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Air distribution systems

The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS
CIBSE Commissioning Code A: 1996 (2006)
+44 (0)20 8675 5211
[Link]
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CIBSE Commissioning Code A

Air distribution systems
 The rights of publication or translation are reserved.
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the prior permission of the Institution.

This edition first published August 1996; reviewed and

confirmed August 2004.

© August 2004 The Chartered Institution of Building Services

Engineers London

ISBN 0 900953 73 X

This document is based on the best knowledge available at

the time of publication. However no responsibility of any
kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however
caused resulting from the use of these recommendations can
be accepted by the Chartered Institution of Building Services
Engineers, the authors or others involved in its publication.
In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter by
doing so agrees to accept full responsibility for any personal
injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in
connection with their use by or on behalf of such adopter
irrespective of the cause or reason therefore and agrees to
defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers, the authors and
others involved in their publication from any and all liability
arising out of or in connection with such use as aforesaid
and irrespective of any negligence on the part of those
indemnified.

Typeset by CIBSE Publications Department

Printed in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totton,

Hampshire, SO40 3WX

Note from the publisher

This publication is primarily intended to provide guidance to those responsible for the
design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services. It is
not intended to be exhaustive or definitive and it will be necessary for users of the guidance
given to exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by or
depart from it.
 Foreword
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Since the late 1960s when the CIBSE Commissioning Code A was first published, develop-
ments in design and changes in commissioning procedures have highlighted some short-
comings and inadequacies calling for a complete revision of the original format.
The new Code as prescribed in this document encompasses all the desirable aspects of the
previous code with expansion, additions and revisions, where necessary.
The commissioning of modern building services systems, particularly in large and sophis-
ticated projects, has become increasingly complex with significant demands placed on con-
struction personnel, not least the commissioning specialist. Quite apart from the specific
commissioning tasks to be carried out, commissioning requires careful liaison between all
the parties concerned and the effective programming of specific activities. Contained
within the revised Code is a flow chart highlighting the key stages involved in the commis-
sioning of air distribution systems. It is hoped that this will help all construction profes-
sionals to appreciate the activities required to commission an air distribution system.
The Task Group has endeavoured to strike the right balance between commonly used
commissioning procedures and contractual practices, without introducing formal contrac-
tual responses into the document.
A considerable amount of time, effort and debate from a wide range of interested profes-
sionals has gone into the production of this document. As a result, it is hoped that all
concerned with the design, installation, commissioning and witnessing of air distribution
systems will take up and adopt the recommendations of this Code.
I wish to acknowledge the assistance of all those who have contributed to the preparation of
this Code, and in particular the individual Task Group members and the Commissioning
Specialists’ Association.
G H Peters (Chairman)

Task Group
J Coppin (Ove Arup & Partners)
T S Day (Commissioning Management Ltd.)
R Gooding (Secretary) (Commissioning Specialists’ Association)
A T Muggleton (JPS Environmental Services Ltd.)
J O’Grady (O’Grady Technical Services)
R J Oughton (F C Foreman & Partners)
G H Peters (Chairman) (Applied Energy Ltd.)

TPC Liaison
D D Lawrence (formerly Laing Technology Group Ltd)

Editor
J Wilson

Co-ordinating Editor
R Yarham

CIBSE Publishing Manager

Jacqueline Balian
 Contents
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A0 Introduction 1
A0.1 Scope 1
A0.2 Definitions 1
A0.3 Commissioning method statements 2
A0.4 Specification 3
A0.5 Inspection and testing 3
A0.6 Commissioning records 3
A0.7 Responsibility 3
A0.8 Practical considerations 3

A1 Preliminary checks 3
A1.1 Objective 3
A1.2 State of the building and system 3
A1.3 System cleanliness 3
A1.4 Air regulating devices and other components within airways 4
A1.5 Visual checks for air tightness 4
A1.6 Fan checks 4
A1.7 Electrical checks 4

A2 Setting to work 5
A2.1 Procedure 5
A2.2 Preliminary checks 5
A2.3 Precautions against airborne detritus 5
A2.4 Precautions against frost 5
A2.5 Initial running of fan set 5

A3 Regulation of air flow 6

A3.1 Principles 6
A3.2 Procedures 7
A3.3 Techniques 10
A3.4 Variable air volume systems 13
A3.5 Pressure regimes 16

A4 Commissioning documentation 17
A4.1 Content 17
A4.2 Format 18

A5 Witnessing 18
A5.1 Introduction 18
A5.2 Objective 18
A5.3 Selection of the witnessing authority 18
A5.4 Programme 18
A5.5 General 18
A5.6 Witnessing arrangements 19
A5.7 Air distribution system acceptance 19
 Appendices 19
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AA1 Design implications 19

AA1.1 Introduction 19
AA1.2 Design requirement 19
AA1.3 Design information 20
AA1.4 Design development considerations 20

AA2 Installation 22
AA2.1 Introduction 22
AA2.2 Requirements 22
AA2.3 Cleanliness 22
AA2.4 Inspections 22
AA2.5 Ductwork leakage testing 22
AA2.6 Static completion certificate 23

AA3 Measurement of air flow and calibration of instrumentation 23

AA3.1 Equipment, instruments and measuring techniques for 23
typical procedures
AA3.2 Instrument calibration 23
AA3.3 Comparison of two or more methods of measurement 23
AA3.4 Tolerances for regulation of air flow 23

AA4 Health and safety arrangements 24

AA4.1 Introduction 24
AA4.2 Contractor’s duties 24

Index 26

List of figures and table

Figure 1 Key stages involved in the commissioning of air 1
distribution systems
Figure 2 Flow chart for activities prior to proportional balancing 6
Figure 3 Air distribution junction 7
Figure 4 A typical branch duct configuration 7
Figure 5 A typical air distribution system 8
Figure 6 Flow chart for proportional balancing and testing of 12
air systems
Figure 7 Flow chart for commissioning of VAV systems 14
Figure 8 Flow chart for commissioning of typical ventilation systems 17
designed to produce pressure regimes within a space
Table A1Cumulative tolerance limits for regulation of air flow 24
 1

Air distribution systems

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A0 Introduction A0.2 Definitions

For the purpose of this Code the following definitions

A0.1 Scope apply.

This Code deals with the work stages required to commis-

sion typical air distribution systems. The procedures Accuracy
represent a standard of good practice generally accepted in
the building engineering services industry and are, there- Accuracy is a compounding of the following factors:
fore, presented in the form of recommendations and instrument accuracy, flow measuring device accuracy and
guidance. operator accuracy. Refer to the BSRIA Application Guide
3/89.1: The commissioning of air systems in buildings(1) for
The Code sets out generally to inform on ‘what should be further information.
done’. Manuals published by the Building Services
Research and Information Association (BSRIA) inform on
‘how it should be done’. Accuracy — flow measuring device

The flow chart in Figure 1 illustrates the key stages invol- Variations in the reading arising from manufacturing
ved in the commissioning of air distribution systems tolerances of the flow measuring device.
covered by this Code. Attention is drawn to the fact that
there are other, subsequent stages that do not form part of
this Code. Accuracy — instrument

Variations in the reading arising from manufacturing

Planning and programme
tolerances in the instrument.

Method statements
Accuracy — operator

Any error introduced by the operator such as parallax in

Static completion certified the reading of instruments or test points not ideally
positioned.
Setting to work
Commissionable system
Air volume flow rate regulation
A system designed, installed and prepared to specified
requirements in such a manner as to enable
Fan performance testing commissioning to be carried out.

Witnessing Commissioning

The advancement of an installation from the state of static

Air distribution system acceptance End of code A completion to full working order to specified require-
ments. It includes the setting to work of an installation
and regulation of the system flow rates.
Systems proving

Commissioning management
Systems acceptance

The planning, organisation, coordination and control of

Environmental assessment commissioning activities.

Commissioning manager

Figure 1 Key stages involved in the commissioning of air distribution The firm or person appointed to manage the commission-
systems ing process.
 2 Air distribution systems

Commissioning specialist Scan — final

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The firm or person appointed to carry out specified duties The final set of recorded measurements taken of a system
in connection with commissioning. upon completion of the regulation process.

Definitive air volume flow rate Scan — initial

The inferred volume flow rate derived from measurements The first set of recorded measurements taken of a system
taken using a pitot tube in accordance with defined tech- with all regulation devices in the fully open position prior
niques. to any regulaton.

Design criteria Setting to work

The specified environmental conditions, fluid flow rates The process of putting a static system into dynamic opera-
and equipment outputs required to meet a particular tion.
design performance.
Specification
Diversity
The document that prescribes the requirements for com-
missioning by reference to drawings, information sche-
A hypothetical aggregate simultaneous air volume flow dules and relevant codes, manuals, guides and standards.
rate at design maximum system performance, compared
with the summation of the design maximum air volume
output of all terminal units. The diversity ratio is often Static completion
quoted as a percentage.
The state of a system installed in accordance with the
specification, ready for ‘setting to work’. This includes
Fine tuning cleaning and pressure leakage testing of the distribution
system (where required).
Local adjustment to the system where usage and system
proving have shown a need for it. This may also include
the re-assessment of control set points and values to System
achieve optimum performance.
A set of connected components for heating, cooling, venti-
lation or air conditioning consisting of plant, distribution
Hood ducting and terminal units together with arrangements to
control their operation.
A proprietary or custom-made device used to capture air
flow from an air distribution terminal for the purposes of
measurement (flow or velocity). System proving

Measuring, recording, evaluating and reporting on the

Index (terminal/sub-branch/branch) seasonal performance of a system against specified design
criteria.
The terminal/sub-branch/branch in a distribution system
which, prior to regulation of air flow, receives the lowest
Testing
indicated percentage of design fluid flow rate.
The measurement and recording of system parameters to
Indicated air volume flow rate assess specification compliance.

The inferred volume flow rate derived from Tolerance

measurements, typically at terminal outlets, taken using
proprietary instrumentation and devices (e.g. terminal air Permissible deviation from a specified design
collection hoods). requirement.

Pressure and leakage testing

A0.3 Commissioning method
The process of measuring and recording specified pressure statements
retention or permitted rate of leakage in an air
distribution system or component part thereof. To ensure that all technicians work to the same
procedures and sequences, the commissioning specialist
Regulation should compile a commissioning method statement
particular to the project. This method statement should
include particulars, in principle or in detail as appropriate,
The process of adjusting volume flow rates of a fluid in a
of the following:
distribution system to achieve specified values (within
tolerances). (a) equipment and instrumentation to be used
 Introduction 3

(b) preliminary checks to be applied (e.g. sections A0.8 Practical considerations

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A1.2 to A1.7)
The measuring, regulating and apportioning of air flow in
(c) commissioning procedures to be followed (e.g. a distribution system as applied in the commissioning
sections A2 and A3) procedures described in this Code is a means to an end.
The primary objective is to ensure that the performance of
(d) tolerances to be applied in air flow regulation
the commissioned installation is adequate to maintain the
(e) arrangements, where appropriate, for witnessing specified space environmental conditions with optimum
(e.g. the advance notice to be given). efficiency.

It should be borne in mind that flow rate apportionment

In some instances, the commissioning specification may to unnecessarily close tolerances will result in high com-
require the commissioning specialist to submit a method missioning costs, with little or no practical advantage.
statement for approval. Where this is not a requirement, the Also, the use of additive tolerances (e.g. –0% +10%) could
commissioning specialist may nonetheless wish to make a result in running cost penalties throughout the life of the
formal submission of a particular method statement to the installation. It is the responsibility of the designer to
contractor/client. By this means, interested parties would specify flow rate tolerances and to ensure that these are
be informed of the commissioning intent, thus providing appropriate to the particular design, installation and
scope for any concerns regarding methods or procedures to application.
be addressed before commissioning is commenced.

