CHAPTER II: THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Human nature comprises the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of
thinking, feeling, and actions that humans are said to have naturally. The term is often used to
denote the essence of humankind, or what it 'means' to be human.
1.A human person is a rational being- He/She is free to think and has the capacity to reason
anddistinguish between right and wrong.
2.A human person is born free- He/She has the freedom to do or not to do things. However,
everyperson is responsible for his/herow n action.
3.A human person is unique- He/She possesses an identity that makes him/her unlike any
otherperson.
[Link] person is intrinsically a social being and cannot detach himself/herself from
othercreatures in the universe- By nature, he/she is characterized by his/her relationships with
othercreatures, objects, or his/her fellowmen.
[Link] living things are sexual by nature, but the uniqueness of expression of a
person’ssexuality makes him/her different- The expression of a person’s emotions, attitudes,
feelings,actions and thoughts in sexual activity best exemplifies his/her uniqueness from
animals.
BIBLICAL VIEWS
Genesis 1:26-27 "God created man and woman in His own image and likeness and made them
masters of the fish of thesea, the birds, the heaven, the earth, the wild beasts, and all the
reptiles that crawl upon the earth."
The Supreme Being entrusted to the human person the care of creatures on the earth, aware of
thepossibilities, challenges, and difficulties he/she will encounter in his/her life.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS
According to Protagoras, a human person is the measure of all things that exist and of all things
that donot exist. Furthermore, Plato claimed that the perfect human being does not exist in this
world because what is in this world is just an imperfect copy of humanity’s original self in the
realm of ideas. Parmeni desposited that a person has knowledge of something that exists, for a
person who does not exist is nothing. A human person like other animals has external and
internal organs. A human being becomes evident when he/she starts to share his/her thoughts
and ideas with others.
Maguigad(2006) in his book, Philosophy of the Human Being, explains the different
philosophical views of the human person. These are the following:
[Link]- The conservative view is not entirely positive and definitely non egalitarian.
Some men contributemore than others to society, and, therefore, must be rewarded and
honored by the society.
[Link]- Liberalism has a more egalitarian view of human nature. It believes that all men
are capable of reasonand rational action and have the capacity to live satisfactory and
productive lives if given theopportunity.
[Link]- In socialism, the human being readily engages in cooperative social activities when
given the opportunity. Unfortunately, this natural cooperative instinct is not fostered when
some people selfishly exploit other people.
[Link]- Fascism holds that what matters most is the country itself. The human being can
prosper only whenthe nation prospers; his/her fate is merely secondary when it comes to the
country.
CLASSICAL GREEK VIEWS
The early classical Greeks define the human person as “a rational animal”.
[Link] animal’s vegetativesensory and rational element is integrated within his/her being; thus
he/she is a material (body) andspiritual (soul) being.
[Link] a vegetative creature, the human person needs to have food to grow,develop, and
reproduce.
[Link] a sentient being, he/she needs sensory perceptions to gain knowledge.
[Link] a rational animal, he/she needs the power of thought, reason, and cognition.
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS
Salcedo (2004) states that people look at this social world or at the various ways that human
beingsbehave in a social way. Hence, when we talk about society or the social world, we are
really referring tothe behavior of human beings.
San Juan (2007) proposes some common ideas about human person. These are the following:
[Link] persons are social animals- We need to cooperate with others in some way to create
thesocial world in which to live.
[Link] human person’s social behavior is learned, not instinctive- In this respect the argument
isthat we have to learn, from the moment we were born, how to be not just a human being but
also arecognizable member of the society into which we happen to have been born.
[Link] understand the human person’s social behavior, we have to focus our attention on
thegroups to which people belong- These groups are many and varied, but the largest group to
whichpeople belong is a society.
[Link] is a discipline that looks into the totality of relationships in an individual’s life-
Sociologists do not restrict their studies to a single dimension of an individual’s life.
CHAPTER III: VALUES DEVELOPMENT OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING
The Preamble
The preamble to the 1987 Constitution states “We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the
aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
A preamble is an introductory and preliminary statement in a document that explains the
document’s purpose and underlying philosophy. It may cite historical facts pertinent to the
subject of the statute. The preamble to the constitution of the Philippines dictates that the
Philippines and the Filipino people are the sovereign masters of the Philippine Islands.
