Writing Task 1 (180 words-8 sentences)

1. The given …. graph illustrates(compares)…in terms of…measured in dollars between year 1 and year 2
(from year 1 to year 2).
- The number of students ~ student numbers ~ how many students + clause
- The percentage ~ the proportion ~ the share
- The amount of time ~ how much time + clause ~ how people spent their time ~ how many hours
- From…to ~ between…and ~ a period of 10 years ~ a 10-year period
2. Overall, despite some fluctuations, there was a rise(drop) in the number of students in all examined
nations, with a dramatic growth(decrease) being seen(witnessed, experienced) in country B.
Overall, (despite some fluctuations), while there was a rise (drop) in the number of students in nation A,
B, and C, the opposite was true for countries D and E.
3. In addition(Additional), A generally(consistently) had the highest figures from 2002 onwards(in the first
half of the period, in the latter half of the period, during the period).
4. Body 1& 2:

I. TIME CHANGE
s1...started at..., after which it experienced a rise/growth/decline to...in..., before ending the period...
The number of students studying abroad started at 0.4 million, after which it experienced(witnessed, saw) a
dramatic rise to 1.4 million in 1985, before ending the period at 0.8.
Data..., with a subsequent... and a final...
0.4 million students studied abroad in 1970 in the US, with a subsequent considerable(significant) rise to 1.4
million and a final drop to 0.8.
...was at..., followed by a (slow,significant) increase(decrease) to...
The number of students studying abroad in 1970 was 0.4 million, followed by a significant increase to reach at
(a peak of) 1.4 million in 1985 and a final drop to 0.8 15 years later.
The number of students studying abroad increased significantly from 0.4 million in 1970 to reach a peak of 1.4
million in 1985, followed by a final drop to 0.8 15 years later.
The number(amount, proportion)...+ V, and V.
The number of students studying abroad increased sharply from 0.4 at the beginning of the period to reach a
peak of 1.4 in 1985, but(and) later dropped to 0.8 in the last year of the period examined.
The number(amount, proportion) ... + change, ending(reaching)...
The number of students studying abroad increased sharply, reaching a peak of 1.4 in 1985, but it later dropped
to 0.8 in the last year of the period examined.
Similar changes, but to great(extents) were seen in …
Similar changes, but to great(extents) were seen in the figures for Italy and the UK, which grew from 16% to
almost 40% and from 40% to around 27% respectively.
(FUTURE)
…to be likely(expected, anticipated, predicted, forecasted, projected) to…
The proportion of US citizens living in cities(urban areas) started at 70% in 1970, after which it experienced a
steady rise to about 88% in 2010, before being expected to reach 90% in 2030.
A prediction(anticipation, projection) of a rise(decline) to…
70% of the people living in the US chose to reside in urban areas on 1970, with a steady growth to about 88%
in 2010, and a prediction of a slow growth to 90% at the end of the period.
Sample 1: The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and transport in 4
countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.

The chart illustrates how much governments in four countries invested in roads and transport between 1990
and 2005.
Overall, there was a decline in the proportion of government spending on roads and transport in Italy, Portugal
and the UK, while a rise was seen in the USA. In addition, Portugal generally had the highest figures throughout
the period.
The share of the government’s budget spent on roads and transport in Portugal started at about 27%, after
which it saw a progressive decrease to exactly 20% in 2005. Conversely, the figure for the USA rose from just
over 105 in 1990 to 15% in 2005, despite a mall fall in the first 5 years.
Approximately 22% of the Italian national budget was spent on the transport infrastructure, with subsequent
fluctuations and a final decline from 24% in 2000 to about 195 in 2005. Similarly, the figure for the UK fluctuated
in the range from 9% to 13% from 1990 to 2000, before ending the period at around 7%.

Sample 2: The line graph shows the number of people who used different communication services in the world.

The graph illustrates how many people subscribed to five means of communication worldwide between 1998
and 2008.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of subscribers to/users of all communication services given, with
the most dramatic rise being seen in the figure for cellular phone service to become the most popular service
from 2002 onwards.
The number of subscribers to landline service started at 15 million, after which it experienced a gradual rise to
20 million in 2006, before ending the period at about 19 million. Similarly, not until the year 2002 did people start
using fixed broadband and mobile broadband, and the figures for these two services increased slightly, reaching
4 million in the final year.
5 million people subscribed to cellular phone service in 1998, with a gradual growth to roughly 18 million 4 years
later, and a final substantial growth to just over 65 million at the end of the period. Similar changes, but to a
lesser extent, can be seen in the figures for internet service, which increased from just under 5 million in 1998 to
exactly 20 million in 2006, followed by a final levelling off towards the end of the period.

