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Study Guide
Study Guide
2
2 How Minerals Form
Key Concepts
● Minerals form as hot magma cools inside the
• Complete student edition crust, or as lava hardens on the surface. When
• Section and chapter self-assessments these liquids cool to a solid state, they form
crystals.
• Assessment reports for teachers ● When elements and compounds that are
dissolved in water leave a solution,
crystallization of minerals occurs.
Key Terms
geode
Help Students Read 1 Properties of Minerals crystallization
Building Vocabulary Key Concepts solution
● A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic vein
Word Origin Have students look up the
solid that has a crystal structure and a definite
origins of the words ally and alloys. They will chemical composition. 3 Mineral Resources
discover that both come from the Latin word Key Concepts
● Each mineral has characteristic properties that
alligare, meaning “to bind.” Ask students how can be used to identify it. ● Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals,
alloy is similar in meaning to ally. (People ● Density can be determined with the following and a variety of materials used to make many
who are allies join together, just as an alloy is a formula: products.
mixture of elements that join together.) Mass -
Density ⫽ -------------------- ● To produce metal from a mineral, a rock
Volume containing the mineral must be located through
Words in Context Help students learn the
prospecting and mined, or removed from the
meaning of new words or phrases by Key Terms
ground. Then the rock must be processed to
examining context. Tell students to look for mineral extract the metal.
familiar words or phrases that surround a inorganic
crystal Key Terms
new term—these are clues to the new term’s streak gemstone
meaning. Have students reread the first luster ore
paragraph on page 134. Ask: Which word Mohs hardness scale smelting
that appears in the same sentence as cleavage alloy
smelting helps you to remember its fracture
meaning? (Melted)
Connecting Concepts
Concept Maps Help students develop one
way to show how the information in this
chapter is related. Minerals, formed by
magma or by elements or compounds in hot
solutions, share five characteristics that make
them valuable resources. Have students
brainstorm to identify the key concepts, key
terms, details, and examples, then write each 70 ◆
one on a sticky note and attach it at random
on chart paper or on the board.
Tell students that this concept map will be
organized in hierarchical order and to begin Answer
at the top with the key concepts. Ask students Accept logical presentations by students.
these questions to guide them to categorize
the information on the stickies: What are the Teaching Resources
characteristics of a mineral? How are
minerals formed, identified, and used? • Key Terms Review: Minerals
Prompt students by using connecting • Connecting Concepts: Minerals
words or phrases, such as “to form,” “are
identified by,” and “have properties of,” to
indicate the basis for the organization of the
map. The phrases should form a sentence
between or among a set of concepts.
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Review and Assessment [Link]
For: Self-assessment
Visit: [Link]
Web Code: cfa-1040 Review and Assessment
Organizing Information
Chapter 4 and
Comparing Assessment
Contrasting Fill in the Venn Hematite Brick
a. naturally occurring
diagram to compare the characteristics of a
mineral and a material that is not a mineral.
b. definite chemical composition
a. ? Human-
made c. solid or inorganic
c. ?
Key Terms
Reviewing Crystal e. ? d. inorganic or solid
structure
d. ?
Chemical
e. no crystal structure
? composition
b.
varies Reviewing Key Terms
1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d
6. true
7. false; luster
Choose the letter of the best answer. If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, 8. true
change the underlined word or words to make
1. Because minerals do not come from once- 9. false; gemstones
the statement true.
living material, they are said to be
a. crystalline. 6. A hollow rock lined with crystals is a geode. 10. true
b. solid. 7. Fracture is the term that describes how a
c. colorful. mineral reflects light from its surface.
d. inorganic.
