Human Reproductive system

Male reproductive system

 A pair of testes

 Accessory ducts: Rete testis, vasa efferentia, Epididymis, Vassa defferentia

 Accessory glands: Seminal vesicle, Prostate, Bulbo urethral

 External genitalia –Penis

Testes

 Produce 2-4 million sperm every day

 Kept outside body in a pouch called scrotum

 It helps to maintains temp 1-2 cooler than body temp. necessary for sperm
production.

 Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.

 It contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules

 Seminiferous tubule lined with 2 types of cells

◦ A, Germ cells -gives rise to sperms by meiotic division

◦ B, Sertoli cells- give nourishment to germ cells

Leydig cells. –The region outside the seminiferous tubule consists of certain cells-
interstitial cells or leydig cells-

Function -Secretion of androgens

ACCESSORY DUCTS- Store and transport the
sperms from testis to the outside through urethra.
 RETE TESTIS

 VASA EFFERENTIA

 EPIDIDYMUS

 VAS DEFERENES
Rajini A.P, HSST Zoology, GHSS KODAKARA
 Seminiferous tubule-rete testis-vasa efferentia-epididymis-vas deferens (ascends to abdomen
and loop over urinary bladder)-joins with seminal vesicle duct form ejaculatory duct—
urethra-urethral meatus

ACCESSORY GLANDS

◦ SEMINAL VESICLES (paired)

◦ PROSTATE GLAND(median one)

◦ BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS(paired)

 Secretions of these glands collectively called semen or seminal plasma

 Major portion contributed by seminal vesicles-viscous, rich in fructose and calcium.

 Function-Give nutrition to sperm

 Secretion of bulbo urethral gland helps in the lubrication

Female Reproductive system

 Ovaries

 Fallopian tubes

 Uterus

 Cervix

 Vagina

 External genitalia

 Mammary glands

Ovary - Primary sex organ-produce ovum and sex hormones

2 to 4 cm in length, Covered by germinal epithelium

Contain outer cortex and inner medulla

 Oviduct(fallopian tube)- Extend from ovary to uterus. Mainly 3 parts,

◦ 1, Infundibulam-Funnel shaped structure with finger like projections Fimbriae

◦ 2. Ampulla-wide middle part

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 ◦ 3. Isthmus-narrow portion which joins with the uterus
 Uterus

 Cervix(inner space-Cervical canal)

 Vagina(opens outside)

UTERUS (womb)
WALL –with 3 layers
[Link]-thin membranous wall
[Link]-with strong smooth muscles
which helps in uterine contraction during delivery
[Link]-with glandular cells which provide nutrition to foetus.
EXTERNAL GENITALIA

 Mons pubis,Labia majora ,Labia minora, Clitoris,hymen

 Vaginal Opening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen

 Some women are born without hymen.

 The hymen can be perforated by many different events like horseback riding, cycling
etc. So presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity.

Mammary glands

 Contains 15 to20 Mammary lobes

 Contains Clusters of cells called alveoli in which produce and store milk.

 Opens into mammary tubules

 Many tubules Joins to mammary duct

 Mammary ducts Joins to form mammary ampulla

 Connected to Lactiferous duct.

Alveoli ----mammary tubules-----mammary duct-----mammary ampulla---lactiferous duct

Gametogenesis (formation of gametes)

[Link] (formation of sperm)

 Occurs in the testes

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 Spermatogonia (46C) Diploid 2n

mitosis

Primary spermatocytes (46C)Diploid 2n

First meiotic division

Secondary spermatocytes (23C)Haploid n-23

Second meiotic division-

4 spermatids (23 C Haploid) n-23

Spermiogenesis

Spermatozoa

 Spermatids mature into sperm by a process spermiogenesis

 The process of releasing sperms into the seminiferous tubule is called spermiation

 Spermatogenesis start at the age of puberty..

1, Head -with ACROSOME- Contain a chemical

to dissolve egg covering-Helps to penetrate
into the egg.

3, Middle piece - with Mitochondria –For

Energy

4. Tail - Swimming

Hormone regulation in male reproductive system

 Spermatogenesis starts at puberty

 Increases the level of GnRH from hypothalamus

 Stimulates the production of LH and FSH

 LH acts on leydig cells stimulates the synthesis of androgens and thus spermatogenesis.

 FSH act on sertoli cells which produce some factors that induce spermiogenesis.

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 Oogenesis
 Occurs in the ovaries before birth.

 Oogonia are formed at the embryonic stage itself

 They undergo meiotic division and stops at

prophase -1 stage

 At this stage is called primary oocyte.