Philosophy of Values
Understanding the philosophy of human values is necessary in understanding Filipino values
such as family closeness and solidarity (pagkamalapit at pagkakaisang pamilya. politeness
(pagkamagalang through the use of po or ho), hospitality, and gratitude (utang na loob).
Good Citizenship Values
1. Love for God or Pagkamaka-Diyos- The Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia, our
population being predominantly Catholic. Therefore, religiousness is a prime Filipino value.
2. Love for Fellowmen or Pagkamaka- Tao- St. Paul defines love in a different way: Love is
patient; it never fails; it is eternal. There are faith, hope, and love and the greatest of these is
love (1 Corinthians 13). It illustrates the real essence of love which strengthens the foundation
of the family and other social groupings It is the strongest force within the human community.
3. Love for Country or Pagkamaka-Bayan- Progressive countries are able to attain their
economic goals because the people have trust and confidence in their governments and are
actively supporting their policies and programs These governments, in turn, reciprocate their
people's support with honest, sound, and dynamic governance.
[Link] for the Environment or Pagkamaka- Kalikasan- Environment refers to everything that
surrounds us from the natural world to the man-made physical structures. Human interventions
are important to derive the full benefits from natural resources, but such interventions have at
times gone beyond the limits of the domain reserved for human utilization.
Roots of the Filipino Character
[Link] Family and Home Environment- Child-bearing practices, family relations and family
attitudes and orientation are the main components of the home environment. Child-bearing in
the Filipino family generally is characterized by high nurturance, low independence training,
and low discipline.
[Link] Social Environment- The main components of the social environment are social
structures and social systems such as interpersonal, religious, and community interaction. The
social environment of the Filipino is characterized by a feudal structure with great gaps
between the rich minority and the poor majority.
[Link] and Language- Much has been written about Filipino cultural values. Such
characteristics as warmth and person orientation, devotion to family, and sense of joy and
humor are part of our culture and are reinforced by all socializing forces like the family, school,
and peer group.
[Link]- We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit
behind our lack to nationalism and our colonial mentality.
[Link] Educational System- Aside from the problems inherent in the use of a foreign language in
our educational system, the educational system leads to other problems for us as a people.
[Link]- Religion is the root of the Filipinos' optimism and capacity to accept life's hardships.
However, religion also instills in us attitudes of resignation and a preoccupation with the
afterlife and superstitions.
[Link] Economic Environment- Many local traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is
the lot of most Filipinos. Our difficulties drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard, and
develop in us the ability to survive.
[Link] Political Environment- The Philippine political environment is characterized by a
centralization of power. Political power or authority is concentrated in the hands of the elite
and the participation of most Filipinos often is limited to voting in elections.
[Link] Media- Mass media reinforce our colonial mentality. Advertisements using Caucasian
models and emphasizing a product's similarity with imported brands are part of our daily lives.
[Link] and Role Models- Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political
leaders are the main models, but all other leaders serve as role models as well.
Development of Nationalismand Patriotism in the Philippines
Nationalism is characterized by the attachment of superiority to one's country, an aspiration
for its continuity and prosperity. and maintaining a high regard and respect for its laws,
principles and policies. A country is an artificial body of people that needprotection and
identity. The government constitutes all non-political and politicalpersonnel in the service of
the country They range from the President to the last civil servant. Philippine nationalism
witnessed an upsurge of patriotic sentiments and nationalistic ideals in the late 18O0s as a
result of the Filipino Propaganda Movement from 1872 to 1892.
Personal Development Plan
[Link] True Self- Begin with some introspection to help you define your values, your patterns,
and your beliefs.
[Link] It Personal- Understand success and achievement, and what it means to you and to
others.
[Link] Your Outcome- Set your goals and how to achieve them. This section is really about
knowing where you're going.
[Link] Success- Lay out your 'success blueprint" if the prior section covers where you're
going, this is about how you'll get there.
[Link] the Power- Determine to make your plans a reality [Link] succeed, you need more
than a plan; that plan needs to be executed.
[Link] Success- Establish a mindset to succeed in bringing your desired outcomes to fruition.
[Link] is Circular- Look forward to the future, and move on beyond the completion of your plan.
CHAPTER IV: LEADERSHIP TRAINING
Leadership training- which focuses on developing the skills necessary for effective community
service and national development.
Leadership- pertains to the qualities exemplified by a leader. It refers to acts of leading or "the
process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in
accomplishment of a common task."
Leadership Characteristics
Vision- Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate people to believe in
their vision for their country, community, and family.