A0.4 Specification A1 Preliminary checks

The Code assumes that the installation is complete and
properly constructed to an agreed specification. The speci- A1.1 Objective
fication should state permissible tolerances within which
the system should operate. The purpose of the procedure given in this section is to
check that the system is in a satisfactory and safe
condition before starting up. All the following checks
A0.5 Inspection and testing should be carried out in the sequence given before the
initial running of fans.
The requirements of this Code do not replace the need for
regular inspection of the installation which should be A1.2 State of the building and system
carried out during construction. All ductwork and mech-
anical and electrical plant should be tested as required by
the specification and the test results recorded and docu- Before starting regulation it is essential that the following
mented. Testing carried out in accordance with the conditions are fulfilled:
requirements of the specification, both on and off site, (a) the building is complete and windows and doors
should be recorded and the documents made available to are open or shut consistent with their normal state
the commissioning specialist prior to the commencement (see section A3.5 when dealing with pressure
of their works. related areas e.g. laboratories, operating theatres
etc.)
(b) the air distribution system is complete and, where
A0.6 Commissioning records required by the specification, leakage testing is
satisfactorily concluded, inclusive of builders’
It is essential that all checks and measurements are work ducts and shafts
recorded in writing at the time they are made. Breaks in
the continuity of commissioning operations are likely, and (c) the requirements of this section, sections A1.3–
proper records will show the state of progress at any stage. A1.7 and A2.2–A2.5 have been met
It is most important that commissioning records are
(d) all main and branch heaters and coolers on supply
provided as part of the ‘hand-over’ documentation. It is
systems are shut off to maintain consistent air den-
recommended that a standardised format be agreed for
sity during testing. However, in cold weather and
recording the necessary commissioning performance data
particularly on full outside air systems, some heat-
for a particular project.
ing may be applied to the main airstream (which
handles the total air flow) in order to temper the
air delivered by the system (see also section A2.4).
A0.7 Responsibility

The responsibility for commissioning is a contractual A1.3 System cleanliness

matter outside the scope of this Code. Nevertheless, it is
recommended that the management of the whole commis- Note: it is important to ensure a reasonable standard of
sioning process be under the guidance and control of a system cleanliness before start-up. Debris may be
single authority. Total commissioning management may entrained by air flow on start-up, significantly reducing
be considered as an option. the life of the filter media and other system components.
 4 Air distribution systems

Prior to the fitting of filters, check the following for clean- (c) ductwork joints, including flexible couplings, are
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liness: air tight

(a) air intake screens (d) inspection covers are fitted
(b) fan and other equipment chambers (e) drainage trap water seals are intact
(c) fan internals (f) plugs or covers for test holes are fitted.
(d) heater and cooler batteries
(e) cooling coil condensate trays A1.6 Fan checks
(f) condensate drainage traps The following should be checked:
(g) eliminators (a) internal and external cleanliness
(h) humidifiers (b) all components, bolts, fixings etc. are secure
(i) volume control dampers and linkages (c) impeller secured, free to rotate, of correct handing
(j) fire dampers and correct clearances
(k) ducting and other airways (d) axial-flow-type fans installed for correct air flow
direction and, where compounded, in correct order
(l) sensing elements
(e) anti-vibration mountings and the removal of tran-
(m) terminal units. sit bolts and packing materials
The commissioning specialist should formally report any (f) correct drive is fitted
instances of unsatisfactory cleanliness to the appropriate (g) securing and alignment of pulleys and couplings
level in the project management.
(h) belt tension and match
(i) where necessary, lubrication has been applied in
A1.4 Air regulating devices and other accordance with manufacturer’s requirements
components within airways (j) drive guards fitted, access for speed measurement
provided
The following checks should be made:
(k) where appropriate, satisfactory operation of inlet
(a) turning vanes, thermal insulation, acoustic linings, guide vanes and variable pitch fans over full range
battery fins and sensing elements have been fitted of movement.
and are undamaged
(b) heater and cooler batteries, humidifiers, filters, sil-
encers etc. are installed correctly in relation to air A1.7 Electrical checks
flow
Prior to the initial running of any electrically driven fan,
(c) volume control dampers are operating electric air heater or automatically advancing filter, the
(d) there is freedom of movement, throughout range, following procedures should be adopted:
on motorised damper control linkages
(e) dampers throughout the system are secured in the A1.7.1 With all electrical supplies isolated
fully open position (except where other require-
ments may be specified) Check:
(f) there is free movement of fire dampers, together (a) local isolation of motor and control circuits
with the location of, access to and fitting of fusible (b) no unshrouded live components within panels
link assemblies; all fire dampers are finally secured
in the open position (c) panels and switchgear clean
(g) all adjustable louvres set without deflection, i.e. (d) motor and surrounding area clean; air heaters clean
normal to face of grille; adjustable cones on dif-
(e) transit packing removed from contactors and other
fusers set either all in the fully up or all in the fully
equipment
down position
(f) no mechanical damage to switchgear or air heaters
(h) test holes are provided at strategic points for the
measurement of branch and total air volume flow (g) all mechanical checks on fan, motor and automatic
rates. filter complete (see section A1.6)
(h) all connections tight on busbars and wiring
A1.5 Visual checks for air tightness (i) internal links on starter correct

Check to ensure that: (j) all power and control wiring completed in detail to
the circuit diagram (special attention to circuits for
(a) builders’ work ducts and shafts are sealed star-delta connected or specially wound motors)
(b) plant access doors are sealed around whole periphery (k) fuse ratings correct
 Design for ease of commissioning 5

(l) starter overloads set correctly in relation to motor Note: specialist cleaning of ductwork distribution systems
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nameplate full current rating is outside the scope of this Code.

(m) insulation tests on motor satisfactory
(n) adjustable thermal cut-outs set correctly A2.4 Precautions against frost
(o) all cover plates fitted.
Before starting fans in cold weather it is essential to ensure
that any equipment susceptible to frost damage, such as
A1.7.2 With electrical supplies available in-duct air heating or cooling coils, is adequately protected
from freezing or is drained. Consideration should also be
Check: given to the protection of spray systems and air washer
sumps.
(a) declared voltage available on each supply phase
(b) motor starter systems prior to energising the motor.
A2.5 Initial running of fan set

A2 Setting to work A2.5.1 Limiting the load

Wherever possible, the first start of any motor should be on

A2.1 Procedure light load. This may be achieved by limiting the air volume
flow rate. A knowledge of the fan characteristic is required
This section deals with the procedures for setting to work to ensure that excessive suction or delivery pressures are
all air distribution systems. not applied to the ductwork system.

A2.5.2 Initial start

A2.2 Preliminary checks
On starting the motor, check:
All checks listed in section A1 must be completed before
applying this section. (a) direction of rotation of motor shaft

Before any commissioning activities involving system (b) motor, drive and fan are free from vibration or un-
operation are carried out, the commissioning specialist due noise
should check that the air distribution installation meets (c) motor starting current for sequence timing adjust-
the following parameters: ment (e.g. star-delta changeover point)
(a) the duct system is complete and meets specified (d) motor running current on all phases, and that these
leakage limits and, in the case of high velocity sys- are recorded
tems, pressure testing is satisfactorily concluded
(e) no sparking at commutator or slip rings
(b) the standard of cleanliness of system components
detailed under section A1.3 is satisfactory. (f) no overheating of motor
(g) no seepage of lubricant from housing
A2.3 Precautions against airborne (h) no overheating of bearings
detritus
(i) oil rings running freely
The system should be checked for cleanliness in (j) speeds and motor running currents over full range
accordance with section A1.3, but the following additional on multi-speed and variable speed motors, and that
precautions should be considered before starting the fans these are recorded.
for the first time:
(a) disconnect final flexible connections to terminal A2.5.3 Initial run
units that are susceptible to damage by ingress of
foreign matter (e.g. induction units and variable air A light load run should be sustained until the commis-
volume boxes) sioning specialist is satisfied from the checks listed in
(b) remove all high efficiency filters that are suscept- section A2.5.2 and from motor insulation test readings
ible to rapid choking that further load may be applied. Repetitive starting of the
motor should be avoided to prevent overstressing of fuses,
(c) provide temporary protection for anything within switchgear and motor.
spaces served by the system that could be damaged
by an initial discharge of dust from supply outlets at
first start-up A2.5.4 Start at normal load
(d) install main inlet filter cells to avoid introducing
dirt into the ductwork system after start-up Subsequent to the satisfactory conclusion of the initial
light load run, the fan should be stopped and restarted at
(e) provide temporary filters at extract or return air normal starting load and the checks listed in section
terminals to minimise contamination. A2.5.2 repeated. Again, avoid repetitive starting.
 6 Air distribution systems
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Run fan at design/

maximum speed. Reduce fan
System Amps above Yes
Check fan motor speed or
familiarisation full load
running current restrict airflow
current

Commissioning
Amps below Amps No
method
full load OK
statement
current

Yes

Formally receive
completed static system Yes
from the installing Volume
Check initial volume Yes
contractor flow rate below Report to
flow rate and fan
100% of designer
pressures
design
Complete all
system setting to
work checks Volume
flow rate above Remedial
100% of action
Set plant dampers design
according to
commissioning Yes
method statement Commence
proportional
balance Figure 2 Flow chart for activities
prior to proportional balancing

A2.5.5 Running-in period A3.1.2 Fundamentals

After a short run at normal load (usually, a few minutes The method is based on the principles defined in ‘Balan-
should suffice), any flexible connections, terminal filters cing air flow in ventilating duct systems’ (Harrison and
etc. that were removed as suggested in section A2.3 should Gibbard, 1965(2)). It consists essentially of working back to
be reconnected. Subsequently, a running-in period should the fan from the remote branches, setting the correct pro-
be sustained until the commissioning specialist is satisfied portional air flow at each junction of the system in turn
that the fan set is a reliable continuous-running machine (without regard for definitive flow rates) and so balancing
that can safely be placed under the normal operation re- the system. This done, the definitive air volume flow rates
gime. The regulation of the air distribution system should throughout the system are brought to their design values
be delayed until the running-in period (which may last by adjusting the fan total volume flow rate (see Appendix
some days) is completed satisfactorily. AA3.4).

This principle is illustrated by consideration of air flow at

the junction PQR in a system AZ as shown in Figure 3. Q
A3 Regulation of air flow is a dampered branch on the duct RP, and the required
design volumetric rates of air flow are shown. With
damper Q fully open, it might be found by measurement
A3.1 Principles that P handles 1.4 m3/s and Q handles 1.2 m3/s — 70% and
120%, respectively, of their design rates of air flow. To
A3.1.1 Introduction balance this junction, damper Q should be closed until P
and Q handle the same proportion of their respective
The key activities prior to commencing the regulation of
air flow (commonly referred to as proportional balancing) B
are summarised in Figure 2. Regulation of air volume flow
Damper Q
rates should be carried out in accordance with the
following procedure. It is applicable to all air distribution
systems that require manual regulation. Only the method Q
design
of measuring air flow at the terminals is particular to the
1·0 m3/s
type of system involved. The instruments and methods of
measurement to be employed on the various types of R P A
terminal, together with other information pertaining to Fan design design
the regulation of air flow, are detailed in BSRIA 3.0 m3/s 2.0 m3/s
Application Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of air systems
in buildings(1). Figure 3 Air distribution junction
 Regulation of air flow 7

design air flow rates. This might result in a balance of P A3.2 Procedures
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handling 1.6 m 3/s (80% of its design) and Q handling

0.8 m3/s (80% of its design). It follows that R will now also
be handling 80% of its design rate, i.e. 2.4 m3/s. A3.2.1 Preliminaries to regulation