 After puberty it completes first meiotic division

(unequal division) and forms a large secondary
oocyte and a small polar body.

 Secondary oocyte gets most of the nutrient rich

cytoplasm for the development of the embryo.

 Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures into an

Structure of Ovum ovum (egg) every 28 days

Contain haploid nucleus, cytoplasm

that is nutrient rich.

Ovum contains thee membranes

1. Vitelline membrane, 2. Zona pellucida 3, Corona radiata

Difference between spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. It occurs in the testes It occurs in the ovaries

[Link] at the puberty Starts at the embryonic stage itself

[Link] of producing sperm Process of producing Ovum

4. Meiosis is equal division producing 4 equal Meiosis is unequal division to form one ovum and 4
sized gametes polar bodies

5. no polar body is formed Polar bodies are formed

6. A Spermatogonium forms four spermatozoa An oogonium forms one ovum

Menstrual Cycle
The rhythmic changes undergone by the sexual organs at an interval of 28 days is called
menstrual cycle.
It is the combination of two cycles
Rajini A.P, HSST Zoology, GHSS KODAKARA
 1, Ovarian cycle 2, Uterine Cycle

The menstrual cycle is divided into 3 phases

1. Menstrual phase(1 to 5 days)

2. Proliferative (follicular), (6 to 13 days)

3. Secretory (luteal) phases.(15 to 28 days)

Proliferative phase(5-13 days)

1. The thinned uterine epithelium receives more blood and it increases in thickness
2. Pituitary releases F.S.H and L.H under the influence of Hypothalamic releasing hormone
3. In the ovary the primary follicle grows into matured graafian follicles under the
influence of F.S.H
4. The maturing graafian follicles began to secrete estrogen.
14 day –Ovulatory phase
On the 14th day the Graafian follicle ruptures and the egg in released (ovulation)
L.H and F.S.H level increases at the peak called LH surge causes ovulation.
estrogen level also increases in this phase

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 Secretory phase(15 day – 28th day)

1 .The uterine endothelium progressively increases in thickness and becomes highly vascular.

2 .F.S.H, L.H level decreases

1. In ovary ruptured follicles develops into yellow coloured corpus luteum (If there is no
pregnancy it progressively becomes smaller and degenerates by the day of 24th day)
2. The corpus luteum secretes progesteron which is essential for the maintenance of of
the endometrium. In the absence of pregnancy the corpus luteum degenerates by the
28th day & the secretion of progesterone also decreases.

Menstrual phase-1-5 the day

It occurs in the absence of pregnancy
As the corpus luteum degenerates, progesteron decreases
as a result uterine wall ruptures and bleed out as menses.
Fertilization and implantation
The process of fusion of egg with sperm is called fertilization.
Fertilization occurs in ampulla-isthmus junction.
Acrosome of sperm secretes enzymes helps in penetration
In to the ovum.
 Prevention of Polyspermy: Once a sperm comes contact with the zona pellucida of ovum
and induces the changes in the membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperms.
This prevents polyspermy ie. Only one sperm fertilize with one ovum.

 Changes in the egg : When sperm head touches with egg it completes its second meiotic
division and forms a one large ovum (ootid) and one small second polar body (n).

Haploidn nucleus of sperm and ovum fuses to form Diploid zygote.

Early embryonic development

Cleavage- Repeated mitotic division of the zygote.

 Daughter cells produced during cleavage are called blastomeres.

 As moves through oviduct, the zygote divides to form, 2cell ,8cell &16 cell stage

 The embryo with 8 to 16 cell blastomeres is called morulla.

Blastocyst

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 Morula transforms into a hollow structure called blastocyst

Outer layer of cells called trophoblast-Gives rise to placenta and

other supporting layers

inner mass of cells attached to trophoblast called inner cell mass.

Inner cell mass gets differentiated into embryo.

IMPLANTATION

 Attachment of the blastocyst to the epithelial lining of the uterus is called implantation.

 It becomes embedded in ENDOMETRIUM

PLACENTA

 A structural and functional unit between developing embryo and maternal body.

 Finger like projections appear on the trphoblast called Chorionic villi.

 Chorionic villi and uterine wall become interdigitated with each other.

PLACENTAL FUNCTION

Transfer of nutrients and waste products between the mother & fetus.

Transfer of respiratory gases between mother and embryo.

Produce hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy.

