1) Fourteen Points: President Woodrow Wilson's vision of international society, first

articulated in January 191S, included the principle of self-determination, the conduct of

diplomacy on an open (not secret) basis, and the establishment of an association of
nations to provide guarantees of independence and territorial integrity. Wilson's ideas
exerted an important influence on the Paris Peace Conference, though the principle of
self-determination was only selectively pursued when it came to American colonial
interests.
2) Self-determination: A principle ardently, but selectively, espoused by US President
Woodrow Wilson in the peacemaking that followed the First World War: namely that
each 'people' should enjoy self-government over its own sovereign nation state. Wilson
pressed for application of this principle to East/Central Europe, but did not believe that
other nationalities (in colonized Asia, Africa, the Pacific, and Caribbean) were fit for self-
rule.
3) Rapprochement: Re-establishment of more friendly relations between the People's
Republic of China and the United States in the early 1970s.
4) Detente: Relaxation of tension between East and West; Soviet-American detente lasted
from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, and was characterized by negotiations and
nuclear arms control agreements.
5) Versailles Peace Treaty: The Treaty of Versailles formally ended the First World War
(1914-18). The Treaty established the League of Nations, specified the rights and
obligations of the victorious and defeated powers (including the notorious regime of
reparations on Germany), and created the 'Mandatories' system under which 'advanced
nations' were given legal tutelage over colonial peoples.
6) Truman doctrine: Statement made by US President Harry Truman in March 1947 that it
'must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures'. Intended to
persuade Congress to support limited aid to Turkey and Greece, the doctrine came to
underpin the policy of containment and American economic and political support for its
allies.
7) The Marshall Plan: The American programme (formally known as the European
Recovery Program) was introduced by US Secretary of State George Marshall to aid
nearly all West European countries to prevent the spread of international communist
movements. From 1948 to mid-1952 more than $13 billion was distributed in the form
of direct aid, loan guarantees, grants, and necessities from medicine to mules.
8) Reason of state: The practical application of the doctrine of realism and virtually
synonymous with it.
9) Dual moral standard: In realist theory, the idea that there are two principles or
standards of right and wrong: one for the individual citizen and a different one for the
state.
10) Coexistence: The doctrine of 'live and let live' between political communities or states.
11) Ethic of responsibility: For historical realists, an ethic of responsibility is the limits of
ethics in international politics; it involves the weighing up of consequences and the
realization that positive outcomes may result from amoral actions.
12) Absolute gains: All states seek to gain more power and influence in the system to
secure their national interests. This is absolute gain. Offensive realists are also
concerned with increasing power relative to other states. One must have enough power
to secure interests and more power than any other state in the system-friend or foe.
13) Relative gains: One of the factors that realists argue constrain the willingness of states
to cooperate. States are less concerned about whether everyone benefits (absolute
gains) and more concerned about whether someone may benefit more than someone
else.
14) Interdependence: A condition where states (or peoples) are affected by decisions taken
by others; for example, a decision to raise interest rates in the USA automatically exerts
upward pressure on interest rates in other states. Interdependence can be symmetric,
i.e. both sets of actors are affected equally, or it can be asymmetric, where the impact
varies between actors. A condition where the actions of one state impact on other
states (can be strategic interdependence or economic). Realists equate
interdependence with vulnerability
15) Individualism: The view that structures can be reduced to the aggregation of individuals
and their interactions. International relations theories that ascribe to individualism
begin with some assumption of the nature of the units and their interests, usually states
and the pursuit of power or wealth, and then examine how the broad structure, usually
the distribution of power, constrains how states can act and generates certain patterns
in international politics. Individualism stands in contrast to holism.
16) Anarchy: A system operating in the absence of any central government. Does not imply
chaos, but in realist theory the absence of political authority.
17) Anarchic system: the 'ordering principle' of international politics according to realism,
and that which defines its structure as lacking any central authority.
18) Imperialism: The practice of foreign conquest and rule in the context of global relations
of hierarchy and subordination. It can lead to the establishment of an empire.
19) International regime: Defined by Krasner (1983: 2) as a set of 'implicit or explicit
principles, norms, rules and decisionmaking procedures around which actors'
expectations converge in a given area of international relations'. The concept was
developed by neo-realists to analyse the paradox-for them-that international
 cooperation occurs in some issue areas, despite the struggle for power between states.
They assume regimes are created and maintained by a dominant state and/or
participation in a regime is the result of a rational cost-benefit calculation by each state.
In contrast, pluralists would also stress the independent impact of institutions, the
importance of leadership, the involvement of transnational NGOs and companies, and
processes of cognitive change, such as growing concern about human rights or the
environment.
20) Regime: See also international regime. These are sets of implicit or explicit principles,
norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations
converge in a given area of international relations. They are social institutions that are
based on agreed rules, norms, principles, and decision-making procedures. These
govern the interactions of various state and non-state actors in issue-areas such as the
envi-ronment or human rights. The global market in coffee, for example, is governed by
a variety of treaties, trade agreements, scientific and research protocols, market
protocols, and the interests of producers, consumers, and distributors. States organize
these interests and consider the practices, rules, and procedures to create a governing
arrangement or regime that controls the production of coffee, monitors its distribution,
and ulti-mately determines the price for consumers. (Adapted from Young 1997: 6.)