Once damper Q is set — provided there is no alteration to Figure 5 illustrates a typical low velocity supply air
any dampers in the system QB downstream of Q or in the system, but note that the following applies equally to all
system PA downstream of P — the air flow at R will be other types of system, including extract systems.
divided into the correct design proportions between P and (a) Check that the dampers on all terminal grilles or
Q at this junction PQR, i.e. two-thirds to P and one-third diffusers 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. are fully open; also that sub-
to Q. This holds true whatever the definitive value of the branch dampers AA, AB etc. and branch dampers
air flow at R. A, B and C are all fully open. All adjustable louvres
should be set without deflection (i.e. normal to face
Working back up the system towards the fan, adjusting of grille). Adjustable cones on diffusers should be
dampers at other junctions between R and the fan, the set either all in the fully up or all in the fully down
definitive values of flows in R, P and Q will be changed position. Set automatic plant mixing dampers OA
but the ratios of those flows will remain unchanged at and RC to one extreme position (i.e. normally
3:2:1. Ultimately, when all the junctions have been either full outside air or full recirculation).
balanced, the main damper (where provided) should be
adjusted to obtain the design definitive flow rate in the (b) Run the fan and ensure the fan motor full load cur-
main duct from the fan. This correct total flow will now be rent is not exceeded. If necessary, take temporary
divided by the system, as set, in the correct proportions at measures to reduce the current drawn.
each succeeding junction until R is reached, where (c) Measure and record the fan total volume flow rate
3.0 m3/s will be flowing. This will now divide into 2.0 m3/s delivered. At this stage, it should be in excess of
in P and 1.0 m3/s in Q, exactly as required by the design. 100% of design. (Where there is a significant
deficiency, this may indicate a problem with the
In practice, a particular routine is adopted when balancing system that should be investigated before propor-
successive junctions to avoid both cumulative errors and tional balancing proceeds.)
the need for test points and dampers in ducts between
junctions. Referring to Figure 4, when A and B have been (d) Measure and record the indicated rates of air flow at
balanced, A, B and C are all handling the same proportion all terminal grilles, diffusers 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., prefer-
of their respective design air flow rates. Thus, when ably using one instrument and method (see BSRIA
balancing the junction CDE, D can be balanced against A Application Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of air
or B as well as against C. In practice, it is usual to select A systems in buildings (1) ), although where this is not
as the reference point and the air flows in B, D and F are, possible refer to Appendix AA3.3. Express these
in turn, balanced against the air flow in A. initial measurements as ‘indicated percentages of
design’. It is important that the design rates of air
Adjusting the distribution dampers to obtain only a pro- flow (with which the measured rates of air flow are
portional balance has an important implication: the compared) are all based on a common datum of den-
definitive values of rate of air flow in any part of the sity, usually that of standard air or, occasionally,
system do not need to be known at this stage. Hence, the that of air at design density at fan inlet. During
instrument used for measuring the air flow at the these initial measurements, the air must be of rea-
terminals or branches of a distribution system need not sonably consistent temperature throughout the dis-
necessarily indicate the true value of air velocity. This tribution system, although this temperature datum
means that inherent errors in the instrument that cause a need not necessarily equate with the density datum
consistently higher or lower velocity reading than the true adopted for the design values of air flow.
value can be ignored. Also, provided the same method of Variations in wind, stack effect, fan motor voltage,
measurement is used, factors such as those for effective filter resistance etc. will all have some effect on the
grille areas are usually self-cancelling and can be performance of the system. For this reason, the
disregarded. initial measurements (and the final measurements,
see section A3.3.4) should be made in one contin-
The definitive value of the system total air flow rate does uous operation so that the readings will normally be
not need to be established until the entire distribution truly comparable. Elsewhere in the procedure,
system has been proportionally balanced. performance changes of this type do not generally
impair the validity of the regulation work for the
Note: while carrying out a proportional balance of a system reasons discussed in section A3.1.
it is advisable to maintain the balanced section of the sys-
tem at between 70% and 130% of true design flow rate. If a Note: records of the system ‘initial scan’ are in-
system is balanced outside these limits, the proportional valuable to indicate the extent of the balancing
balance may be impaired when the system total flow rate required on the system. They may be useful in the
is adjusted to the design value. investigation of any problems, such as excessive
noise or system resistance, experienced with the
system once it is balanced.
F D B A
Fan (e) Study the general pattern indicated by the initial
readings. It may be useful at this stage to submit the
E C records of these to the designer or the commis-
sioning manager. This will avoid time wasted
Figure 4 A typical branch duct configuration attempting to balance a system where the initial
 8 Air distribution systems

Supply Outside air

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fan damper OA

A B C
Branch damper
A B C
Branch duct 102 104 106
101 103 105 107
Sub-branch
damper
Recirculation
damper RC
BE CE
Sub-branch duct 95 97 99
94 96 98 100
Terminal
Terminal damper

AD BD CD

15

AC BC CC

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

AB BB CB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sub-branch
damper AA

Figure 5 A typical air

AA BA CA distribution system

indicated performance suggests that the prospect of each sub-branch AA, AB etc. of the system?
successful balancing to design requirements is This information is necessary for deciding
doubtful. The principal points of interest are: the optimum sequence for the regulation of
terminals.
(i) If the total rate of air flow handled by the
system is less than 100% of the design air
flow, physical changes to the air handling A3.2.2 Proportional balancing
system will probably be necessary before
regulation can begin. The fan performance (a) On any branch A, B or C of the system, the first task
curve will assist in the assessment of the is to regulate the terminal dampers on that branch.
problem and give an indication of the scope The order in which this work is tackled will
for enhancing fan performance. normally be decided from the initial readings
described in section A3.2.1 paragraph (d) ensuring
(ii) Are there any obvious faults such as poss- that the balanced part of the system remains as
ible blockages, leakages or design errors close to 100% design air flow as possible. To help to
indicated by, for example, large differences achieve this, the terminals on the branch with the
in air flow readings between apparently highest indicated flow rate may be balanced first.
similar branches and terminals? Such
faults will require correction. (b) The fan total volume flow rate may be adjusted
from time to time during the balancing process
(iii) What are the indicated values of air flow in (ensuring that the fan motor does not become
relation to design requirements in each overloaded) in order to maintain the balanced por-
branch A, B, C and each sub-branch AA, tion of the system within the limits suggested in the
AB etc. of the system (obtainable by total- Note to section A3.1.2
ling appropriate sub-branch values)? This
will usually determine the order in which Note: if a portion of the system to be balanced is
branches and groups of terminals are below the desired percentage of design, other un-
tackled in the regulation procedure. balanced sections of the system may be
temporarily regulated down to increase the air
(iv) What is the location of the least favoured flow rate to ‘starved’ sections of the system.
terminal (i.e. the terminal with the lowest However, the commissioning specialist should be
indicated percentage of design air flow) on alert to the possibility that a branch with a low
 Sequence of commissioning 9

initial flow rate may not reach the specified design in the system (e.g. the junction of terminal with sub-
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performance and should report significantly low branch or sub-branch with branch) no damper which
readings immediately. The designer can then regulates the air flow to any one branch of that junction
define physical changes to the system or revise should be adjusted until all dampers on any branch farther
tolerances on air flow rates without delay. from the fan have been adjusted. For example:
(c) Assume that it has been decided to commence the (i) Branch damper C should not be adjusted until
system balance at sub-branch CE for the reasons branch dampers A and B and sub-branch dampers
given above. For the regulation of terminal damp- CA, CB, CC, CD and CE have all been adjusted.
ers, the group of terminals on each sub-branch of
(ii) Sub-branch damper CE should not be adjusted
the system will be treated independently of groups
until terminal dampers 101 to 107 and sub-branch
of terminals on other sub-branches. Thus on sub-
dampers CA, CB, CC and CD have all been
branch CE, dampers on terminals 101 to 107 will be
adjusted.
adjusted to obtain the same indicated percentage of
design flow (within specified tolerances) at each of (iii) Terminal damper 107 should not be adjusted until
the terminals within this group. (This percentage terminal dampers 101 to 106 inclusive have all been
could be, say, 120%.) On sub-branch CD, the adjusted.
dampers on terminals 94 to 100 will be adjusted to
obtain the same indicated percentage of design flow Note: the procedure is normally broken down into a series
(within specified tolerances) at each of the termi- of self-contained operations; for example, one group of ter-
nals within this group. (This percentage could be, minals is balanced without relation to conditions else-
say, 110%.) During the regulation of groups of where in a large system, perhaps on another day. This
terminals, all the sub-branch dampers (and the minimises the errors in regulation work due to the effect
branch dampers) will be left untouched in the of variations in filter resistance, wind effect, stack effect
original, fully open position. etc. on system performance over a prolonged period.
Furthermore, errors due to shorter term variations (e.g. an
(d) When all the groups of terminals on the chosen
instantaneous change in fan motor voltage) are minimised
branch C have been adjusted in this way, the next
by regulating the air flow at each branch or terminal to
task is to regulate the group of sub-branch dampers
balance proportionally with the concurrent air flow at the
CA to CE on branch C. The sub-branch dampers
reference terminal.
CA to CE will be adjusted to obtain the same
indicated percentage of design flow at each sub-
branch within this group. Now, for the first time,
each terminal on branch C will be handling the
A3.3 Techniques
same percentage of design flow (within specified
tolerances) as every other terminal, in whatever A3.3.1 Regulation of terminals
group, on branch C.
(e) When the regulation of both terminal and sub- Assume that the initial system volume flow rate has been
branch dampers on branch C has been completed, measured and noted, the ‘initial scan’ has been recorded
the branch with the second highest indicated and analysis of these readings shows no obvious reason
percentage of design flow may be identified from why balancing should not commence. It has been decided,
the initial readings as, say, B and the procedure in the way described in section A3.2, that balancing will
described in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) repeated for commence on sub-branch CE. Assuming that the least
this branch, and so on for all other branches. The favoured terminal on this sub-branch is 101, the end
preferred sequence is in descending order of terminal, then proceed as follows:
indicated percentage of design flow, based on the (a) Measure the indicated air flow at terminal 101,
initial readings. which will be used as the index terminal for this
group. Express this measurement as an indicated
Note: throughout this procedure, branch dampers
percentage of design rate of air flow. This per-
A, B and C are normally left untouched in the fully
centage will be used as the lower balancing limit for
open position.
this group of terminals.
(f) When the regulation of terminal and sub-branch
(b) With the same instrument and using the same
dampers has been completed on all branches, the
method, measure the air flow at terminal 102 and
next task is to regulate the branch dampers A, B and
express this also as an indicated percentage of
C to obtain the same indicated percentage of design
design air flow.
air flow in each branch (this could be, say, 115%).
Each terminal on the entire system will now be (c) Compare the indicated percentages of design flow
handling the same percentage of design air flow at terminals 101 and 102.
(within specified tolerances) as every other termi-
nal in the entire system. (d) If the indicated percentages of design flow at the
two terminals are within the tolerances specified
(g) Finally, when the regulation of all branch dampers (see Appendix AA3.4), the dampers on these two
has been completed, the fan output should be terminals will require no adjustment.
adjusted to obtain the specified definitive air flow
(e) If the indicated percentages of design flow are
(within the required tolerance) in the main duct.
outside the tolerances specified, close the damper
on terminal 102 by a small amount.
Note: the order of working suggested is usually the best
one but, if necessary, a different order may be adopted (f) Measure the adjusted air flow at 102 and express
provided that this basic rule is not broken: at any junction this as an indicated percentage of design air flow.
 10 Air distribution systems

