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ATP Biology Notes

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101 views9 pages

ATP Biology Notes

Please do read

Uploaded by

Kashvi Fariya
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biology Igcse 0610 ... + Table of Contents Drawings & Magnification Food Tests & Labellings Precautions & Source of Error Hazards & Drawing a Graph Designing an Experiment Methods, Controls and their Uses Sample Question Common Independent Variables Page no. 2 8 Drawings General Rules: - Don’t draw any details. Try to draw only outlines. (Follow instructions) Take care of any labels that are asked in the question NO SHADING ! |. Draw the drawing at least 50% larger than the original image provided. . Don’t use a ruler or a compass to draw, and don't draw broken tines. Read the question carefully to see if any specific segment is required. Don't draw individual cells !! |. Don’t draw the surrounding box of the image. Magnification: In IGCSE Biology Paper 6, typical drawing and calculation questions always follow. You need to know the magnification formula. This Question typically has 2-3 marks, which is pretty simple if you know the formula. (1 mm = 1000 ym) Magnification = Image Size Actual Image If the image size (um) and magnification values are given and ask you to find the Actual size (um), use the Magnification (X) triangle to see the value: I © F/IGCSE Resources 2023 2 Food Tests Test for starch: ‘¢ Add drops of iodine solution ‘© Observe colour change ‘* Positive result: Blue - Black Coloured Solution ‘© Negative result: Brown Coloured Solution Test for proteins: ‘Add few drops of Biuret reagent Observe colour change Positive result: Mauve or Purple Coloured Solution Negative result: Blue Coloured Solution Test for Reducing Sugars: ‘© Add Benedict's solution and heat it ‘© Observe colour change ‘¢ When reducing sugars are detected in a solution, the colour change happens based on the increasing concentration of sugar so blue — green — yellow —+ orange —> red ‘© Positive result: Brick-Red Coloured Solution ‘© Negative result: Blue Coloured Solution Test for fats: Known as the Emulsion Test Crush the food sample in a mortar with ethanol Take a sample in a test tube ‘Add drops of distilled water Observe a milky-white emulsion showing the presence of fats Labellings ‘* Labels should point directly to the image or specific part ‘© Use a ruler to draw the label line. LO FAIGCSE Resources 2023, 3 Precautions When doing a experiment planning question in the biology paper 6, you should know all the precautions and how to avoid them: ‘Take readings with eye perpendicular to scale (avoid parallax error) ‘Take readings from the bottom of the meniscus Leave all test tubes in a water bath to equilibrate Hot test tube (Use tongs to hold the test tube) Stir a solution to distribute all the components evenly ‘While taking readings from a measuring cylinder, place it on a flat surface Wear a lab coat Stand while performing experiment Don’t expose an alcohol/reagent to a flame directly; heat it using a water bath Use burette/pipette instead of measuring cylinder ‘In photosynthesis experiment, use a heat shield (beaker of water) placed between the plant and the lamp to prevent the temperature from changing due to the changing light intensity ‘© Heat using water bath (often used in Benedict's test for reducing sugars) ‘© While using a knife use a solid surface to cut on, cut away from fingers Sources of errors ‘The same type of plant/fruit may not be used; use same species ‘Measurement Error (Use a graduated pipette) Water loss fram tubes was not accounted for; cover the tubes Reuse of syringe; (causes contamination) use a new syringe each time A subjective/non-quantifiable variable was measured; measure a more ‘quantifiable variable for accurate results Subjective Colour Nature (Use a colorimeter) ‘© No repeats; repeat the experiment 3 times and find the average (to remove anomalies) ‘© Mass/volume/size/shape of pieces is not the same Uneven crushing; use a mortar and a pestle ‘© Volume of each drop could vary; measure volume used instead of number of drops © F/IGCSE Resources 2023 4 Temperature of water may change; maintain water temperature using thermostatically controlled water bath Heat may be lost through gaps in lid/cork; make sure lid perfectly fits container When a variable (eg potato) is cut into smaller pieces, the smaller pieces are not measured into equal sizes Number of bubbles counted; measure volume of gas as the volume of each bubble may vary Hazards These are the stuff you should always took out for when experiment planning, hazards are not much but they will still get you the point: Cutting with a knife may injure hand; cut on a surface and away from hand gloves ‘© H,0; is corrosive; use gloves and goggles while handling it ‘© While exhaling through a tube into e.g. lime water, there is a risk of lime water being swallowed lodine solution can stain clothes, ensure gloves and safety goggles are Drawing Graphs Use a sharp pencit Label both axes with units (IV on the x-axis, DV on the y-axis) Labels should be in the form “quantity/units” Choose the appropriate scale Use crosses “(x)" or “2” to mark the data points (for scatter graphs) Graph should cover at least half the grid Draw a line of best fit that can fit through most of the points as possible (for scatter graphs) Join the points (for line graph) Designing an Experiment Coming to the final part of this booklet, how do you design an experiment? ‘The Paper would consist of an example, and they would ask you to design an [© F/IGCSE Resources 2023, 5 ‘experiment based on the example provided. Combining everything you have {earned above, | will show you how to do an experiment planning question. General information: Independent Variable Details of Method given/new method z Constant Variable Safety Precautions Dependent Variable Gas Syringe or Delivery Tube Method, Controls & their uses: Measuring the volume of liquids Ruler to measure the length of foam produced Measuring the rate of reaction by measuring the volume of preduct made. Cutting plant stem sections every specified amount of time ‘Measuring the rate of water uptake every set amount of time [Counting the number of bubbles Produced per unit time ‘Measure the rate of reaction by measuring the volume of gos produced Mesture the mass of a potato tick before and after putting in into 2 solution [measuring the volume of water that is lost and sained per unit time Measuring the height a piece of dough has risen ‘Measuring the rate of reaction in the piece of dough by measuring is change in height. Temperature Thermastatically regulated water bath pH of the Solution Using a buffer solution (© /IGCSE Resources 2023 Consume the beetroot juice at 2 PM everyday Measure the length of time the athlete can run at their maximum speed Concentration of beetroot juice ‘Age, Sex, the diet of athlete Same Environment or Conditions of Exercise Repeat with the same individuals for many trials Medical Staff should be present Marking Scheme: 1 atleast 2 different volumes of beetroot juice ; 2. details of when juice is consumed /ref to fasting / AW ; 3. details of method to measure running time ; 4 _ rest breaks between repeat measurements ; 5,6and7 named constant variables ;;; eg. ‘© concentration of beetroot juice ‘+ correct detail of consistency in running ‘+ age/stature /sex

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