Wit- Good leaders can make sound judgments and decisions even during crucial situations.
Passion- Good leaders are very passionate and intensely obsessive in whatever they are
focused on.
Compassion- Good leaders show sincerity for their supporters and followers. They possess
exemplary coaching and development skills. They are not selfish individuals
Charisma- Good leaders are captivating
Communication skills- Good leaders are usually great orators and persuaders.
Persistence- Good leaders are determined to attain their goals in spite of the obstacles and
problems.
Integrity- Good leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice what they preach, and
keep their promises.
Daring- Good leaders are bold, willing to take risks, and determine to chase their dreams amid
the reality of fears and uncertainty.
Discipline- Good leaders observe self-control and order.
CHAPTER V: FUNDAMENTAL OF GROUP DYNAMICS
Open and transparent communication is important for building and maintaining trust within a
group. Leaders can foster trust by being honest, delivering on commitments, respecting their
team's ideas, and showing compassion.
Some fundamental aspects of group dynamics include:
1. Roles- Define each member's responsibilities
2. Norms- Set behavioral expectations
3. Relationships- Build connections between members
4. Communication- Ensure information is exchanged effectively
5. Cohesion- The level of camaraderie within the group
6. Trust- A reciprocal relationship between leaders and their team
7. Forming- The selection process for group members
Other aspects of group dynamics include:
1. Collective efficacy- When collective efficacy is high, groups tend to perform better
2. Social loafing- Social loafing increases as groups become larger
3. Negative group dynamics- Can lead to hurt feelings and conflict resolution
CHAPTER VI: DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT HEALTH AWARENESS
Communicable diseases- also known as infectious diseases, are illnesses caused by pathogens
(germs) that can be transmitted from one person to another through various means. These
diseases can spread through direct and indirect transmission.
1. Tuberculosis (TB)- Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be
transmitted through Coughing/sneezing, close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms
includes Coughing, chest pain, fever, weight loss.
Prevention steps:
- Vaccination (BCG)
- Proper handwashing
- Respiratory etiquette (coughing/sneezing into elbows)
- Avoid close contact with infected individuals
- Regular health check-ups
2. Influenza- Viral infection caused by influenza virus can be transmitted through Respiratory
droplets and close contact. It's symptoms includes fever, cough, sore throat, body aches.
Prevention steps:
- Vaccination (annual flu vaccine)
- Proper handwashing
- Respiratory etiquette
- Social distancing
- Avoid close contact with infected individuals
3. Hepatitis A and B- Viral infections affecting liver that can be transmitted through
contaminated food/water, bodily fluids. Symptoms includes Jaundice, fever, fatigue, abdominal
pain.
Prevention steps:
- Vaccination (Hepatitis A and B)
- Proper handwashing
- Safe food handling
- Avoid sharing personal items
- Regular health check-ups
4. Malaria- Parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium parasites that can be transmitted through
Mosquito bites. Symptoms includes fever, chills, flu-like symptoms.
Prevention steps:
- Use insecticide-treated nets
- Wear protective clothing
- Apply insect repellents
- Eliminate mosquito breeding sites
- Regular health check-ups
5. Dengue Fever- Viral infection caused by dengue virus caused by mossquito bites. Symptoms
includes fever, severe headache, joint pain.
Prevention steps:
- Use insecticide-treated nets
- Wear protective clothing
- Apply insect repellents
- Eliminate mosquito breeding sites
- Regular health check-ups
[Link]- Viral infection caused by measles virus that can be transmitted through Respiratory
droplets. Symptoms includes fever, cough, runny nose, rash.
Prevention steps:
- Vaccination (MMR vaccine)
- Proper handwashing
- Respiratory etiquette
- Social distancing
- Avoid close contact with infected individuals
[Link]- Viral infection caused by varicella-zoster virus that can be transmitted through
Respiratory droplets, close contact. Symptoms includes fever, rash, itching.
Prevention steps:
- Vaccination (varicella vaccine)
- Proper handwashing
- Respiratory etiquette
- Social distancing
- Avoid close contact with infected individuals
8. HIV/AIDS- Viral infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Can be transmitted
through bodily fluids, unprotected sex. Symptoms includes fever, fatigue, weight loss.
Prevention steps:
- Practice safe sex
- Use condoms
- Avoid sharing needles
- Get tested regularly
- Avoid mother-to-child transmission