(g) Return to 101 and measure the indicated air flow. group index terminal 94. All sub-branch and
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Again express this as an indicated percentage of branch dampers should be left in the fully open
design air flow. position throughout this procedure. The group of
terminals on each sub-branch is now in a state of
(h) Compare the indicated percentage of design air
proportional balance within the specified toler-
flow now handled by 101 and 102.
ances. The next step is to regulate the sub-branch
(j) If the indicated percentages of design flow at the dampers so as to bring all the sub-branches on
two terminals are within the tolerances specified, branch C into balance with each other within the
the terminals are now in balance and the dampers specified tolerances.
on these two terminals will require no further
adjustment.
A3.3.2 Regulation of branches
(k) If the indicated percentages of design flow are still
not within the tolerances specified, make a further The method used is similar to that for the regulation of
careful adjustment of terminal 102 damper, take terminals (see section A3.3.1).
new readings of indicated air flow at 102 and 101
(a) Measure the indicated air flow handled by each of
and make a further comparison.
the dampered sub-branches CA to CE and express
With practice, a commissioning specialist will nor- this as an indicated percentage of design air flow.
mally achieve a balance by a single adjustment of Wherever possible, establish this percentage by
terminal 102 damper. The rule is to close 102 measuring the indicated air flow from the sub-
damper by the least amount necessary to bring the branch index terminal. (This should remain the
indicated percentage of design flow at 102 below the terminal on the sub-branch with the lowest
upper tolerance limit when compared with the ref- indicated percentage of design flow rate, but within
erence terminal 101. By avoiding over-dampering the specified tolerance.)
at terminals, the increase in air flow at terminal 101
The definitive duct air flow is not normally meas-
is kept small, making it easier to judge the value to
ured, except where the type of terminal on some
which other terminals should be regulated.
sub-branches differs from the type of terminal on
(l) When terminal 102 has been regulated to balance other sub-branches. If this is the case, measure-
with 101 (the group index terminal), balance termi- ments will have to be made so that indicated rates of
nal 103 against 101 in the same way. air flow at the differing types of terminals can be
compared satisfactorily.
(m) Terminals 104, 105, 106 and 107 should be regu-
lated, in turn, to balance with terminal 101 until (b) Regulate the sub-branches CA to CE by applying
every terminal on that sub-branch CE has been the same procedures described in section A3.3.1
regulated to balance with 101 within the specified (i.e. by considering each sub-branch as a terminal
tolerances. All terminals within this group are now grille on the branch duct C), but using the appro-
in balance with each other within the tolerances priate specified balancing tolerances (see Appendix
specified and need no further adjustment. AA3.4). The sub-branch CA will be used as the
index sub-branch for this operation in exactly the
Note: a change in setting of terminal damper 103 same way that terminal 101 was used as the group
has less effect on the air flow at 101 (and 102) than index terminal for the regulation of terminals 101
a change in setting of damper 102 would have on to 107.
the air flow handled by 101. Therefore, as the com-
missioning specialist proceeds away from group Note: throughout this procedure, the branch dam-
index terminal 101 towards the fan during the per C should be left untouched in the fully open
course of the regulation procedure, the effect that position. At the conclusion of the work, the sub-
adjusting the setting of a terminal damper has on branch dampers will have been adjusted to achieve
the air flow at the group index terminal 101 (and the same indicated percentage of design flow
all other terminals already regulated) progressively (within the required tolerances) in each of the sub-
diminishes. As successive terminals are regulated, branches CA to CE.
it quickly becomes unnecessary to check air flow at
(c) When the regulation of both terminal and sub-
the group index terminal after every adjustment.
branch dampers on branch C has been completed,
(n) Where the least favoured terminal on the branch is the next branch will be selected, which in this
not 101, but some intermediate terminal, close 101 example is branch B. Once again, the first task is to
damper until it is the least favoured (checking 101 regulate the groups of terminals on this branch as
against the intermediate terminal which was the described in section A3.3.1 and, subsequently, to
least favoured), then regulate as described in para- regulate the sub-branch dampers as described
graph (a) onwards, using 101 as the group index above in paragraphs (a) and (b).
terminal.
This procedure will be repeated for all branches in
(o) Regulate the terminals on each of the other sub- turn, leaving the least favoured branch (in this case
branches on this branch C, using the above branch A) to the last. During this work, branch
procedure. dampers A, B and C are normally left untouched in
the fully open position.
Note: the terminals on any one sub-branch will be
treated as an independent group and will be regu- (d) When the regulation of terminal and sub-branch
lated to balance with a reference terminal within dampers has been completed on all branches, the
the group; for example, on sub-branch CD, termi- branch dampers A, B and C will be regulated to
nals 95 to 100 will be regulated to balance with achieve the same percentage of design flow (within
 Pre-commissioning verification and inspection 11

the specified tolerances) at each branch. The The characteristic of the automatically operated
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method used will be that described for the regu- dampers will, of course, determine what change, if
lation of sub-branches in paragraph (b) above (i.e. any, in total air flow occurs at intermediate damper
each branch of the system should be considered as a positions.
terminal grille on the main duct) and the procedure
described in section A3.3.1 adopted. Note: wherever one air handling system is directly
connected with another system (e.g. a supply sys-
Once again, the indicated percentage of design tem connected with an extract system via a recir-
flow at each branch should be established, culation duct with fixed or variable mixing
wherever possible, by measuring the indicated air dampers), first proportionally balance the dis-
flow at the index terminal. Branch A will be used tribution networks of both systems independently,
as the index branch for the regulation procedure in then regulate the total air flow in both systems
exactly the same way that terminal 101 was used as with the dampers set as described above. Finally,
the group index terminal for the regulation of the proportions of outside/exhaust/recirculation
terminals 101 and 107. During this work, any air can be checked, adjusted and recorded with the
main damper or other arrangement for regulating dampers set in the minimum outside air condition,
fan performance may be adjusted to ensure that taking care not to alter previously established
balancing is carried out at approximately the settings.
specified design air flow rates.
(d) When the regulation of total air flow is complete, all
All terminals, on whatever branch or sub-branch, branches and terminals on the system will be
are now in a state of proportional balance within handling the required design definitive rates of air
the tolerance required and it remains only to flow, within the sum of the tolerances accumulated
adjust the fan output to achieve the design during the balancing procedure.
definitive rates of flow to all parts of the system.

A3.3.4 Conclusion to regulation

A3.3.3 Regulation of total rate of air flow
(a) After a satisfactory proportional balance has been
(a) Measure the definitive value of the total air flow, established and the correct total air volume flow
preferably in the main duct. Where a reliable rate achieved, in accordance with the tolerances
reading cannot be obtained in the main duct, the specified, final system readings should be recorded
total air flow can be established by adding together in one continuous operation. The results on the
the branch rates of air flow. record/test sheets should show velocity and indi-
(b) Compare the measured total air flow with the cated percentage of design flow rate.
specified design requirement. If necessary, adjust Readings should be taken at each terminal device,
the fan output until the measured value is within preferably using one instrument.
the specified tolerance on the design value of total
air flow (see Appendix AA3.4). Record in full the Where there is more than one type of terminal
results of the final measurement. At the same time, device on the system, the appropriate factors must
measure and record the fan motor current, the fan be applied to the readings and noted on the record/
rotational speed, the fan suction and discharge test sheet.
static pressures, the resistance of any air filters and
the (manual) settings of any automatic modulating The terminal flow rates are not, of course, definitive
dampers. rates of air flow at terminals; their purpose is
merely to indicate a satisfactory proportional
Note: with systems that contain fabric filters, or balance between terminals.
more particularly ‘absolute’ or high efficiency fil-
ters, the dirtiness of the filter may have a Note: random alterations to damper settings
significant effect on the total rate of air flow. As should not be made in an attempt to correct im-
the clean filter condition is the only state that can balances: any corrective action will require careful
be readily identified and selected on site, planning to minimise the amount of rebalancing
measurements of total air flow should be made, needed. If any adjustments are made, then a total
wherever possible, with clean filters and the rescan of the final readings will be required to
results compared with the specified design ensure that the recorded results are truly represen-
requirements. tative of the adjusted system balance.
(c) Where the plant contains automatically operated (b) Once proportional balancing and total volume flow
dampers for varying proportions of outside/ rates have been satisfactorily established, all
exhaust/recirculation or face and by-pass air, meas- dampers should be locked in their final positions
urement of the total air flow and regulation of the and the damper regulating mechanisms scribed or
fan output should be conducted with these dampers indelibly marked in an approved manner.
in the full outside air, full exhaust or full face
positions, provided that this mode of operation is (c) Finally, all adjustable louvres, cones or other air
within the design intent. The proportions and the direction devices should be adjusted to create the
total air flow handled at the other extreme of the correct air distribution patterns as predetermined
damper cycles must then be investigated, recorded and specified or advised by the designer.
and, where necessary and where facilities are
provided, adjusted to meet the specified design air The flow chart in Figure 6 summarises the main activities
flow (without further adjustment of the fan output). involved in proportional balancing.
 12 Air distribution systems

Carry out and record

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an initial scan of
all terminals

Analyse the initial Lowest Check for

scan and identify % of design is design/ Faults Remedial
index terminal not a logical installation found action
and branch index faults

Lowest
% of design No faults
is a logical found
index

Regulate terminal 2nd Regulate logical index

farthest from the fan to so that it equals the
equal % of index lowest % of design

Repeat operation on
successive terminals
working back towards
the fan comparing with
the index

When branch damper

More Yes Identify
is reached, all terminals
branches to branch
on the branch
balance index terminal
are now in balance

All No
branches are
balanced

Recheck index
terminal on each branch

Balance each branch

index terminal using
branch dampers

Check system total

No Remedial
volume flow rate is
within specified tolerance action

Carry out and record a

full scan of system. This
should show all
terminals in balance
within specified tolerance

Carry out and record

a full fan test

Mark all dampers.

Accepting authority to Set terminal air Figure 6 Flow chart for
witness system diffusion patterns proportional balancing and
testing of air systems
 Pre-commissioning verification and inspection 13

A3.4 Variable air volume systems Clearly, no single method of commissioning VAV systems
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will suit all the above options. The guidance in this

section is intended to outline a suitable method of
A3.4.1 Introduction approach to be adopted by the commissioning specialist in
regulating a VAV system. The guidance is not system-
Variable air volume (VAV) systems are dynamic air distri- specific, because the detailed tasks associated with one
bution systems and, as their name implies, the air volume system type may not be the same for another type. As an
flow rate is varied according to various parameters to overall guide, the flow chart in Figure 7 illustrates the key
achieve the required design conditions. vav systems can activities involved.
employ many different combinations of components and
control methods, and new terminal unit designs and con-
cepts are regularly introduced. The fact that vav systems A3.4.2 Commissioning method statement
are designed to vary system performance imposes a
number of specific tasks on the commissioning specialist, Each system should be considered on its own merits and a
which must be carried out in order to achieve satisfactory detailed commissioning method statement produced and
overall performance. agreed with the designer and/or witnessing authority prior
to commissioning. VAV system technology offers such a
Proprietary units may employ a variety of means of regu- wide range of design options and proprietary components
lating air volume flow rate including motorised dampers, that the resulting installations are likely to require
inflating bellows, restricting flexible duct sections or a different commissioning techniques.
combination of such devices.
It is particularly important that the designer provides full
System control actuators may be driven by duct pressure information on all relevant aspects of the design of the VAV
(self-powered), electronic or pneumatic means based on system in sufficient detail that the commissioning special-
local control elements or a central building management ist can produce a suitable method statement.
system, or a combination of these.
To ensure that the appropriate commissioning procedures
Control sensors may measure air flow by means of are employed, the commissioning specialist should care-
pressure differential, pitot tube, flow grid or thermal fully review the recommendations of the equipment
anemometer using spot or averaging sensors. suppliers. When optimum procedures for the particular
equipment and components have been ascertained, these
should be incorporated within the commissioning method
statement.

