keywords
Choose a letter for each keyword, from the list of descriptions

I. ( ) Beam Elements

2. ( ) Coordinates File

3. ( ) Direct Stress and Bending Stress

4. ( ) Maximum/Minimum Bending Stress

5. ( ) Combined Stress

6. ( ) Truss

Answers:
I. ( A ) 1(F) 3. ( C ) 4. ( D ) 5. ( E ) 6. ( В )

List of Descriptions

( A ) A line (ID) element that can be arranged in the 3D space. It is used to mesh a body when two of its dimensions
are much smaller than the third dimension. Each node has 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translational and 3 rotational. Due to
the presence of rotational degrees of freedom, it is very efficient to model the problems dominated by bending modes, in
contrast to a solid element, which does not have rotational degrees of freedom.

( В ) Defined as a structure consisting of two-force members. By two-force member, we mean that the members are
pin-jointed at the ends, and the loads apply on the joints so that the members are either stretched or compressed but
not bent.

( C ) The resultant forces acting on a beam cross section can be summarized into three components: direct force F,
bending moment M, and shear force V. Only the direct force and the bending moment contribute to the axial stress. The
axial stress caused by the direct force is called the direct stress a = F/A, where A is the cross-sectional area. The direct
stress can be tensile or compressive. The axial stress caused by the bending moment is called the bending stress
ab = Nty//, where у is the distance from the neutral axis to the point of concern, and / is the moment of inertia of the
cross section.

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310 Chapter 7 Line Models

( D ) Occurs at either the top or bottom beam edge, depending on the direction of the bending moment.

( E ) The superposition of the direct stress and the bending stress.

( F ) A text file describing the coordinates of points. The file has 5 columns, or fields: (a) group number, (b) ID number,
(c) X-coordinate, (d)Y-coordinate, and (e) Z-coordinate. The group number and the ID number are arbitrary and they
together uniquely identify a point from others.

7.4.2 Additional Workbench Exercises

Convergence Study of Beam Elements

Generate a convergence curve like the one in 7.1.16[2] (page 282) for the flexible gripper in Section 7.1.

Mesh Each Member with More Elements

We mentioned in 7.2.8[4] (page 289) that the default settings of Mesh would mesh the model with 205 beam elements
and would result in exactly the same solution as 37 elements. Verify this. Type 0 for Element Size to set to the default
element size.

Pin-Jointed or Rigid-Jointed?
We mentioned in 7.2.1 [I] (page 283) that if the members of a truss structure are slender enough, there is no essential
difference between a pin-jointed model and a rigid-jointed model. Verify this. You may use the 3D truss example (Section
7.2) or select a simple truss structure from any of your Engineering Mechanics textbooks. Solve the problem with the
pin-joint assumption, and then solve the problem again using a rigid-jointed model. Compare the results and draw your
conclusions.
To model a pin-jointed structure in Workbench, you need to either specify revolute joints between the members or
utilize End Release^l] feature in Mechanical [I].

Connections ф| Connection Group Contact ▼ Spot Weld ^End Release

Outline

Я1 Project
- Ф| Model (A4)
E Geometry
В 7^:1 Connections
End Release
Й ,/Д Coordinate Systems
Mesh

References
I. All Help>Mechanical Application>Mechanical User's Guide>Setting Connections>End Releases

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