8. Mineral deposits beneath Earth’s surface that
2. In a mineral, the particles line up in a are different from the surrounding rocks are
repeating pattern to form a(n) Writing Skill Description
called veins.
a. element. Scoring Rubric
b. crystal. 9. Hard, shiny crystals used in jewelry are called
ores. 4 includes requirements and exceeds what is
c. mixture.
d. compound. 10. Steel is an example of a(n) alloy.
asked for. It may add information about how
the metal used to be used or how it may be
3. Which characteristic is used to determine the Checking Concepts
color of a mineral’s powder?
used in the future, for example.
a. luster 3 includes all criteria
b. fracture 2 includes only two criteria
c. cleavage Descriptive Paragraph Choose a mineral
d. streak such as gold or jade. Write a paragraph 1 includes only brief or inaccurate
4. Halite is a mineral formed through the
about the properties of this mineral. Explain information
why it is valuable and how it is useful to
evaporation of society.
a. magma.
b. a vein. Minerals
c. a solution.
d. lava. Video Preview
Video Field Trip
5. Minerals from which metals can be removed Video Assessment
in usable amounts are called
a. gemstones. b. crystals.
c. alloys. d. ores.
Chapter 2 ◆ 71
Minerals
Show the Video Assessment to review
chapter content and as a prompt for the
Teaching Resources writing assignment. Discussion questions:
For: Self-Assessment What makes a mineral a gemstone? (It can
• Transparency F41: Venn Diagram
[Link] Visit: [Link] be polished and is highly valued.) Why do you
Web Code: cfa-1040 • Chapter Test
• Performance Assessment Teacher Notes think jade and gold are highly valued?
Students can take an online practice test that is
automatically scored. • Performance Assessment Student (Because of their beauty and rareness and the
Worksheet difficulty in acquiring them)
• Performance Assessment Scoring Rubric
ExamView® Computer Test
Bank CD-ROM
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Checking Concepts
Review and Assessment
11. Most minerals contain two or more
elements. A pure element is composed of
atoms of a single element.
12. Although the color of a mineral might 11. How does the composition of most minerals 21. Calculating A platinum ring has a volume of 0.8
vary, the color of a mineral’s streak is always differ from a pure element? cm3 and a mass of 15.2 g. What is its density?
the same. 12. How can the streak test be helpful in 22. Calculating A diamond has a mass of 10.56 g
13. Minerals are grouped into six crystal identifying minerals? and a volume of 3 cm3. Calculate the density
systems according to their crystal shapes. 13. How do geologists use different types of
of the diamond.
14. In general, minerals can form through
crystal shapes to classify minerals? Applying Skills
crystallization of magma or lava and through 14. Describe two ways that minerals can form.
crystallization of minerals from solutions. In 15. Which mineral in the table below would make Use the photograph below to answer
the first way, minerals form as magma cools the best gemstone? Explain your answer. Questions 23–25.
beneath Earth’s surface or as lava cools on You have found a sample of the mineral wulfenite.
Earth’s surface. In the second way, minerals Properties of Minerals The wulfenite has a hardness of about 3 on the Mohs
crystallize as solutions cool or evaporate. hardness scale and a density of 6.8 g/cm3. The
Density
Mineral Hardness
(g/cm3)
Luster mineral contains oxygen as well as the metals lead
15. Corundum would make the best gem- and molybdenum.
stone. It is hardest and has a glassy luster. Galena 2.5 7.5 metallic
16. A mineral is combined with other Fluorite 4.0 3.3 glassy
minerals and heated, causing a chemical Corundum 9.0 4.0 glassy
change that separates out the metal in the
mineral. Talc 1.0 2.8 pearly
Thinking Critically 16. Describe what happens to a mineral during
17. Obsidian cannot be classified as mineral smelting.
because the atoms are not arranged in an Thinking Critically
orderly, repeating pattern.
23. Observing Describe wulfenite’s color and
18. Color and luster are similar because they luster and the shape of its crystals.
are both visually observable properties. They 17. Classifying Obsidian is a solid that occurs in
volcanic areas. Obsidian forms when magma 24. Inferring Did the wulfenite form slowly or
are different because color describes the type cools very quickly, creating a type of glass. In quickly? Explain your answer.
of light reflected from a mineral’s surface; glass, the particles are not arranged in an orderly 25. Drawing Conclusions Is wulfenite hard
luster describes the quality or general appear- pattern as in a crystal. Should obsidian be enough for use as a gem? What would you use
ance of the reflected light, whatever its color. classified as a mineral? Explain why or why not. these crystals for? Explain.