System Apply agreed system

familiarisation diversity
A3.4.3 System components

VAV systems typically comprise the following components,

Commissioning Test supply fan some of which may require specialist commissioning by
method performance in full the manufacturer in addition to general commissioning as
statement diversified flow part of a complete air distribution system:
condition
— variable performance supply fan
Formally receive — variable performance extract fan
completed static system Test return air fan in
from the installing full diversified flow — fan performance control system
contractor condition
— outside/recirculation/exhaust air dampers and asso-
ciated automatic controls
Set fan tracking in
Complete all
system setting to
conjunction with the — supply and extract distribution ductwork systems,
controls specialist primary and secondary as appropriate
work checks
— variable volume terminal units, supply and extract
Set plant dampers Where appropriate set as appropriate
according to minimum outside and
commissioning recirculation air — filters, heat exchangers, humidifiers etc. and associ-
method statement quantities in ated automatic controls.
conjunction with the
controls specialist
A3.4.4 Preliminary checks
Commission
individual VAV units Prepare (a) All checks required in section A1 should be carried
commissioning out.
record
Balance any (b) Additional checks may be made for accessibility:
secondary air
terminals
(i) for easy detachment of flexible connections
Demonstrate system
to witnessing authority
from terminal units
(ii) to access panels in terminal units and for
Figure 7 Flow chart for commissioning of VAV systems associated controls.
 14 Air distribution systems

(c) A particular check should be made to ensure that units, again carefully monitoring the pressure at terminal
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distribution ductwork internals are clean through- units near the fans. If the vav return air system consists of
out. (Any dust present may be entrained by the air ducted spigots, the VAV return air fan should be run up to
stream. Should this settle out in the terminals it maximum design speed/volume while ensuring the motor
may interfere with the proper operation of these running current does not exceed the motor full load
units.) If there is any doubt regarding the state of current.
system cleanliness, the commissioning specialist
should formally draw attention to this. Note: during the commissioning of the individual vav ter-
minals, it may be necessary to further fine-tune the fan
speed to compensate for any system pressure variations.
A3.4.5 Commissioning sequence

The particular sequence applied to a VAV installation A3.4.7 Terminal units

should be appropriate to the system design and other
relevant considerations. The following may be useful as a All procedures and techniques to be applied in checking
general guide: terminal unit volume flow rates should be in accordance
— setting to work with the manufacturer’s instructions and should be incor-
porated into the commissioning method statement.
— VAV terminal units

— secondary air distribution Proprietary VAV units may be ‘factory set’ to the required
specified flow rates, or provided with an easy means of
— return air spigots setting to meet the specified performance requirements.
Verification of these arrangements is necessary, and the
— system diversity
number of VAV terminal units to be checked should be
— fan design performance check defined within the project commissioning specification.
— system performance checks:
Note: at the outset of the VAV terminal checks, the
(a) fan tracking (coordination of supply and commissioning specialist should select a number of units
extract fan performance) with inlet duct configurations suitable for in-duct flow
measurements to be taken. Volume flow rate checks by
(b) minimum outside air. pitot-static duct traverse should be conducted on these
terminals to validate the method of flow rate measurement
A3.4.6 Setting to work adopted within the commissioning method statement, for
example, measuring across terminal differential sensing
On completion of all setting to work checks (see section grid or voltage at the controller.
A2) and prior to any testing, the commissioning specialist
should set or fix the outside/exhaust/recirculation air Volume flow rate measurements should be carried out and
dampers in either full outside air or full recirculation the results recorded:
positions (as detailed in the commissioning method (a) at maximum specified volume flow rates
statement).
(b) at minimum specified volume flow rates
The supply and extract fan systems should be set to their
minimum speed conditions by manual operation of the (c) at any intermediate settings that may be required
automatic fan speed control or other suitable means, and by the specification.
started in the sequence required by the design. With the
supply and extract fans operating simultaneously, the run- A.3.4.8 Secondary air distribution
ning speed should be increased gradually. Motor running
current checks should be made at various increments, and In some instances, VAV terminal units may be arranged to
the results recorded for each fan, to assess performance deliver air to a number of secondary outlets which in turn
and prevent overloading of the motor. discharge the air to the conditioned space. With such an
arrangement, the commissioning specialist must balance
The static pressure checks should preferably be made at, proportionally each of the secondary terminals by the
or close to, the position specified by the designer for the methods detailed in section A3.2 so that they discharge
pressure sensor for automatic regulation of fan speed, and the specified proportion of the volume of air delivered by
also at terminals near to the fans, to prevent the vav terminal, within the specified (or appropriate) tol-
overpressurisation of system components. erances as detailed in Appendix AA3.4. This exercise
should be completed with the terminal unit set to
If excessive static pressures occur during this operation, maximum design volume and the details recorded.
the fan setting should be returned to minimum speed con-
ditions using the automatic control. The fans should then
be stopped and made safe so that the cause of the static A3.4.9 Return air spigots
pressure irregularity can be investigated and rectified by
the appropriate personnel before proceeding further. It is Air inlets to the return air system may comprise any of the
essential to avoid overpressurisation of the system. following arrangements:
(a) VAV return air terminals
The running speed of the fans should be increased until
there is sufficient static pressure in the system to (b) return air registers in the space served by ducted
commence commissioning of individual VAV terminal connections
 Activation, dry and live runs 15

(c) return air duct spigots drawing from a plenum (e.g. mum volumes, in addition to checking the equiva-
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ceiling void). lent performance at other intermediate points. All

results should be recorded.
For all the above arrangements, regulation of the return
air inlets must be carried out to achieve a proportional Note: limitations of instrument accuracy at low
balance within the specified tolerance limits (see velocities may make it impossible to achieve
Appendix AA3.4). repeatable measurements of fan performance at
minimum volume (see BSRIA Application Guide
1/91: Commissioning of vav systems in buildings(3)).
A3.4.10 System diversity
Note: unless the fan control systems employ accu-
It may be necessary to impose a reduced air flow condition rate air volume flow rate measurement, the extract
on a number of terminals to achieve the required design system may not follow precisely the supply system
diversity. The means of arranging this will depend on the performance between the two set point (pressure
proprietary terminals and on their associated control or velocity) extremes. Such discrepancies are nor-
provisions. Where necessary, guidance should be obtained mally due to the differing pressure/volume char-
from the unit supplier or manufacturer and close liaison acteristics of the supply and extract systems.
with the designer is recommended to take account of any The setting of the automatic control system should
particular arrangements that may be required. be finalised by the controls specialist in liaison
with the commissioning specialist. The set point
A3.4.11 Fan design performance check should provide optimum operation of the
commissioned system.
The commissioning specialist should conduct a check on
(b) Minimum outside air
the supply and extract fan systems to ensure that they are
capable of stable operation while delivering the design With the supply and extract fans delivering their
maximum volume flow rate, with the system diversity design maximum air volumes, adjust the outside
applied. air damper until the required design volume flow
rate is achieved. With the system in its fully
With the required design system diversity applied, total turned down condition, the minimum outside air
flow rates should be measured and recorded by pitot quantity should be checked to ensure that the
traverse. Ductwork branch flow rates to zones or floors correct ratio has been maintained. Note and record
should be measured and recorded. In conjunction with the position of the outside and recirculated air
this, the static pressure at the least favoured unit should control dampers at this setting.
be monitored and the system operating pressure set to its
optimum point, i.e. the lowest system operating pressure Note: where air velocities in the outside air duct
that still satisfies the least favoured unit. When this has militate against stable measurement, it may be
been achieved, the static pressure should be measured and possible to record total and recirculated air volume
recorded at the least favoured unit and at the static flow rates and establish the difference between
pressure controller sensor position(s). these as the outside air volume flow rate.
The setting of the minimum outside air require-
With the system in this mode, the pressure drop across ment should be finalised in conjunction with the
each component of the air handling unit should be controls specialist.
measured and recorded.

With the fans at their minimum specified performance

settings, a further check of the static pressure at the fan A3.5 Pressure regimes
control sensor position(s) should be made to ensure that
this remains at the previously recorded level. A3.5.1 General

A3.4.12 System performance checks The design objective for certain mechanical ventilation
systems may be to achieve a pressure differential between
(a) Coordination of supply and extract fan performance areas served, either for purposes of isolation or contain-
(fan tracking) ment. In some instances, the required pressure differential
It is important to ensure that the sensors intended may be simply notional while some applications may re-
to provide automatic control of fan performance quire a specific pressure gradient. The purposes of
are so located that they offer responsive, stable and pressure differential may be described as:
reliable regulation across the full range of fan (a) Isolation, where it is necessary to prevent ingress of
operation. possibly contaminated or unconditioned air to an
Indicative positioning should be specified by the area (such as an operating theatre, clean room or
designer, based on the distribution ductwork pressurised escape route).
system layout and the calculated system resistance
characteristics. (b) Containment, where it is necessary to prevent
egress of contaminated air from an area. In its sim-
The performance of the extract system must follow plest form this applies to kitchen and toilet areas
that of the supply system in a stable manner. It is, but, more importantly, to laboratories and similar
therefore, necessary to set up the fan performance areas where there may be chemical, biological or
controls for checking both maximum and mini- radioactive contamination.
 16 Air distribution systems

The pressure differential between adjacent spaces may be the fan to the specified design requirement. Toler-
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controlled by the use of self-acting or automatic pressure ances in this case should be kept to the minimum
stabilising devices. possible.
(c) Close all doors etc. so that the entire area served by
A3.5.2 Preparation the system(s) is in its normal operating condition.

A written commissioning method statement should be (d) Running both supply and extract system fans, carry
prepared and agreed formally by all relevant parties out a proportional balance of the previously unbal-
including the witnessing authority. The statement must anced system and set the fan total flow rate to the
take account of the detailed procedures that need to be specified design requirement, adjusting to a similar
undertaken to meet the specified acceptance criteria. tolerance to that previously allowed in (a) above.
Set up/commission any pressure control devices
It is essential that before commencing commissioning of such as pressure stabilisers in accordance with the
the system(s), all building works, doors, door undercuts, manufacturer’s instructions.
windows, floor finishes etc. are complete and in their final, (e) Recheck the system balance described in (a) and (b)
normal operational state and that the commissioning spe- above and, where necessary, make adjustments to
cialist is given sole access to the entire area served by the reinstate the balance of the previously set total
system(s). volume flow rate.

A3.5.3 Procedure Note: Where no adjustments are found necessary,

proceed to (f) below. Where adjustments have been
The following procedure is suggested as suitable for the made, the system set up as described in (b) above
commissioning of typical ventilation systems designed to must also be rechecked.
produce pressure regimes within a space. The flow chart (f) This procedure should be repeated until there is
in Figure 8 illustrates the process. no necessity to make further adjustments to the
(a) With all doors, hatches etc. between the pressurised system.
areas open, and a suitable path for spill or make-up (g) Measure and record the pressure differentials
air provided, run either the supply or extract between all adjacent spaces using a suitable instru-
systems. It is advantageous to choose the system ment and compare the measurements with the
that is simplest (least terminals) or that which is specified design requirements.
expected to be the most stable.
(b) Carry out a proportional balance of all terminals on At this stage the results obtained should be submitted to the
this system and set the total volume flow rate of designer or accepting authority.

