Physics Most Important Questions

1. A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the black board
placed at a distance of approximately 3 m from it. State the possible
causes of this defect and explain the method of correcting it?
(CBSE-2015,2017,2018)
(All such questions are very important)

Answer –
Myopia is that defect of the human eye by virtue of which it can see clearly
the objects lying at a short distance from it. But the far off objects cannot be
seen clearly by the myopic eye.
Causes of Myopia : The two possible causes of this defect are :
Increase in the length of the eyeball, as if the distance of retina from the eye
lens has increased.
Decrease in focal length of the eye lens when the eye is fully relaxed. This is
as if the ciliary muscles holding the eye lens do not relax fully and have
some tension.
Correction : The image of a distant object (i.e., at infinity) is formed in front
of the retina of the eye suffering from myopia as shown in figure.
(a)As the image of the object lying at infinity is not formed on the retina of
the eye, so such object can not be seen clearly by the myopic eye. The far
point of such an eye is near to the eye as shown in figure
(b) This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable focal
length. So, a man suffering from this defect wears spectacles having concave
lens of suitable focal length. The concave lens diverges the rays of light
entering the eye from infinity. Hence this lens makes the rays of light appear
come from the far point O' of the defective eye as shown in figure
2. What is meant by power of a lens? Define its SI unit. You have two lenses
A and B of focal lengths 10 cm and - 10 cm respectively. State the nature
and power of each lens. Which of the two lenses will form a virtual and
magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens? Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer.
(CBSE-201 , 201 )
Answer- Power of Lens: The Degree of convergence or divergence of light
rays achieved by a lens is expressed in terms of power. The power of a lens
is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is represented by P.
The power of a lens is related to focal length as below,
P 1/f
The SI unit of power is dioptre.
The power of a convex lens is positive, the power of a concave lens is
negative as a concave lens has a negative focal length.
In the given question lens A is having Focal length
10 cm 10 cm
 and lens B is having Focal length
−10 cm−10 cm
. Hence, Lens A is convex and Lens B is concave. Convex lenses form virtual
and magnified images of an object placed between F and O.

A virtual, erect and enlarged image is formed at the same side of Lens,
when an object is placed between Principal focus
(Fi) and optical center (O) of a convex lens.

. A cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex

lens of focal length 2 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 1 cm.
Find the position, size and nature of the image formed, using the lens
formula.(CBSE-2010, 2012, 201 )
Answer-
For convex lens
f 2 cm,u −1 cm
Using lens formula
(1/f) (1/v)−(1/u)
(1/2 ) (1/v)−(1/−1 )
(1/v) (1/1 )
(1/v) (1/2 )−(1/1 )
(2− )/
−1/
 v − cm
h1 cm
So magnification, m h2/h1 v/u
h2 (v/u) x h1
(- /-1 ) x
12 cm
Position of the image is formed at a distance of cm on the same side of
the object. It is indicated by the negative sign
The size of the image is three times the size of the object i.e., 12 cm. The
image is virtual and erect.

4. Give reason for the following:

(i)There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines
near the ends of a current carrying straight solenoid.
(ii) The current carrying solenoid when suspended freely rests along a
particular direction (CBSE-2015, 2018, 201 , 2020)
Answer-
(i) There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines near
the ends of a current-carrying straight solenoid because the strength of the
magnetic field is higher near the poles or ends of the solenoid.

Image is posted for reference only

 (ii) The current-carrying solenoid when suspended freely rests along a
particular direction because it behaves like a bar magnet as it aligns itself in
the north-south direction.

(iii) The burnt-out fuse should be replaced by another fuse of identical

rating because if a fuse, with a defined rating, is replaced by one with a
larger rating then the fuse wire will not burn even when a current greater
than the safe limit is flowing. As a result, the electrical circuit or devices will
be damaged.

5. The e i ance of a i e of 0.01 cm adi i 10 . If he e i i i of he

ma e ial of he i e i 50 10-8 ohm me e , nd he leng h of he i e.
An e -
He e, = 0.01 c = 10-4 , = 50 10-8 a d R = 10
A , R = 𝑙/𝐴
= 𝑅𝐴/ =𝑅 ( 𝑟2)
= 1050 10 83.14 (10 4)2
= 0.628 = 62.8 c

6. T o i e A and B a e of e al leng h and ha e e al e i ance . If he

e i i i of A i mo e han ha of B, hich i e i hicke and h ? Fo he
elec ic ci c i gi en belo calc la e:

(i) c en in each e i o
(ii) o al c en d a n f om he ba e , and
(iii) e i alen e i ance of he ci c i .
 Answer -
(i)

7. Li he ad an age of connec ing elec ical de ice in a allel i h an elec ical

o ce in ead of connec ing hem i e ie .