21) Enlightenment: associated with rationalist thinkers of the eighteenth century. Key ideas
(which some would argue remain mottoes for our age) include: secularism, progress,
reason, science, knowledge, and freedom. The motto of the Enlightenment is:
'Sapereaude! Have courage to use your own understanding' (Kant 1991: 54).
22) Democratic peace: A central plank of liberal internationalist thought, the democratic
peace thesis makes two claims: first, liberal polities exhibit restraint in their relations
with other liberal polities (the so-called sepa-rate peace), and second are imprudent in
relations with authoritarian states. The validity of the democratic peace thesis has been
fiercely debated in the IR literature.
23) The end of history: Famous phrase employed by Francis Fukuyama in 1989; this argued
that one phase of history shaped by the antagonism between collectivism and
individualism had (200 years after the French Revolution) come to an end, leaving
liberalism triumphant.
24) Harmony of interests: Common among nineteenth-century liberals was the idea of a
natural order between peoples which had been corrupted by undemocratic state
leaders and outdated policies such as the balance of power. If these distortions could be
swept away, they believed, we would find that there were no real conflicts between
peoples.
25) Pluralism: An umbrella term, borrowed from American political science, used to signify
International Relations theorists who rejected the realist view of the primacy of the
 state, the priority of national security, and the assumption that states are unitary actors.
It is the theoretical approach that considers all organized groups as being potential
political actors and analyses the processes by which actors mobilize support to achieve
policy goals. Pluralists can accept that transnational actors and international
organizations may influence governments. Equated by some writers with liberalism, but
pluralists reject any such link, denying that theory necessarily has a normative
component, and holding that liberals are still highly state-centric.
26) Reciprocity: Reflects a 'tit for tat' strategy, only cooperating if others do likewise.
27) National interest: Invoked by realists and state leaders to signify that which is most
important to the state-survival being at the top of the list.
28) Integration: A process of ever closer union between states, in a regional or international
context. The process often begins with cooperation to solve technical prob-lems,
referred to by Mitrany (1943) as ramification.
29) State autonomy: In a more interdependent world, simply to achieve domestic
objectives national govern-ments are forced to engage in extensive multilateral
collaboration and cooperation. But in becoming more embedded in frameworks of
global and regional gov-ernance states confront a real dilemma: in return for more
effective public policy and meeting their citizens' demands, whether in relation to the
drugs trade or employment, their capacity for self-governance-that is state autonomy-is
compromised.
30) Idealism: Holds that ideas have important causal effects on events in international
politics, and that ideas can change. Referred to by realists as utopianism since it
underestimates the logic of power politics and the constraints this imposes on political
action. Idealism as a substantive theory of international relations is generally associated
with the claim that it is possible to create a world of peace. But idealism as a social
theory refers to the claim that the most fundamental feature of society is social
consciousness. Ideas shape how we see ourselves and our interests, the knowledge that
we use to categorize and understand the world, the beliefs we have of others, and the
possible and impossible solutions to challenges and threats. The emphasis on ideas does
not mean a neglect of material forces such as technology and geography. Instead it is to
suggest that the meanings and consequences of these material forces are not given by
nature but rather driven by human interpretations and understandings. Idealists seek to
apply liberal thinking in domestic politics to international relations: in other words,
institutionalize the rule of law. This reasoning is known as the domestic analogy.
According to idealists in the early twentieth century, there were two principal
requirements for a new world order. First: state leaders, intellectuals, and public
opinion had to believe that progress was possible. Second: an international organization
had to be created to facilitate peaceful change, disarmament, arbitration, and (where
 necessary) enforcement. The League ofNations was founded in 1920 but its collective
security system failed to prevent the descent into world war in the 1930s.
31) World order: This is a wider category of order than the 'international'. It takes as its
units of order, not states, but individual human beings, and assesses the degree of order
on. the basis of the delivery of certain kinds of goods (be it security, human rights, basic
needs, or justice) for humanity as a whole.
32) Global governance: The loose framework of global regulation, both institutional and
normative, that con-strains conduct. It has many elements: international organizations
and law; transnational organizations and frameworks; elements of global civil society;
and shared normative principles.
33) Multilateralism: The tendency for functional aspects of international relations (such as
security, trade, or environmental management) to be organized around large numbers
of states, or universally, rather than by unilateral state action.
34) Capabilities: The resources that are under an actor's direct control, such as population
or size of territory, resources, economic strength, military capability, and competence
(Waltz 1979: 131).
35) Order: This may denote any regular or discernible pattern of relationships that are
stable over time, or may additionally refer to a condition that allows certain goals to be
achieved.
36) Containment: American political strategy for resisting perceived Soviet expansion, first
publicly espoused by an American diplomat, George Kennan, in 1947. Containment
became a powerful factor in American policy towards the Soviet Union for the next forty
years, and a self-image of Western policy-makers.
37) Coordination: A form of cooperation requiring parties to pursue a common strategy in
order to avoid the mutually undesirable outcome arising from the pursuit of divergent
strategies.
38) Transnational Relations: Interactions across state boundaries that involve at least one
actor that is not the agent of a government or intergovernmental organization.
39) Complex interdependence: A model of world politics based on the assumptions that
states are not the only important actors, security is not the dominant national goal, and
military force is not the only significant instrument of foreign policy; this theory stresses
crosscutting ways in which the growing ties among transnational actors make them
vulnerable to each other’s actions and sensitive to each other’s needs.