Ensure all doors and hatches Set the total flow rate of the fan
between pressurised areas are to the specified design
open, and a suitable path for requirement. Tolerances should
make-up air is provided be as close as possible to that of
the previously balanced system

Run either supply or

extract systems. See A3.5.3 (a)
Recheck 'previous'
for guidelines
system air flow rates

Carry out proportional

balance of all terminals on
selected system Are the
Adjust system to No readings obtained
meet the required
still within
Set the total flow rate of the fan tolerance
tolerance?
to the specified design
requirement. Tolerances should
be as small as reasonably viable Yes

Complete/finalise
Close all doors and hatches test records
so that the entire area
served is in its normal
operating mode Measure and record pressure
differentials between all adjacent
spaces and compare with the
Run both supply and specified design requirements
extract systems

Set up/commission Figure 8 Flow chart for com-

any pressure control missioning of typical ventilation
devices systems designed to produce
pressure regimes within a space
 Operation and calibration 17

It should be recognised that a system can be tests and should, preferably, not be retyped subsequently.
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proportionally balanced in accordance with the tolerances (Any transcription of these records, including typed pre-
and procedures described in section A3.2 but still require sentation, would introduce scope for error and could
further adjustment to establish the specified pressure detract from their significance.)
regimes.
The format of the test record sheets to be used should be
If the results obtained do not indicate a correct or accept- agreed in advance of commissioning with the designer and
able pressure regime, the designer may need to plan witnessing authority.
remedial attention to the ventilation systems or building
fabric. This may consist of revisions to the design air flow
rates or alterations to the building components or fabric to
modify air leakage paths. A5 Witnessing
Once acceptable conditions are obtained, it is imperative
to record final balance figures including air volume flow A5.1 Introduction
rates and pressure differentials. These should also be
verified by the accepting authority. For most projects, the specification requires the commis-
sioning results to be approved as a condition of system
acceptance. The most common form of acceptance proce-
dure is to undergo a process of witnessing as a means of
A4 Commissioning ensuring that the air distribution systems have been
commissioned to meet the specified requirements.
documentation
Witnessing is defined as the repetition of specific commis-
sioning results in the presence of the witnessing authority
A4.1 Content such that the witnessing authority can observe, confirm
and countersign the results.
Documentation should be prepared recording all the
salient details of the installed air distribution systems that This section of the Code outlines recommendations con-
have been subjected to the commissioning procedures set cerning witnessing generally.
out in the specification and/or described in any method
statement.
A5.2 Objective
All commissioning documentation, including method
statements, should be collated for retention and future The objective of the witnessing stage is to enable the wit-
reference by interested parties. nessing authority (typically, the building services consult-
ing engineer or an agent acting on behalf of the engineer)
Commissioning documentation should be logical and un- to establish a level of confidence in the commissioning
ambiguous and should provide space for relevant com- results being presented. Unless the designer has specif-
ments by the commissioning specialist. ically called for all commissioning aspects to be witnessed,
an assessment of a proportion of results should satisfy this
requirement.
A4.2 Format
The specification should define any aspects or parameters
It is not the objective of this Code to set out the format requiring special attention.
and typographical style of such commissioning documen-
tation, but the general intent of such records should be to Witnessing duties should include verification that the
provide clear identification of each main component by recorded commissioning results are:
means of its:
— repeatable
— design description
— within the specified tolerances
— plant reference number
— in accordance with the overall design requirements.
— location
— manufacturer
A5.3 Selection of the witnessing
— type
authority
— serial number
— design performance parameters The witnessing authority should be conversant with the
requirements of the air distribution system under con-
— actual performance parameters. sideration, this Code and, where appropriate, any relevant
statutory requirements. The witnessing authority should
Any particular requirements as to the presentation of also be experienced in commissioning procedures
commissioning records, including the number of copies generally.
required, should be stated in the specification. All such
proforma documentation should be completed neatly by The witnessing authority should be provided with formal
hand (or by the use of an on-site laptop computer) by the terms of reference for the role, together with clearly stated
commissioning specialist at the time of carrying out the responsibilities and reporting procedures. The extent of
 18 Air distribution systems

the witnessing authority’s role should be made clear to the When presenting a commissioned system for witnessing,
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commissioning specialist and other relevant parties. the commissioning specialist should aim to replicate the
conditions under which air balancing was carried out.
The witnessing authority should be able to make a consid- Thus, results recorded during the commissioning process
ered comparison between the measured performance and can be repeated and demonstrated to the witnessing
the design requirements and associated tolerances, and to authority without undue influence from other factors that
arrive at an assessment of their acceptability. could jeopardise the outcome.

When carrying out spot checks on recorded data, the wit-

A5.4 Programme nessing authority should recognise that, because of pre-
vailing conditions, identical results are unlikely to be
The witnessing of air distribution systems commissioning achieved. It would be prudent therefore to expect a
will require a specific amount of time to be allocated deviation (of, say, ±5%), provided that this does not
within the overall construction programme. Liaison increase the tolerances specified or suggested in Table A1
should take place with the other relevant parties involved (see Appendix AA3.4).
in the construction process such that the implications of
commissioning in general, and the commissioning and To permit a full assessment of implications on system
demonstration stage in particular, can be properly design performance, records of the witnessed results
coordinated into the overall project programme. should be copied to the designer.

A5.5 General A5.7 Air distribution system

acceptance
To ensure that all parties understand the requirements,
the overall extent and scope of witnessing should be set Appropriate documentation should be provided by the
out at the design stage. commissioning specialist for the witnessing authority to
countersign to confirm details of the tests observed and
Scope for subjective judgement should be minimised that the results are within the specified tolerances. When
because this can lead to disputes. The principles and bases the documentation is completed, the system can be
for any allowable deviations from specified tolerances or deemed to be commissioned in accordance with the
standard methods of testing should be established and recommendations of this Code.
agreed in advance of witnessing.
It should be recognised that such certification is usually
The witnessing authority should be available to discuss only part of the overall project acceptance procedures and,
and establish an understanding of any problems that arise therefore, may not necessarily result in the completion of
during the course of commissioning. The following factors commissioning. However, the objective of the air distri-
will, typically, have a bearing on the scope of commis- bution system acceptance should be to bring to a
sioning works: conclusion the activities detailed in this Code.
— the extent and complexity of the air distribution The ‘accepted’ air handling plant should be left in an
system agreed state of operation and control, with defined
— the requirements of the specification responsibility for its operation.

— the project timescales. Note: air distribution system acceptance infers only the
satisfactory completion of commissioning in accordance
Where it is necessary to superimpose artificial conditions with this Code. It should not be confused with handover
on installed plant in order to ‘demonstrate’ the design which may have other implications outside the scope of
level of performance, the practical on-site implications of commissioning.
this should be given careful consideration by the relevant
parties. This is particularly important in the case of
dynamic systems such as vav systems.
Appendices
A5.6 Witnessing arrangements
It is recommended that, prior to proceeding to witnessing, AA1 Design implications
the witnessing authority should arrange a meeting with
the commissioning specialist. The purpose of the meeting
should be to provide an opportunity for the commis- AA1.1 Introduction
sioning specialist to summarise and explain his/her
experience with the work on the system and to highlight Commissioning is not an optional process and the
points considered to be noteworthy. Similarly, the designer must accept the implications of the commis-
witnessing authority has an opportunity to explain sioning procedures to which the air distribution system
objectives and to agree with the commissioning specialist will be subjected. In particular, inadequate commissioning
the optimum strategy for achieving these. The meeting of an air distribution system could result in poor
should include a joint tour of inspection of the system and environmental performance, energy wastage, draughts and
its associated plant and equipment. noise.
 Recording data, reporting and training 19

The notes that follow are given as general guidance to the — fire dampers
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design implications of the procedures described in this

Code. They are intended to serve to remind designers of — fans
the pertinent points of design that have a direct bearing — louvres
on the commissionability of air distribution systems. The
guidance in this appendix is intended to supplement the — control sensors
design information provided in other CIBSE related pub- — grilles (together with details)
lications (to which the designer should make reference). It
is not intended to be a design guide and, therefore, does — heater/cooler batteries
not reproduce or summarise design procedures contained — filters
in such guides.
— terminal units
— energy recovery devices.
AA1.2 Design requirement
Design flow rates (including any special tolerances) and
Commissioning in general, and the regulation of air flow pressure drops should be recorded on the drawing, ideally
rates in particular, will be considerably influenced by the at the positions of selected test points.
facilities afforded by the design. In the context of this
Code, the designer’s objective must be to design an air dis- Such a drawing should enable the commissioning
tribution system where the arrangement of ductwork and specialist to visualise the system and gain a broad
the selection and disposition of components within air- understanding of the commissioning requirements at a
ways, particularly the means of air flow regulation, will glance.
promote a stable and balanced air flow. Following the
guidance given in this appendix will help to ensure that
the design incorporates the necessary provisions for access AA1.3.3 System description
and other factors that affect commissionability, including
the location of test points. A clear, specific and concise description of the system,
including all operational modes and the overall control
To ensure that the design aspects are properly and effec- philosophy, should be part of the package of information
tively communicated to other parties involved in the con- provided to the commissioning specialist.
struction process, it is recommended that an unequivocal
specification be prepared to describe the works. Early AA1.3.4 Layout drawings
discussions with commissioning specialists may prove to
be helpful to the designer in optimising the practical Layout drawings are primarily intended to show how the
aspects of testing and balancing. air distribution system is to be fitted into the structure
and, as such, have a different purpose from the schematic
drawing, which serves mainly to locate components within
AA1.3 Design information the air distribution system. Many layout drawings are
normally needed to show how the installation is to be
achieved, whereas the aim of a schematic drawing is to
AA1.3.1 General
show the complete system on as few drawings as possible
(ideally on one).
The production of the information identified in this
appendix may become the responsibility of various parties
involved in the design and construction process. It is not AA1.3.5 System specification
the task of this Code to assign such responsibilities, but to
point out that the overall objective should be to ensure A specification should be provided detailing materials,
that the information is properly communicated to the construction methods, controls, site erection and commis-
commissioning specialist. Failure to provide the sioning requirements. The specification should identify
commissioning specialist with complete information will any specific commissioning and testing activities that may
seriously limit the effectiveness with which the various be required.
tasks associated with commissioning as prescribed by this
Code can be carried out. It is essential that all airways have a high degree of air
tightness. For high velocity ductwork systems, recognised
air leakage tests should be specified.
AA1.3.2 Schematic drawings

A properly prepared and detailed schematic drawing or AA1.4 Design development

‘functional diagram’ is an extremely useful method for
passing the designer’s intent to the commissioning considerations
specialist.
AA1.4.1 General
Such a drawing should show the general disposition and
sizes of the distribution ductwork, including the positions It is particularly important that the designer gives careful
of: consideration, during design development, to the many
— test points factors that can have a significant effect on the commis-
sionability of an air distribution system. Reference to the
— branch dampers following factors should assist the designer in ensuring
 20 Air distribution systems

that the commissioning process is not adversely affected might affect design requirements. The designer should
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by design team decisions. also address how air distribution patterns within the con-
ditioned space will be set up and, if necessary, measured
and/or visualised to ensure they meet the design concept.
AA1.4.2 Accessibility
Note: ensuring that all terminals on any one branch are of
When positioning plant within a structure, sufficient
the same type will simplify proportional air balancing.
access should be provided to enable the commissioning
specialist and, ultimately, maintenance operatives to carry
out their duties safely. For example, the configuration of AA1.4.7 Controlled space pressures
ductwork should be such that a pitot tube can be inserted,
which typically requires clearances of at least 1.5 times the The specific requirements for pressure differentials be-
duct diameter/width. tween various parts of a building (e.g. between sterile and
non-sterile facilities) need to be considered, including how
The ductwork should include access panels where items the pressure differentials are to be set up, measured and
such as dampers, sensors etc. are located so that these demonstrated. This will invariably require an analysis of
items can be inspected and, where necessary, set up during the performance of building fabric elements such as doors
the commissioning process. The access panels should be of and windows.
a size that allows safe and effective inspections to be
carried out. Pressure regimes are often difficult to set up because they
involve many factors, some of which may be outside the
AA1.4.3 System flow rates direct control of the commissioning specialist. Conse-
quently, there is an even greater requirement for effective
communication between the various parties involved.
Consideration should be given to the method of ductwork
Detailed, agreed commissioning method statements are
sizing. Typical methods are based on velocity or pressure
essential.
drop, but whichever method is used, the designer should
ensure that the resulting velocities at specified test points
or control sensor locations are readily measurable and as Where it is the designer’s intent to pressurise one section
stable and uniform as possible. Ductwork configurations of the building with respect to another, the required area-
that give rise to excessive air turbulence should be to-area pressure differentials should be clearly defined in
avoided. both the design and acceptance criteria for the associated
ventilation systems.