Simple 3: The table below shows daily oil production in 4 countries from 2000 to 2004.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nigeria 205.000 201.000 190.000 210.000 213.000
Chad 0 0 0 8.000 50.000
Congo 275.000 234.000 222.000 215.000 203.000
Somalia 5.000 8.000 17.000 21.000 50.000
The chart illustrates how much oil was produced daily in four countries between 2000 and 2004.
Overall, there was an increase in the daily amount of oil produced in Nigeria, Chad and Somalia, while a
gradual decline was seen in Congo. In addition, Congo generally produced the most oil among the 4 countries
examined, but it was surpassed by Nigeria in the last year of the period.
Congo’s oil production started at 275,000 barrels per day, after which it declined annually, before reaching only
203,000 barrels a day by 2004. Conversely, Chad did not produce any oil in the first three years but started with
a modest output of 8,000 barrels per day in 2003, which then rose significantly to 50,000 barrels per day in the
final year.
205.000 barrels of oil were produced by Nigeria each day in the beginning of the period, with a subsequent
decline to 190.000 in 2002 and a recovery of 20.000 barrels in 2004. Similarly, the figure for Somalia
experienced a tenfold increase over the period, rising from 5,000 barrels per day in 2000 to 50,000 barrels per
day in 2004. Notably, its production nearly doubled in both 2002 and 2004.
II. NO TIME CHANGE

Important structures
1)..., and the figures for... and ... were(are) lower, at... and... respectively
The oil consumption in Japan was about 70 million tons, and the figures for the UAE and Canada were lower, at
20 million and 35 million respectively.
2)..., followed by...
The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tons, followed by Canada (35 million) and the UAE (20
million).
3)While ..., ...
Kuwait had the highest use of water, at 63%, whereas(while) its use for agriculture was only less than a third of
this (19%).
4)Data..., compared to(as opposed to, in comparison to)...
About 70 million tons of oil was consumed in Japan, compared to about 20 million in the UAE and 35 million in
Canada.
5)...(far) exceeds that of ... and..., with respective figures being..., and
The oil consumption in Japan far exceeded that/those of the UAE and Canada, with respective figures being 70
million, 20 million, and 35 million tons.
6)...was..., which was % higher than that of...
The oil consumption in Japan (about 70 million tons) was far higher than that of the UAE and Canada, which
was 20 million and 35 million respectively.
Other structures (comparing + adding info)
1. Developing countries are more reliant on alternative energy production than developed countries (around
69% and 20% respectively)
2. Solar power accounts for far less of the total energy production than gas or coal does, and the figures are
2%, 20% and 60% respectively.
3. The Middle East produces twice as much oil as Europe throughout the period, with respective figures
being…
4. The oil production in the Middle East was double that of Europe throughout the period.
5. Western countries consume three times as much oil as the Middle East almost over the period.
6. Russia consumes slightly more oil than Germany.

Tỉ lệ phần trăm Phân số Ví dụ

Interest rate in 2019 increased
76% just over three quarters sharply by just over three quarters
after 3 years from 2015
Approximately half of the refugees
found
52% approximately half
Refuge(shelter) next to their
families
just under a third of the refugees
31% just under a third
found refuge next to their families
Interest rate in 2019 increased
19% nearly a fifth sharply by nearly a fifth after 3
years from 2015
Từ vựng miêu tả biểu đồ Ngữ nghĩa Ví dụ
Account for(take up, make up, The number of smartphone users
consist of, include, comprise, X chiếm(đóng góp) bao nhiêu % in 2022 accounts for about 56% of
contribute, constitute) + number or the total number of people
percentage nationwide
Account for a bigger(smaller) share This emotion of surprise accounts
Có nhiều hơn hoặc ít hơn thị
(Make up a bigger(or smaller) for a bigger share than other
phần(số lượng so với cái khác).
proportion) emotions with 24.9%
 Đóng góp hoặc chiếm phần trăm
Transport takes up the remaining
Take up the remaining X% còn lại, dùng để diễn tả đối tượng
10% of the UAE's overall budget
dữ liệu cuối cùng.
Japan continues to be the major
Continue to be the major + Noun
Tiếp tục dẫn vị trí đầu. producer in output of clothing
(producer,company,country…)
production
Next year, Amsterdam will overtake
Will overtake + Noun + to London to become the city with the
Vượt mặt X để trở thành...
become… largest number of tourists in all of
Europe

