INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ENERGY ENGINEERING
OF CAMBODIA
POWER SYSTEM QUALTY and RELLABILLTY
TP01: VOTAGE SAGE
LECTUER BY: MR YOU Lyhour
STUDENT : SENG Dalin
ID: e20200282
GROUP: I5-GEE-B
ENGINEERING’S DEGREE
DERPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA PHNOM PENH
Academic Year: 2024-2025
Contents
I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1. Objective ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. Voltage Sage and Type of voltage sage .......................................................................... 1
3. Cause ............................................................................................................................... 2
4. Effect ............................................................................................................................... 2
II. Case Study ......................................................................................................................... 2
1. Circuit Diagram .............................................................................................................. 2
2. Case 1: Fault Event ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Event 1: Single-phase to Ground Fault.................................................................... 4
2.2. Fault event: Line to line to ground (LLG) ............................................................... 5
2.3. Fault event: 3 Line to ground (3L-G) .......................................................................... 8
I. Introduction
1. Objective
➢ To understand the cause of voltage sage
➢ To understand voltage wave shape (Cycle, Frequency, seconds, Vmrs)
➢ To understand the type of short-duration
➢ To understand how to display results in table and plot graph
➢ To evaluate the results of the simulation
2. Voltage Sage and Type of voltage sage
Voltage sags are short-duration reductions in voltage magnitude and duration lasting typically
from a few cycles to a few seconds. Definition as per IEEE 1159 is a decrease in RMS voltage between
0.1 and 0.9 pu and a time duration from 0.5 cycles to 1 min. The depth of voltage sag depends on
multiple factors like network impedance, distance of the fault occurrence, voltage level at the fault
location, connected loads at the time of fault, and voltage improvement due to reactive power
components in the power system. The duration of voltage sag is determined by the dynamics of rotating
loads, system impedance, and fault clearing time[2].
Figure 1: Wave shape of Voltage Sag [2]
1
The different classifications of short-duration voltage variations are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Voltage Sag categories
Term Typical duration Typical Voltage magnitude
Instantaneous 0.5 cycle- 30cycles
Momentary 30 cycles- 30 s 0.1- 0.9pu
Temporary 3s- 1min
3. Cause
From reference [2], voltage sag can be caused by many conditions, a few of which are:
• Direct online starting of large motors
• Switching ON large loads in one instance
• Electrical short circuit
• Arcing fault in the system
• Energizing higher-capacity power transformer
• Switching OFF large reactive power source
4. Effect
Voltage sag generally affects the end-user equipment in terms of malfunction of process
controllers, programmable logic controllers, adjustable speed drives, robotics in modem industries,
reduction in the performance of the motor, flickering in illumination devices [2].
II. Case Study
1. Circuit Diagram
The grid supply voltage of 22 kV is stepped down to 400 V by a 1 MVA step-down transformer. A
Simulink of electrical distribution is shown in Figure 2. Load is connected at the secondary side of the
transformer with real power of 100 kW and reactive power of 50 kVar.
Figure 2: Steady-State Circuit Diagram in Simulink
2
Component and Parameter of component in this circuit above are show as in table2 below
Table 2: Parameter of component
No. Component Simulink Block Block parameter
1 Power transformer at Three-Phase source VB=22 kV, SSC=30MVA
Generating station X/R=7 at f=50Hz
2 Delta/wye Distribution Three-Phase Transformer 22/0.4kV, 1MVA
transformer (2widding)
3 Load #1 Three Parallel RLC load P=100Kw, Q=50kVar
4 Three-phase VI
measurement
5 Scope
6 RMS
This TP are proposed three cases with time simulation about 5 seconds for studying voltage sage
including
• case of fault in a remote location at 22 kV feeder
• case of switching on large loads in one instance
• case of switching on large motor
We observe the voltage wave shape and root mean square voltage (Vrms) for primary side and
secondary side of transformer when propose case 1 through case 3. Then we will discuss the result base
on these voltages and also discuss about sage duration (s). Cases describe about events in voltage sage
following below:
2. Case 1: Fault Event
Applied fault at 22 kV feeder or primary side transformer as shown in circuit below :
3
We are purpose 3 events for this part there are:
➢ Event 1: Single- Phase to Ground Fault
➢ Event 2: Line-line-Ground Fault
➢ Event 3: 3Phase- Ground Fault
[Link] 1: Single-phase to Ground Fault
In this event we are use Duration time of fault is 0.1-0.2s and fault resistance 5 Ohm. thus
type of voltage sag event is Instantaneous because typical duration is 0.4s that’s between 0.5cycle
to 30 cycle.
Figure 3: Waveform bus voltage of primary side of transformer when fault L-G.
Figure 4: Waveform bus voltage of secondary side of transformer when fault L-G.
4
Figure 5;Waveform current of primary side and secondary side of transformer when fault L-G
By all graph above when have fault at phase A we can see phase C is most effected
than phase B. The effected is from by type of transformer because when we change type of
transformer then characteristic of Voltage profile is changed too.
If SG at phase A voltage at A phase is related the voltage at phase C for secondary side transformer
because:
• Transformer: In a Δ-connected transformer, the three phases are connected in a closed loop.
While there's no direct neutral point, the voltage across any two phases is equal to the line-
to-line voltage. Thus, a change in phase A's voltage will impact the voltage across the AC
line, influencing phase C.
• Load Impedance: The impedance of the load connected to phase C can affect the voltage
across it. If the load impedance changes, it can draw more or less current, which in turn can
affect the voltage drop across the transformer windings and the overall voltage at phase C.
This can indirectly influence phase A's voltage due to the phase shift and the interconnected
nature of the three-phase system.
• System unbalance: If the system is unbalanced, meaning the loads on the three phases are
unequal, it can cause voltage imbalances. This can lead to variations in the voltage
magnitudes and phase angles of the three phases, including phases A and C.
Thus while phase A and phase C are 120 degrees apart in a balanced system, they are
interconnected through the transformer windings and the load impedance. Any change in one
phase can have a ripple effect on the others, especially in cases of system unbalance or variations
in load conditions.
[Link] event: Line to line to ground (LLG)
Applied with fault resistance (Ron) of 5 Ω with fault clearing time between 0.1 s to 2.0 s. type of
voltage sag event is Momentary because when the fault clearing time between 0.1s to 2s it have Sag
voltage for 1.9s.
5
Figure 6: waveform of voltage in primary side of transformer when fault L-L-G
Figure 7: waveform voltage at secondary of transformer when fault L-L-G
By all figure above we can see the sag in happen on phase A (deta1) the most and then it
effect to phase C(delta3) and phase B(deta2) is have slight side effect.
6
7
Figure 8:waveform current of primary and secondary of transformer when fault L-L-G
2.3. Fault event: 3 Line to ground (3L-G)
In this case we propose fault at 3line -ground in duration time
Figure 9: waveform current of primary of transformer when fault 3L-G
8
Figure 10: waveform voltage of secondary of transformer when fault 3L-G.
Figure 11: waveform current of primary and secondary of transformer when fault 3L-G.