AA1.4.4 Test point positions

AA1.4.8 Specialised products and fitments
The position of test points and how the necessary
measurements are to be taken at such locations need to be The location in the air distribution system of specialised
considered. Locations for test points should be selected items (e.g. energy recovery devices) and their effect on sys-
where there is sufficient straight ductwork upstream to tem pressure and flow rate should be considered.
ensure stable and uniform air flow. See BSRIA (Provision for measurement of flow and pressure across
Application Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of air systems such equipment is necessary for the effective trouble-
in buildings(1). shooting of performance problems, either during com-
missioning or in later operational stages.) Access to such
equipment requires special consideration to enable
AA1.4.5 VAV systems operatives to perform trouble shooting and measurement
tasks safely.
Operating principles of VAV systems are necessarily more
complex and, therefore, merit more careful explanation by Proprietary self-regulating devices and commissioning
the designer. (measuring) aids, e.g. constant volume dampers, flow grids
and orifices, will provide their full performance potential
As part of the design basis for VAV systems, the designer only if installed in strict accordance with manufacturer’s
should determine a VAV diversity ratio (see section A0.2). information. Any limitations specified by the
manufacturer must be taken into account by both designer
Consideration should be given by the designer as to how and installer if such devices are to be used successfully.
the diversity is to be imposed on the system during com-
missioning. All such information should be included in
AA1.4.9 Specialised testing methods
the package of information provided to the commis-
sioning specialist.
Specialised testing procedures can range from the simple
to the very elaborate, with a consequent effect on the
AA1.4.6 Grilles and diffusers (terminals) overall commissioning process. Should the designer
require any specialised testing to be carried out, require-
Where the design incorporates terminals, such as slot ments should be clearly identified in the specification,
diffusers, that do not lend themselves to the process of air along with the objectives of the tests and how they are to
volume flow rate measurement, the designer should con- be performed
sider carefully how final terminal air velocity measure-
ments can be made. An assessment should be made of the Smoke visualisation techniques, for example, can be
impact that factors such as the accuracy of these measure- helpful during the final setting up of a system to ensure
ments may have on the system performance and how this that the desired air flow patterns are achieved.
 Bibliography 21

AA1.4.10 Avoidance of draughts ing installation, including the implications of the pro-
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gramme, ease of access and facilities to be provided.

It is important that air distribution to occupied spaces is
achieved without causing draughts, particularly where The installation objective is to interpret the design
people are likely to be sedentary. Draughts from air distri- requirements correctly and so bring the system to static
bution systems can be a source of nuisance to a building’s completion. Installation includes any cleaning and leakage
occupants and the choice of terminal outlet, and how it is testing of the distribution ductwork in accordance with
to be commissioned, should be considered at an early the specification, prior to the commissioning process
stage and clearly specified. being implemented.

Note: airflow impingement on occupants may be desirable When preparing working drawings and physically posi-
where metabolic activity rates are high. tioning plant and ductwork within a structure, sufficient
access should be provided to enable the commissioning
AA1.4.11 Avoidance of noise staff and, ultimately, the maintenance operatives to go
safely about the tasks of measurement, regulation and
Design consideration should be given to ensure that plant servicing. This entails particular considerations, such as
noise is minimised and that the system can be correctly set the provision of suitable access for pitot traverses for air
up by the commissioning specialist without the intro- flow rate measurements. (Note that, typically, a clearance
duction of regenerated noise. of 1.5 times the duct width/diameter is required to insert a
pitot tube into a duct.)
AA1.4.12 Manufacturer’s information Early consultation with the commissioning specialist is
helpful.
Manufacturer’s information should be made available to
the commissioning specialist at the outset of the work.

Where a particular product is specified, it is important to

AA2.3 Cleanliness
ensure that the means are provided to enable the com-
missioning specialist to commission it as part of the whole During the installation of air distribution systems it is of
system, either directly or in conjunction with the manu- prime importance to prevent the ingress of general
facturer’s commissioning personnel. building debris. The installing contractor should promote
a ‘good housekeeping’ initiative to protect open-ended
ducts, terminal devices and air handling units from con-
AA1.4.13 Witnessing tamination. Ductwork risers should be capped to prevent
use as rubbish chutes.
Careful consideration should be given to the scope of the
witnessing requirements. Such factors might include the Terminal devices such as constant and variable volume
nomination of the witnessing authority and specification regulators should be disconnected from the distribution
of witnessing procedures and reporting arrangements. The system until such time as the main ductwork has been
requirement for commissioning management should also cleaned, inspected and tested.
be addressed.
In some instances, decontamination (disinfection) proce-
dures may need to be implemented. Where this require-
ment applies, facilities should be provided for the work to
AA2 Installation be carried out.

AA2.1 Introduction
AA2.4 Inspections
Installers must accept that commissioning is not an
optional process and should, therefore, pay particular Commissioning does not include the detailed inspection
attention to the installation of facilities that affect the of ductwork systems for defects and deficiencies. Regular
commissionability of a system. inspections by the relevant authority should take place
during, and at completion of, the installation of all
The recommendations that follow are given as general systems to ensure readiness for commissioning to
guidance to assist in the achievement of a satisfactory in- commence (see section A0.5). These inspections should
stallation, such that the recommendations of this Code can ensure that ducts, dampers, terminal devices, hangers,
be properly implemented by the commissioning specialist. flexible connections etc. are installed in accordance with
the project specification and the manufacturer’s
Such guidance is intended to supplement the installation recommendations.
information provided in CIBSE and other similar
guidance. Particular attention should be paid to the order, aspect
and direction of air flow through air system components,
as well as to the general cleanliness of the installation.
AA2.2 Requirements
All main, branch and terminal unit dampers should be
The installer should have a thorough understanding of the inspected for free operation and be left in the fully open
specified commissioning requirements prior to commenc- position in preparation for the commissioning process.
 22 Air distribution systems

AA2.5 Ductwork leakage testing The options offered are well proven techniques which, in
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general, are universally acceptable for the particular appli-

It is essential that all airways have an appropriate degree cation. The commissioning specialist should select the
of air tightness. appropriate option from the range of techniques available,
ensuring that this satisfies the specification or meets the
approval of the witnessing authority.
Where required by the specification, ductwork leakage
testing should be carried out in accordance with DW142
Specification for sheet metal ductwork: Low, medium and high
pressure/velocity air systems(4) or other related standards, as AA3.2 Instrument calibration
specified. (See also DW143: A practical guide to ductwork
leakage testing(5).)
The commissioning specialist should ensure that all
Ductwork leakage testing is normally carried out during instrumentation to be used on a project meets the
installation with remedial action undertaken, where calibration requirements of the specification. In the event
necessary, by the installer prior to the commencement of of any doubt, the commissioning specialist should prepare
commissioning. The test results should be properly docu- a detailed schedule of the instrumentation proposed for
mented and the records included with the commissioning use and seek formal approval of this.
information.

All leakage testing should be carried out prior to the Instrument calibration is an expensive process and it is
installation of false ceilings, cladding of risers or therefore desirable to ensure that calibration requirements
application of thermal insulation. Precise records must be are appropriate to the application.
kept of the location of temporary blanking plates, which
must be removed immediately on successful
demonstration of system integrity for the section under
test.
AA3.3 Comparison of two or more
methods of measurement
Where systems are not subject to a recognised leakage test,
meticulous ongoing visual inspections should be carried
out during installation to ensure that jointing arrange- Where an air distribution system incorporates differing
ments are satisfactory. sizes or types of terminals which dictate different methods
of measurement, the following procedure should be
adopted to compare the indicated rates of air flow at
terminals.
AA2.6 Static completion certification

The installer should carry out a formal inspection proce- Choose one terminal of each type that is preceded by
dure so that the static completion of each system or group sufficient straight ductwork of a uniform size to enable a
of systems can be established and certified. Any com- satisfactory measurement of air flow to that outlet alone to
mencement of commissioning prior to the static be made. For each of the chosen terminals, the indicated
completion of a system is likely to be abortive and to rate of air flow is measured first at the terminal in the
result in cost penalties for both the installer and the manner appropriate to its type and then within the duct
commissioning specialist. connection to the outlet by means of a pitot-static tube
and manometer. In both cases, the methods described in
The installer should provide the commissioning specialist the BSRIA Application Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of
with copies of all relevant documentation verifying the air systems in buildings(1) should be used. Corrections for air
static completion of each system prior to commencement density will not normally be necessary in this instance.
of the commissioning process. This should include certifi-
cation of air leakage test acceptances where appropriate.
The ratio of indicated values of rate of air flow thus
obtained is the factor relating the measurement at the
terminal to its ‘equivalent pitot’ measurement at that rate of
AA3 Measurement of air flow flow. The rate of air flow at the terminal should then be
altered and the operation repeated to obtain the factors
and calibration of relating terminal and ‘equivalent pitot’ measurements over
instrumentation a range of rates of air flow appropriate to the particular
system concerned. For convenience, the measured data may
be plotted in graphical form to provide ready reference to
‘equivalent pitot’ flow rates within the range of the com-
AA3.1 Equipment, instruments and parative measurements made.
measuring techniques for
typical applications This done, any measurement at terminals of indicated rates
of air flow can be expressed in terms of their ‘equivalent
The BSRIA Application Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of pitot’ values by applying the factors already established.
air systems in buildings(1) provides details of equipment, Once expressed in this common equivalent value form, the
instrumentation and procedures for optional on-site flow readings obtained at different types of outlet by different
measuring techniques for a range of air flow applications. methods of measurement can be compared.
 Appendix BA1: Instrumentation and calculations 23

AA3.4 Tolerances for regulation of Where a separate branch balance is not carried out and the
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total system terminals are scanned in one continuous

air flow operation, the permissible tolerance for the terminal
balance would normally be the sum of the figures shown
During the regulation of a group of terminals or branches in Table A1 for terminal and branch balance.
(see sections A3.3.1 and A3.3.2), the adjustment of
dampers to obtain identical indicated percentages of
design air flow for all outlets or branches within the group
is both unnecessary and impractical. Nor is it necessary or
practical during the regulation of total air flow (see section AA4 Health and safety
A3.3.3) to make adjustments to obtain a definitive value of arrangements
total air flow which is precisely the design total air flow.
In all cases, realistic tolerances must be defined which,
while satisfying the ultimate design requirements, provide
targets that can be attained with reasonable economy
AA4.1 Introduction
during the regulation procedure. Suitable tolerances that
may be considered good practice for general use on most Although the health and safety arrangements summarised
air distribution systems are suggested in Table A1. The below do not form part of the commissioning procedures
tolerances for a particular system may vary from those prescribed in this Code they are important, fundamental
suggested, depending on the layout and prevailing requirements that should be borne in mind by the com-
requirements. missioning specialist. For full details of the requirements,
reference should be made to the appropriate Approved
The responsibility for defining the tolerances rests with Codes of Practice published by the Health and Safety
the designer of the system, who should recognise that un- Commission, and to the CIBSE Technical Memoranda
necessarily close tolerances, if attainable at all in practice, TM20: Health, safety and welfare in the built environment(6).
will add significantly to the cost of commissioning the
system. With the advent of The Construction (Design and Manage-
ment) Regulations 1994, much of what was previously good
The commissioning specialist should report to the practice in health and safety has now become a formal,
designer at the earliest opportunity any difficulty in statutory requirement.
meeting the specified tolerances, so that a decision may be
taken as to whether to widen the tolerances or to modify
the system. AA4.2 Contractor’s duties
It must be noted that the tolerances detailed in Table A1
are based on repeatable, reproducible air flow All contractors on a construction project, including sub-
measurements. Any error inherent in the instrumentation contractors and any specialists engaged by them (e.g. the
or resulting from the technique or operator are excluded. commissioning specialist), must be able to satisfy the per-
An indication of the likely magnitude of such errors may son appointing them that they are competent to carry out
be estimated from the details given in BSRIA Application or manage the work for which they are responsible. This
Guide 3/89.1: The commissioning of air systems in buildings(1) competence would include all health and safety aspects.
and from the data provided by the instrument To meet this general requirement it may be construed that
manufacturer. It must be borne in mind that the various all contractors should have a health and safety policy,
elements of possible error may or may not be cumulative. together with management procedures for health and
safety, covering all aspects of their work sector package.
Note: the tolerances given in Table A1 for terminals or All contractors must also be able to demonstrate their
branches are suggested as the allowable increase over the procedures to develop and implement the project health
lowest measured indicated percentage: that is, if the and safety plan. This plan may either be that prepared by
lowest terminal on a low performance effect system the project design team, or the base plan as already
indicates 80% of design, then the highest terminal should developed by the main (principal) contractor.
be no more than 80+(80 × 20%) = 96. Tolerances given
for total flow rate are suggested allowable deviations from The contractor must also be able to demonstrate the
definitive design volume flow rate. approaches to be adopted to deal with any high risk areas
of the work and the arrangements for monitoring the work
Where the supply total air flow rate tends toward the to ensure compliance with health and safety legislation.
limit, i.e. 100% or 110%, the associated extract total air Personnel employed by the contractor to carry out or
flow rate should be regulated toward the same limit. manage the work must have the requisite skills and
Tolerances shown for terminal balance are those training and be allocated time to complete their work
accumulated during terminal and sub-branch regulation. without risks to health and safety.
Table A1 Cumulative tolerance limits for regulation of air flow
Type of system Performance Terminals Branches Total airflow
effect
Mechanical ventilation Low +20% of lowest terminal +10% of lowest branch +10% –5%
Comfort cooling
Air conditioning Medium +15% of lowest terminal +8% of lowest branch +10% –0%
Pressurisation of escape routes
Close control air conditioning High +10% of lowest terminal +5% of lowest branch +5% –0%
 24 Air distribution systems