Sample 1: The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007

The charts illustrate why people migrated to and from the UK in 2007.
Overall, the percentage of people moving in or out of the UK to undertake a permanent job was highest in both
charts. In addition, the figure for those who came to the UK to pursue a formal education was also significant,
but this is the least stated factor among emigrants.
The proportion of people who went to the UK to assume a permanent position in companies based in this
country is similar to that of those who left the country for the same reason, with respective figures being 30%
and 29%. Similarities can also be seen in the percentage of people whose reason for migration is to accompany
their relatives, which is 15% for immigration and 13% for emigration.
Regarding categories with pronounced differences, while 26% of the immigrants said that they entered the UK
for academic pursuits, this is only the case for a mere 4% of emigrants. Meanwhile, 22% of the people who
moved out of the UK said that they did so in order to find work, compared to only 12 % of immigrants. Finally,
the percentage of people who gave other reasons or no reason for emigration was 32%, which was almost
double that of their emigrant counterparts.

Sample 2: The table illustrates the proportion of monthly household income five European countries spend on
food and drink, housing, clothing and entertainment.
Food and Drink Housing Clothing Entertainment
France 25% 31% 7% 13%
Germany 22% 33% 15% 19%
UK 27% 37% 11% 11%
Turkey 36% 20% 12% 10%
Spain 31% 18% 8% 15%
The chart compares five countries in Europe in terms of the percentage of people's monthly income allocation
for food and beverages, accommodation, clothing and recreation.
Overall, people in all five nations allocate the largest portion of their income for food and drinks and housing. It
is also clear that clothing is the smallest spending area in all of the countries examined, except for Turkey.
The percentage of money used for food and drink in Turkey is highest, accounting for 36% of residents' income,
and the figures for Spain and the UK are lower, at 31% and 27% respectively. In addition, people in Germany
and France allocated around 25% of their monthly earnings for this spending area. By contrast, 37% of people's
income is expended on accommodation in the UK, compared to 33% in Germany and 31% in France.
Meanwhile, the figures for Turkey and Spain are about 20%.
Clothing accounts for 15% of how much people earn monthly in Germany, doubling that of France and Spain.
Meanwhile, the spending on clothing in the UK and Turkey is similar, with respective figures being 11% and
12%. Finally, 19% of German households' income goes into entertainment, in comparison with 15% in Spain
and 13% in France. The expenditure on recreational activities in the UK and Turkey is almost the same, at
around 10%.
Sample 3: The bar chart below shows the amount of money invested in each category from five organizations.

The chart illustrates how much money five organizations spent on four different spending areas in 2010.
Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in all categories, with the largest part of its
expenditure going to/into renting offices. This was also the key spending area in organization D and E. In
addition, while organization A invested the most in staff training programs, this area received the least money in
organization C.
Regarding organization B, its spending on building was 1.7 billion Euros in 2010, compared to around 0.5 billion
in the remaining four organizations. Similarly, 1,6 billion Euros was invested in research in organization B,
doubling that of organization A. The figures for organization C, D and E were lower, at about 0.7, 0.3 and 0.35
respectively.
Staff training cost the most in organization A, at 1 billion Euros, which was still 0.5 billion smaller than that of
organization B. The figures for the remaining three organizations were around 0.4 billion. Organization B spent
1.3 billion on machinery, followed by organization A (0.8 billion), and organization C (0.7 billion), while both
organization D and E used only 0.3 billion for this area.

Sample 4: The bar chart below shows the percentage of boys and girls participating in various activities in 2010
in Vietnam.

The given bar chart compares Vietnam in terms of the proportion of boys and girls take part in six
entertainments in 2010.
Overall, the number of boys took part in these relaxation activities raised, while the girls number decline from Art
and Craft, Books, Computer Games, DVDs, Going to the parks, and Sports respectively, with a slightly increase
was witnessed in the portion of girls at the middle or the graph examined. Additionally, the sports had the
highest figure, the opposite was seen in the Art and Craft.
The girl rate in Art and Craft activities was highest, just one quarter, followed by Books (18%) and Computer
Games (15%). Similarly, the quantity of female children grows slightly by 3% in DVDs, compared to about 12%
in both that of Going to the Park and Sports.
The section of male in Art and Craft was about 7%, and the figures for Books and Computer Games were
higher, at 10% and 15% respectively. Finally, the percentage of boys in Sports far exceeded that of going to
Park and DVDs with separately figures being 28%, 25%, and 15%.

