CHAPTER 6: Discrete Probability Distribution
General Formulas: Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
Mean:
μ=E ( x ) ∨μ=Σ xi P ( xi ) for all possible values of x
Variance:
σ 2=E [ ( x−μ )2 ]∨σ 2=Σ ¿(x ¿¿ i−μ)2 P(x i )¿ for all possible values of x, and the standard deviation is square root of variance
Binomial Probability Distribution
The probability of exactly x successes in n trials is
n! x n−x
P ( x )= × π × ( 1−π )
x ! ( n−x ) !
n = number of trials
x = number of successes
π = probability of success in any given trial
(1-π) = the probability of failure in any given trial
*first part is nCr
Mean: μ=E ( x ) =nπ
Variance: σ 2=E [ ( x−μ )2 ]=nπ (1−π )
Standard Deviation: σ =√ nπ (1−π )
The Hypergeometric Distribution
The probability of exactly x successes in n trials that are not independent is
s Cx ×(N −s) C (n−x )
P ( x )=
NCn
s = successes from population
x = successes from sample
N = population size
n = sample size
ns
Mean: μ=E ( x ) =
N
Variance: σ =E[ ( x−μ )2 ]
2
Poisson Probability Distribution
The Probability that an event will occur exactly x times over a given span of time, space, or distance is
x −λ
λ ×e
P ( x )=
x!
λ = mean
e = constant
CHAPTER 7: Continuous Probability Distributions
Mean: E ( x )=μ
σ
Standard Error: σ x =
√n
z-score for a standard normal distribution:
x−μ
z=
σ
z = distance from the mean
x = value of x in which we are interested in
μ = mean of the distribution
σ = standard deviation
CHAPTER 8: Sampling Distributions
Mean: E ( x )=μ
σ
Standard Error: σ x =
√n
μ = population mean
σ = population Standard Deviation
n = sample size
z-score for Standard Normal Distribution
x−μ
z=
σx
x = value of sample mean in which we are interested
μ = pop mean
σ x = Standard Error
Sampling Distribution of the Proportion
The proportion of successes in a sample consisting of n trials will be
x
Sample Proportion=
n
Sampling distribution of the proportion, p:
Mean = E(p) = π
Standard Error: σ p=
√
π = population proportion
π (1−π )
n
n = sample size
z-score for a given value of π
p−π
z=
σp
CHAPTER 9: Estimation From Sampling Data