Amino Acids
and Proteins
Presented by: Group 3
Introduction
Amino acids are small molecules that join
together to make proteins. Each amino acid has
a simple structure, with a central carbon, a
hydrogen, an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl
group (-COOH), and a special side chain (R
group) that makes it different. There are 20
types of amino acids: some we get from food
(essential) and some our body makes (non-
essential). Proteins are made by linking these
amino acids in a specific order. Once formed,
proteins fold into unique shapes, helping the
body with important jobs like building muscles,
speeding up reactions, and carrying nutrients.
Importance of Protein and
Amino Acids
Proteins maintain tissue mass and support a
variety of physiological processes, making them
essential for survival and recovery. Essential for
preventing the loss of muscle mass and
promoting recovery during times of fasting and
metabolic stress.
Protein Consumption
Effective clinical care depends on figuring
out the right amount of protein. Specific
dosage recommendations for administering
proteins and amino acids in clinical settings
are not widely agreed upon.
Clinical Challenges
Due to physiological considerations including anabolic
resistance and starving adaptation, doctors have difficulty
figuring out the right protein intake for critically ill patients.
Furthermore, taking too many amino acid supplements
might have negative effects, which makes nutritional
management even more difficult.
Assessment of Protein Status
Accurate assessment of protein status is critical for
optimizing nutritional support and enhancing patient
outcomes, particularly in critically ill individuals. To meet
the targeted needs of specific populations, such as obese
patients and older adults, tailored proteins are particularly
essential.
Three Dimensional Structure of
Proteins
A protein’s biological function is dictated by the arrangement
of the atoms in the three-dimensional structure. This could be
the arrangement of catalytic residues in an active site or how a
protein interacts with other proteins for structural or other
regulatory purposes. Having a protein structure provides a
greater level of understanding of how a protein works, which
can allow us to create hypotheses about how to affect it, control
it, or modify it. For example, knowing a protein’s structure
could allow you to design site-directed mutations with the
intent of changing function. Or you could predict molecules
that bind to a protein.
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Structure
The primary structure of proteins
refers to the specific sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
This sequence is crucial as it
determines the protein's final fold and
function. A completely different
protein structure and function can
result from any change in the order of
the amino acids.
Secondary Structure
The secondary structure of a protein
refers to local folded shapes, such as
alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets,
formed due to hydrogen bonding between
the backbone atoms of the polypeptide
chain. These folds result from interactions
between the amine and carboxyl groups
of the peptide bonds. Secondary
structures help the protein achieve a
stable, functional shape.
Tertiary Structure
The tertiary structure of proteins results
from further folding of the secondary
structure, stabilized by hydrogen bonds,
disulfide linkages, van der Waals forces,
and electrostatic interactions. It defines
the overall 3D shape of the protein,
which can be fibrous or globular. These
interactions are crucial for maintaining
the protein's functional structure.
Quaternary Structure
The quaternary structure of proteins
refers to the arrangement of multiple
polypeptide subunits into a functional
protein. The unique 3D fold of each
protein, driven by its amino acid
sequence, includes domains that perform
specific functions. Understanding protein
evolution provides insights into their
structure and connectivity within
metabolic processes.
Functions of proteins
Proteins are vital macronutrients that play
numerous roles in the body, from building and
repairing tissues to supporting immune
function. Understanding the function of protein
and how it works in the body can help you
appreciate its importance in your diet.
Enzyme Catalysis
Proteins act as enzymes that speed up
biochemical reactions in the body. These enzymes
are essential for several metabolic activities,
including digestion and energy production.
Structural Support
Proteins provide mechanical strength and
structure to cells and tissues, such as collagen
in connective tissues and keratin in hair and
nails.
Transport and Storage
Proteins transport essential molecules (e.g.,
hemoglobin carrying oxygen) and store
nutrients (e.g., ferritin storing iron).
Hormonal Regulation
Some proteins regulate physiological processes
by acting as hormones (e.g., insulin controlling
blood glucose levels).
Immune Defense
Proteins like antibodies play a crucial role in
identifying and eliminating infections.
Cellular Communication
As signalling molecules and receptors,
proteins help cells communicate and react
to stimuli.
Movement
Cell motility and muscle contraction are caused
by contractile proteins such as myosin and
actin.
Buffering and pH Regulation
Proteins help maintain acid-base balance by acting
as buffers in biological systems.
Molecular Recognition
Proteins enable precise interactions for DNA
replication, repair, and gene expression regulation.
Energy Source
Proteins help maintain acid-base balance by acting
as buffers in biological systems.
Storage of Amino Acids
Proteins such as casein (in milk) and ovalbumin (in
eggs) store amino acids for embryonic
development.