III. Process

Important structures:
1. Before V-ing(SV), SV
2. After…, SV
3…., which is followed by + N
4. Once SV, SV(một cái gì đó bị làm sao, cái gì đó sẽ tiếp tục)
5. …, after which + SV
6. …, and then + SV
7. …, at which point…
8. advanced: in order to(so that, to ensure that)
Fillers:
1. At the beginning of the process, SV, after which…
2. Next(Then, Subsequently)
The picture(diagram) describes(shows) the process of + V-ing(how to +V, How +SV)
Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with…and ending with…
Body 1: The press continues with…
Finally(At the final stage of the process)…

Sample 1:

The diagram shows how fruit is canned.

Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with the hand picking and ending with the final
products being transported to supermarkets or customers.
At the beginning of the process, fruits are picked by hand, after which they are transported by trucks to a factory
where they are washed. Subsequently, the fruits are checked to ensure that they are qualified for production.
After the fruits are stored in low temperatures, they are weighed carefully and divided into different groups
according to their quality. Once they have been categorized, the fruits are peeled, cored and sliced into smaller
chunks.
The process continues with the chopped fruited being packed into tin cans. The cans are then sealed tight with
a lid before being cooked and sterilised under high heat in order to eliminate unwanted bacteria so that the food
inside can be kept edible for a longer period. A label is then attached to each can, which is followed by the cans
being put in storage. Finally, the finished products are shipped to retailers and wholesalers for sale.
IV. Maps

To be added: was constructed(built, erected)

To be removed: demolished(was knocked down,to make way for)…
To be changed into sth: was converted into(was turned into, was transformed into, replaced by)
Stayed the same: remained(no changes were made to)
Rebuilt: to be moved to(to be reconstructed on to) the ...of(old) redeveloped as a newbigger(more modern) to
be modernized.
Land: bare land(vacant land, open space)
Roads, railway: extended(widened, reopened, joined, branch off-deviate)
Trees/forests: cut down(chopped down, cleared to make way for, planted)...was built at the expense of the
green area.
Amenities(swimming pool, shopping malls: established, developed)
Important structures
The most important of which...and(while)…
The...also saw a number of changes, with A being turned into B, and C being converted into D
..., which was accompanied by..
...was constructed...., replacing...
There used to be a..., but it was then redeveloped into...(removed to make way for)...
The diagrams(the pictures, maps) show(illustrate, describe)
How the town of Harborne changed from 1936 to 2007?
The changes that took placebetween 1936 and 2007 in a town called Harborne.
Overall, the town underwent a number of dramatic changes, the most important of which are(is) the
development of(expansion of, disappearance of, rearrangement of)…
The expansion of a housing area catering for the increase in the population of the town.
The construction of 2 sports fields catering for recreational needs.
The addition of 2 classroom areas catering for the increase in student numbers.
The expansion of the hospital catering for the increase in healthcare needs.

Sample 1: The maps below show how the town of Harborne changes from 1936 to 2007. Summarize the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The maps describe the changes that took place between 1936 and 2007 in a town called Harborne.
Overall, the town has undergone a number of dramatic changes, the most important of which are the
development of a large residential area and more shops
In the north-west, most of the trees were cut down, and in the south-west, the bicycle track was converted into a
roadway. In the center of the city, the post office, bank and library remained, while in the northern section, the
candy store and butchers shop were converted into a supermarket. A shopping center was constructed in the
center of the downtown, replacing most of the open space there. There used to be a flower shop in the southern
part, but it was then redeveloped into a travel agent.
In the north-east of the downtown area, the river was turned into a lake, which was accompanied by a large
residential area being built on its shore. Meanwhile, the south-east of the town also witnessed significant
changes, with the government offices being transformed into a museum and the farmland becoming a golf
course.

Sample 2: The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present.

The map illustrates how a countryside called Ryemouth has advanced over the twenty-five years period.
Overall, there have been several changes, the most noticeable being the increases in accommodation, the
elimination of the fishing industry, and the introduction of sports facilities.
In 1995, to the south of the village where the sea is there was previously a fishing industry, with a fishing port
and quite a large fish market as well, next to this was a small cafe. On the other side of the road running by the
sea stood a line of five shops and a hotel, while situated in the north east part of the village was farmland and a
park with trees. The main housing of the village was located in the north west around a main road that runs from
the coastal road, with twelve houses, four of them encircled by a smaller side-street.
Turning to the present day map, it can be seen that the fishing facilities have all gone, being replaced by four
apartments, and the shops have become restaurants. The cafe remains, as does the hotel, albeit with parking
facilities which it did not have before. Having been converted into a golf course, the farmland has now gone,
while the forest park has been removed to make way for tennis courts. Although the old houses remain, new
ones have been built, along with a new road with two new houses beside it.