19. Hot fluids move along faults or other 18. Comparing and Contrasting Color and luster
cracks in rock. As the fluids cool or are both properties of minerals. How are they
similar? How are they different? How can each
otherwise change, minerals precipitate along be used to help identify a mineral?
the crack to form the vein. The energy source Performance Assessment Share your crystal
19. Relating Cause and Effect Describe how a
is Earth’s internal heat. vein of ore forms underground. What is the garden with a classmate. Can your classmate
20. Without enough chromium and nickel energy source for this process? identify which solution created which crystals? Do
your data show differences in crystal growth rates?
in the steel, iron oxide could form on the 20. Predicting What would happen if steel- Which materials worked best for crystals to grow
steel; that is, the steel could rust. makers forgot to add enough chromium and on? Share the answers to these questions when
nickel to a batch of stainless steel? you present your project.
Math Practice Math Practice
21. 19 g/cm3 72 ◆
22. 3.52 g/cm3
Applying Skills
23. The color is yellowish orange, the luster L3
is glassy or brilliant, and the crystals appear
rectangular (tetragonal). Performance Assessment Talk with each In assessing their crystal gardens, students
24. The fairly large size of the crystals student or group before the presentation. should reflect on the materials used, the
suggests that the wulfenite formed slowly. Make suggestions and offer encouragement. quality and attractiveness of the scenes that
Assess the presentations on the quality of the they made, and the growth rate of the differ-
25. A hardness of 3 is very low on the Mohs garden scenes, the growth of the crystals in ent kinds of crystals. Students should assess
hardness scale. Because it is desirable for the garden, the growth data kept by the how their gardens compared with others in
gems to be hard, wulfenite probably would students, and the coherence of the the class and suggest ways in which they
not be hard enough to use as a gem. The presentation. could have improved their own outcomes.
mineral might be used as an ore of the
metals it contains.
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End-of-Grade Test Practice
3. Veins of silver can be found in rock. These veins
Test-Taking Tip formed when
Choosing Among Similar Answers A hot water solutions escaped from cracks in
Sometimes two or more answers to a question are the rock.
almost identical. If you do not read each answer B hot water solutions crystallized in cracks in
carefully, you may select an incorrect answer. the rock.
C magma crystallized in cracks in the rock.
Sample Question
D hot water solutions evaporated in cracks in
Which of the following is the best definition of a
the rock.
mineral?
A a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that 4. An ore is a mineral that
has a crystal shape and a definite chemical A is beautiful and rare.
composition B can be mined at a profit.
B a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that C is dense and metallic.
forms through crystallization of melted D is light and durable.
materials 5. The following diagrams show four different
C a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that mineral samples. Based on these diagrams,
forms through crystallization of materials what property is the same for all four minerals?
dissolved in water
D a naturally occurring, organic solid that has
a crystal shape and a definite chemical
composition a5674
Answer
Choices A and D are similar, but the correct answer
is A. D is incorrect because minerals do not contain
organic material. Although correct, B and C are
not the most complete definition of a mineral.
A crystal structure
B cleavage
Choose the letter of the best answer. C hardness
D color
1. Which of the following is a mineral?
A salt
B pearl Constructed Response
C coal 6. A geologist finds an unknown mineral while
D cement working in a national park. The geologist is
carrying a kit that contains a geologic hammer,
2. You could distinguish gold from pyrite (fool’s
a jackknife, a hand lens, a piece of tile, and a
gold) by penny. In a paragraph, describe how the
A comparing their hardness. geologist could use these items to determine
B testing their chemical composition. some of the mineral’s properties.
C comparing their density.
D all of the above
Chapter 2 ◆ 73
End-of-Grade
Test Practice
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B fresh cleavage or fracture surfaces. A streak
6. The geologist could describe the mineral’s test could be performed using the piece of
hardness, cleavage or fracture, streak, luster, tile, and the hand lens could be used to better
and crystal shape. Hardness could be observe the mineral’s luster and cystal shape.
approximated by performing scratch tests
using the penny and jackknife. The hammer
could be used to break the mineral to make
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