Hormones produced by placenta

 [Link]

 2. Progesteron

Pregnancy hormones produced by placenta

Rajini A.P, HSST Zoology, GHSS KODAKARA

  3. HCG- Human chorionic gonadotropin(pregnancy hormone)

 [Link]- human placental lactogen

 5. Relaxin-at the time of delivery

After implantation the inner cell mass develops into the outer Ectoderm , middle
mesoderm and inner endoderm. These layers give rise to all tissues and organs.

Pregnancy period - The period of pregnancy is called gestation period. (9months).

 traces of hCG in urine

 Formation of different organs in the embryo is called organogenesis

 After one month -heart develops

 After second month- forms limbs and digits.

 After the 12 weeks organ systems develops.

 During 5th month movements of the baby.

 The baby is finishing it's development after 9 months.

Birth -The process of delivery of the foetus is called Parturition.

 Parturition is due to vigorous contraction of uterine Myometrium

 Signals from fully developed fetus

 Induce uterine contractions called fetal ejection reflex.

 Cause release of oxytocin from pituitary.

 Oxytocin induce strong uterine muscle contraction.

 This in turn induces release of more oxytocin.

 Causes more and more uterine contraction till the ejection of fetus.

 After baby is born placenta also detaches from uterus and expelled out (“afterbirth”)

Lactation-Milk production from mammary glands

 Milk produced during initial days of lactation is called colostrum.

 Colostrum contains several antibodies which provide immunity to the new born baby.
Rajini A.P, HSST Zoology, GHSS KODAKARA
Model questions

[Link] like ovary develops within the pelvic cavity but in later part of development

testis descends out of the abdominal cavity. What would be the reason for it?

[Link] out from the list the male accessory reproductive organs

Uterus, Seminal vesicle, Fallopian tube, Prostate 1 score

[Link] a flow chart showing spermatogenesis (1)

4. At what stage of life is oogenesis initiated in a human female? When does the oocyte
completes oogenesis ? (1)

5. Corpus luteum is a structure formed during luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Mention

the functions of corpus luteum (1)

[Link] the relationship between the first 2 words and suggest a suitable word for the4thplace.

a)males –seminiferous tubles, females…………………

b) Spermatogenesis: Sperm, Oogenesis: _____________

c) Zygote: Diploid, Gamete: __________________

7) The anterior portion of sperm has an enzyme filled structure called as----------

[Link] diagram of human blastula is given below

Identify A and B. (1)

b) Mention the fate of A. (1)

[Link] out the correct sequence from below.

a) Fertilization, Zygote, Blastula, Morula, Cleavage, Gastrula

b) Cleavage Zygote Fertilization Morula Blastula Gastrula

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 c) Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Morula Blastula Gastrula

10. A connection between foetal membrane and uterine wall is known as placenta.

a) Mention the functions of placenta.

11. Represent ‘oogenesis’ in a flow chart [Score : 2]

12. Give reason ‘Corpus luteum Functions as an endocrine organ’ 1

13. Fertilization is a Physio – Chemical reaction. Justify this statement. 2

14. Explain the signals and hormones responsible for producing fetal ejection reflex during
parturition? (2)

15. i) Draw the structure of a sperm and label the following parts;

i)acrosome b)neck c)middle piece d)mitochondria

ii) Mention the function of acrosome and mitochondria in a sperm.

16) Give appropriate terms for the following:

a) Duration between fertilization and child birth.

b) Fixing of developing zygote on the uterine wall.

17) Temperature of the testesis 2.5 degree C lower than body [Link] reason. [Link] the
hormone produced from the testis ? ½.

18) A graph showing fluctuation of hormone in a menstrual cycle is given below.

Identify the hormones A,B and C. 1 ½ score

HormoneLevel

20. Observe the diagram and identify the process 3

a) Label A, B, C and D
b) Name the organ in which this process takes place.
c) Name any two hormones from that organ
21. During oogenesis in human female a primary oocyte produces four haploid
cells out of these four haploid cells only one is used in [Link] so
a) What is the fate of the haploid cells used in reproduction.
b) What happens to the other three haploid cells. (2)
22)Placenta makes the intimacy between mother and foetus
a) What is placenta?
b) In what ways it makes intimacy with foetus?

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c) Name the portions of foetal and maternal parts of placenta?
23)A human ovum is released on the 14th day of menstrual cycle
a) What happens to the ovum if it is fertilized by a sperm?
b) Where does the fertilization occur?
a)Name the functional unit of testis 1
b)Mention the importance of scrotal sac in spermatogenesis
During spermatogenesis primary spermatocyte undergoes meiotic division to form secondary
spermatocyte. What is the significance of meiosis? (1)
Explain the process of spermatogenesis

Rajini A.P, HSST Zoology, GHSS KODAKARA