The preparations that a contractor is required to make References

Licensed copy from CIS: [Link]@[Link], WSP Management Services, 04/05/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.

include formal risk assessments of the work to be planned

or carried out under their contractual responsibility. 1 Parslow, C J The commissioning of air systems in buildings Appli-
Where the work entailed is generic or typical (e.g. working cation Guide 3/89.1 (Bracknell: Building Services Research and
at heights) these assessments may form part of the con- Information Association) (1992)
tractor’s standard documentation. The principles for 2 Harrison E and Gibbard N Balancing air flow in ventilating
carrying out risk assessments as detailed in The duct systems JIHVE 33 p 201 (1965)
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992. 3 Commissioning of VAV systems in buildings Application Guide 1/91
Approved code of practice(7) form a useful basis, but it should (Bracknell: Building Services Research and Information
be borne in mind that a construction site environment is Association) (1991)
likely to be more hazardous than established workplaces.
4 DW142 Specification for sheet metal ductwork: Low, medium and
high pressure/velocity air systems (Penrith: Heating and Ventilating
In addition to the requirements outlined above, which are Contractors’ Association) (1982, amended 1988)
generally of a preparatory nature, the contractor when on
site is required to: 5 DW143 A practical guide to ductwork leakage testing (Penrith:
Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association) (1994)
(a) cooperate with and comply with the directions of
the main contractor 6 Health, safety and welfare in the built environment CIBSE Technical
Memoranda TM20 (London: Chartered Institution of Building
(b) comply with the project health and safety plan Services Engineers) (1993)

(c) provide the main contractor with any information 7 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992.
that might affect health and safety and notify the Approved code of practice HSE Legal Series L21 (Sudbury: Health
main contractor of any accident and Safety Executive) (1992)

(d) ensure that all employees are aware of the name of

the main contractor and the project planning super-
visor and of all relevant content of the project
Health and Safety Plan.
 Index 25

Index
Licensed copy from CIS: [Link]@[Link], WSP Management Services, 04/05/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.

Section Page Section Page

Acceptance A3.5 16 A3.3 11
A5.1 18 AA3.4 24
A5.7 19 definition A0.2 2
Access A3.4 14 Design
AA1.4 20 criteria, definition A0.2 2
AA2.2 22 development considerations AA1.4 20–22
Accuracy A3.4 16 implications AA1 19–20
information AA1.3 20
AA1.4 21
layout drawings AA1.3 20
AA3.4 24
requirement AA1.2 19
definition A0.2 1
schematic drawings AA1.3 20
Air distribution patterns A3.3 13
system description AA1.3 20
AA1.4 21 system specification AA1.3 20
Air flow Development considerations AA1.4 20–22
measurement AA3 23–24 access AA1.4 20
regulation A3 6 –17 controlled space pressures AA1.4 21
Air regulating devices draughts AA1.4 21
preliminary checks A1.4 4 grilles and diffusers AA1.4 21
Air tightness AA1.3 20 manufacturer’s information AA1.4 22
AA2.5 22 noise AA1.4 22
preliminary checks A1.5 4 specialised products and fitments AA1.4 21
Air volume flow rates specialised testing methods AA1.4 21
low initial readings A3.2 9 system flow rates AA1.4 21
Airborne detritus terminals AA1.4 21
precautions against A2.3 5 test point positions AA1.4 21
B variable air volume systems AA1.4 21
Branch witnessing AA1.4 22
index A3.3 11 Diversity A3.4 15
index, definition A0.2 2 definition A0.2 2
ratio A0.2 2
least favoured A3.3 11
AA1.4 21
regulation A3.2 9
Documentation A0.5 3
A3.3 11
A5.7 19
Building, readiness of A1.2 3
AA2.5 23
A3.5 16 AA2.6 23
C commissioning A4 17–18
Calibration of instrumentation AA3 23 –24 hand-over A0.6 3
Cleanliness A1.3 3 Draughts AA1.4 21
A2.3 5 Ductwork, leakage testing A1.5 4
A3.3 11 AA2.5 22
A3.4 14 Dynamic air distribution systems A3.4 13
AA2.3 22 E
Cold weather A1.2 3 Electrical checks A1.7 4
A2.4 5 F
Commissionable system, definition A0.2 1 Fans
Commissioning adjusting output A3.3 11
definition A0.2 1 airborne detritus A2.3 5
documentation A4 17–18 characteristics A2.5 5
management A0.7 3 cleanliness A1.3 4
AA1.4 22 control systems A3.4 16
management, definition A0.2 1 design performance check A3.4 15
electrical checks A1.7 4
manager, definition A0.2 1
frost A2.4 5
method statement A0.3 2
initial running A2.5 5
A3.4 13, 14, 15
A3.4 14
A4.1 18
order of working A3.1 6
AA1.4 21 performance curve A3.2 8
records A0.6 3 preliminary checks A1.6 4
A4.2 18 total volume flow rate A3.2 7, 9
specialist, definition A0.2 1 A3.3 13
specification A0.4 3 A3.5 16
Comparison of measurements A3.2 8 tracking A3.4 16
AA3.3 23 variable air volume systems A3.4 14
Construction (Design and Management) vibration A2.5 5
Regulations (1994) AA4.1 24 Filters
Controlled space pressures AA1.4 21 checks before fitting A1.3 4
cleanliness A3.3 11
Dampers, automatically operated A3.3 11 prior to initial running A1.7 4
Definitions A0.2 1–3 Section Page
Definitive air volume flow rate A3.1 6, 7 protecting against airborne detritus A2.3 5
A3.2 9 Final readings A3.3 13
 26 Air distribution systems

Fine tuning, definition A0.2 2 regimes A3.5 16–17

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Frost precautions A1.2 3 AA1.4 21

A2.4 5 testing, definition A0.2 2
H Proportional balancing A3.1 6
Health and safety AA3.4 24–25 A3.2 9 –10
contractor’s duties AA3.4 24 activities prior to A3.1 6
Hood, definition A0.2 2 final readings A3.3 13
I fundamentals A3.1 6
Index working order A3.2 9
branch A3.3 11 R
branch, definition A0.2 2 Records A4.1 17
sub-branch A3.3 11 A5 18
sub-branch, definition A0.2 2 AA2.5 23
terminal A3.3 10 commissioning A0.6 3
terminal, definition A0.2 2 final readings A3.3 13
Indicated air volume flow rate A3.2 7 A3.5 17
A3.3 10 initial scan A3.2 8
AA3.3 23 Regulation
definition A0.2 2 branch A3.3 11
Indicated percentage of design air flow A3.2 8, 9 conclusion to A3.3 13
A3.3 10 definition A0.2 2
AA3.4 23 dynamic air distribution systems A3.4 13
Inspection A0.5 3 manual A3.1 6
A5.6 19 preliminaries A3.2 7
AA2.4 22 pressure regimes A3.5 16–17
AA2.6 23 procedures A3.2 7–10
Installation proportional balancing A3.1 6
cleanliness AA2.3 22 A3.2 9 –10
ductwork, leakage testing AA2.5 22 sub-branch A3.2 9
inspection AA2.4 22 A3.3 10, 11
objective AA2.2 22 techniques A3.3 10 –13
requirements AA2.2 22 terminals A3.3 10
static completion certification AA2.6 23 total rate of air flow A3.3 11
Instrument variable air volume systems A3.4 13–16
accuracy A0.2 1 Regulation of air flow A3 6 –17
A3.4 16 cumulative tolerance limits AA3.4 24
calibration AA3 23–24 final readings A3.3 13
L tolerances AA3.4 23
Layout drawings AA1.3 20 Responsibility A0.7 3
Leakage testing AA1.3 20 S
definition A0.2 2 Scan
ductwork A1.5 4 final A3.3 13
AA2.5 22 final, definition A0.2 2
initial A3.3 10
Management of Health and Safety at Work A3.2 8
Regulations 1992 AA4.2 25 initial, definition A0.2 2
Measurement of air flow AA3 23 Schematic drawings AA1.3 20
Measurements, comparison of AA3.3 23 Setting to work A2 5–6
Measuring techniques AA3.1 23 definition A0.2 2
Motors preliminary checks A2.2 5
direction of rotation A2.5 5 variable air volume systems A3.4 14
electrical checks A1.7 4 Specialised products and fitments AA1.4 21
initial run A2.5 5 Specialised testing methods AA1.4 21
initial start A2.5 5 Specification A0.4 3
overheating A2.5 5 A1.2 3
repetitive starting A2.5 6 A4.1 17
running current A2.5 5 A4.2 18
A3.4 14 A5.1 18
starting current A2.5 5 A5.5 19
vibration A2.5 5 AA1.2 20
AA1.4 21
Noise AA1.4 22 AA2.2 22
O AA2.4 22
Order of working A3.1 6 AA2.5 22
A3.2 9 Section Page
P definition A0.2 2
Pitot static tube A3.4 15 Static completion
AA1.4 20 certification AA2.6 23
Section Page definition A0.2 2
AA2.2 22 Static pressure A3.3 11
AA3.3 23 A3.4 14 –15
Preliminary checks A1 3 –5 Sub-branch
Pressure index A3.3 11
differentials A3.5 16 index, definition A0.2 2
AA1.4 21 regulation A3.2 9
 Index 27

A3.3 10, 11
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System
cleanliness A1.3 3
definition A0.2 2
diversity A3.4 15
proving, definition A0.2 2
T
Terminal
dampers, regulation A3.2 9
devices A3.3 13
AA2.3 22
index A3.3 10
index, definition A0.2 2
least favoured A3.2 9
A3.3 10
regulation A3.2 9
A3.3 10
Test point positions AA1.4 21
Testing A0.5 3
definition A0.2 2
Tolerance, definition A0.2 2
Tolerances A0.3 3
A0.4 3
A0.8 3
A3.2 9
A3.3 10
A3.5 17
Section Page
A5.2 18
A5.7 19
AA3.4 23
cumulative AA3.4 24
responsibility for defining AA3.4 24
Total rate of air flow regulation A3.3 11
V
Variable air volume systems A3.4 13–16
AA1.4 21
commissioning method statement A3.4 13
commissioning sequence A3.4 14
components A3.4 14
fan design performance check A3.4 15
preliminary checks A3.4 14
return air spigots A3.4 15
secondary air distribution A3.4 15
setting to work A3.4 14
static pressure A3.4 14
system performance checks A3.4 16 c
terminal units A3.4 15
witnessing A5.5 19
W
Wind, effects of A3.2 8
A3.2 10
Witnessing A5 18–19
AA1.4 22
acceptance A5.7 19
allocating time for A5.4 18
arrangements A5.6 19
authority, selection of A5.3 18
definition A5.1 18
duties A5.2 18
extent and scope A5.5 18
objective A5.2 18
variable air volume systems A5.5 19
Working order A3.2 9