A e -
(a) Whe a be f e ec ica de ice a e c ec ed i a a e , each de ice ge
he a e e ia diffe e ce a ided b he ba e a d i ee i g
e e if he de ice fai . I e ie , a de ice i g if e d e
(b) Pa a e ci c i i he f he each de ice ha diffe e e i a ce a d e i e
diffe e c e f i e a i a i hi ca e he c e di ide i e f h gh
diffe e de ice . IN e ie , c e a ec e h gh a he de ice
i e ec i e f hei e i a ce

. A wire has a resistance of 16. It is melted and drawn into a wire of half its
original length. Calculate the resistance of the new wire. What is the
percentage change in its resistance? (CBSE-2013, 2014, 2017)
Answer –

. (a) Write the mathematical expression for Joules law of heating.

(b) Compute the heat generated while transferring 6000 coulomb of
charge in two hours through a potential difference of 40 v.(CBSE-2013,
2018, 2020)
Answer –
Step 1: Concept of Joule's Law of Heating
The heating of a conductor due to the flow of electric current is known as
Joule's law of heating.
Step 2: Applying the Formula
H V I t
Where,
V Potential difference
I Electric current
 t Time in Seconds
Step : Solving above Equation
Charge (Q) 000C
Time (t) 2hr 2 0 0 200 sec
Potential difference (V) 0V
Current (I) TQ
I 200 000
I 1 . A
Now, quantity of heat generated by using formula
H V I t
H 0 1 . 200
H . 10 J
Hence , The heat generated while transferring 000 coulomb of charge in
two hours through a potential difference of 0V is . 10 J.

[Link] the direction of magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
held:
(i) vertically in North-South plane and an observer looking it from east
sees the current to flow In anticlockwise direction,
(ii) vertically in East-West plane and an observer looking it from south sees
the current to flow in anticlockwise direction,
(iii) horizontally and an observer looking at it from below sees current to
flow in clockwise direction (CBSE-2013, 2015, 2017).

Answer -
We can use the Fleming's Rule to find the direction of the magnetic field.
The direction of the magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
held:
(i) Vertically in North-South plane and an observer looking it from east sees
the current to flow in anticlockwise direction.
- Towards south in upward direction.
(ii) Vertically in East-west plane and an observe looking it from south sees
the current to flow in anticlockwise direction.
- Towards west in upward direction.
(iii) Horizontally and an observe looking at it from below sees current to
flow in clockwise direction.
- Towards upward direction.
11.(a) State Fleming's Left-hand rule.
(b) List three characteristic features of the electric current used in our
homes.
(c) What is a fuse? Why is it called a safety device? (d) Why is it necessary
to earth metallic electric appliances? (CBSE-2014, 2017, 2020)
Answer --
(a) Flemings’ Left hand rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger
of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the forefinger
points in the direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the direction of
current , then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or force acting
on the conductor.
(b) Three characteristic features of the electric current used in our homes-
i. Reverses direction periodically.
[Link] of 0 Hz.
iii. Potential difference between live wire and neutral wire is about 220V.
(c) Fuse is a safety device used in a circuit (or appliance) to prevent damage
due to overloading/ short circuiting
It protects the circuit ( or appliance) by stopping the flow of any
unduly high electric current / If current larger than the specified value
flows through the circuit , due to Joule’s heating effect the fuse wire
melts and breaks the circuit

(d) It is necessary to earth metallic electric appliances because It provides a

low resistance conducting path for the current and protects the user from
electric shock due to leakage of current.

[Link] refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and
4/3 respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2x 108 m/s, find the speed
of light in water. (CBSE-2013, 2015, 2016)
Answer -
Given : nwater nglass 2 vglass 2 10 m/s nair 1
Speed of light in a medium vmedium c/n
 where c and n are the speed of light in vacuum and refractive index of
medium respectively.
(a) : vglass c/nglass
∴ 2 10 c/( /2) ⟹c 10 m/s
(b) : vwater c/ nwater
∴ vwater 10 /( / ) 2.2 10 m/s

[Link] the function of all parts of the human eye:-

Answer –
1) The sclera is the part of the eye commonly known as the “white.” It forms
the supporting wall of the eyeball and is continuous with the clear cornea.
The sclera is covered by the conjunctiva, a clear mucous membrane that
helps lubricate the eye. It is thickest in the area surrounding the optic nerve.
2) The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris,
pupil, and anterior chamber.
) The iris is the coloured circle surrounding the pupil. It changes the size of
the pupil and allows different amounts of light to enter the eye.
) The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris of the eye that allows
light to strike the retina.
) The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure whose functions
are to maintain its own clarity and to refract light to provide
accommodation.
) The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but
containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary
epithelium, a structure supporting the lens.
) The vitreous humour comprises a large portion of the eyeball. It is a clear
gel-like substance that occupies the space behind the lens and in front of
the retina at the back of the eye.
) The circular ciliary muscle fibres affect zonular fibres in the eye (fibres
that suspend the lens in position during accommodation), enabling changes
in lens shape for light focusing.
) The retina is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the
inside. It is located near the optic nerve.
10) The optic nerve from each eye carries impulses to the brain, where
visual information is interpreted.
 Biology Most Important Question

1. Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label following
parts:(i) Urethra (ii) Kidney (iii) Ureter (iv) Urinary bladder
(CBSE-2015, 2016,2017,201 )
Answer
Vena cava: The vena cava carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Aorta: The aorta brings the oxygenated blood from the heart towards the
two kidneys.
Urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is the sac-like structure that stores the
urine that is constantly getting excreted from the kidney.
Urethra: The urethra acts as the tubule that helps with the removal of urine
during micturition.

2. Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different
steps involved in nutrition in Amoeba. (CBSE-2013, 2015, 2016)
Answer-
The nutrition in amoeba takes place in the following steps:
1. Ingestion: The process of ingestion is nothing but intake of food into the
body. Amoeba is unicellular and hence it does not have mouth, Amoeba
 takes the food into the body by forming structures called pseudopodia
around the food particle. This pseudopodia forms a vacuole around the food
particle called food vacuole and the vacuole is taken inside the cell.
2. Digestion: The food particle inside the vacuole is broken down into
soluble particles by digestive enzymes inside the vacuoles.
3. Absorption: The broken food particles are absorbed into the cytoplasm of
amoeba by diffusion. The food particles which are unabsorbed are left
inside the vacuole.
4. Assimilation: The absorbed food is converted into energy in this step.
5. Egestion: The undigested food in the food vacuole is thrown out from the
cell.

3. D a a a a a
a a . (VERY IMP)
4. What are plant hormones(phytohormones)? Name the plant hormones
responsible for the following
(i) Growth of stem
(ii) Promotion of cell division
(iii) Inhibition of growth
(iv) Elongation of cells
Answer -
Plant Hormones:
1. Plant growth substances, phytohormones, and plant growth
regulators describe plant hormones.
2. They are small, simple compounds with a wide range of chemical
properties.
3. Examples - Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, and Abscisic
acid.
(i) Growth of stem - Gibberellins
1. Gibberellins promote stem elongation.
2. They are utilized to increase the length of grape stems because of
their capacity to promote an increase in axis length.
 3. Bolting (internode elongation just prior to blooming) is similarly
promoted by gibberellins in beets, cabbages, and many other
rosette-forming plants.
(ii) Promotion of cell division - Cytokinin
1. Cytokinins promote cell division.
2. Natural cytokinins are produced in areas with rapid cell division, such
as root apices, growing shoot buds, and immature fruits.
(iii) Inhibition of growth - Abscisic acid (ABA)
1. ABA is a plant growth inhibitor.
2. ABA promotes the closing of stomata and increases plant tolerance to
various stressors.
3. As a result, it's also known as the stress hormone.

5. "Reflex arcs continue to be more efficient for quick responses". Justify this
statement giving reason (CBSE-2014, 2016,2017)

Answer- Reflex action is an automatic and spontaneous response to a

stimulus. The pathway taken by nerve impulses and responses in a reflex
action is called a reflex arc. It consists of the receptor, sensory nerve
(afferent), spinal cord, motor nerve (efferent) and effector (muscles or
glands). Reflex arc is evolved in animals because the thinking process of the
brain is not fast enough. Reflex arc enables the body to give quick responses
to harmful stimuli so that chances of damage to the body are decreased. It
also prevents overloading of the brain, so it prevents fatigue. Many animals
have very little or none of the complex neuron network needed for thinking.
So, it is likely that the reflex arc has evolved as an efficient way of
functioning in the absence of true thought processes. However, even after
complex neuron networks have come into existence, reflex arcs continue to
be more efficient for quick responses.

6. A student observed a permanent slide showing asexual reproduction in

Hydra. Draw labelled diagram in proper sequence of the observations that
 must have been made the student. Name the process of reproduction also
(CBSE-2012, 2014,2015,201 )

Answer -

(a)

(b) The process of asexual reproduction in hydra is called budding.

7. a) W a a a a a
a a a a ?E a
( )D a a a a a a a a
a , a a, , a a a a a a . (2020)

A - A a c ga b ea he fa e a c a ed e e a
ga . Th beca e he a f O2 e e he a e e
e a c a ed he a f O2 e e he a . Tha ' h
a a c ga ge e O 2, he eed b ea h fa e a
c a ed e e a ga
8. (a) D a a a a a a a
a a a / a : (VERY IMP)
()P a
( )P
( )S a
( )F a
( )S a a .
( ) Na a a a a :
()S
( )F .
(HW QUESTIONS)

. Define the term pollination. Differentiate between self-pollination and

cross- pollination. What is the significance of pollination?
(CBSE-2014, 2016,201 , 2020)

Answer-
Pollination- It is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male part
of the flower (i.e, Anther) to the female part of the same or different flower
(i.e, stigma).

Self Pollination Cross-Pollination

 → It is the transfer of pollen grains → It is the transfer of pollen grains from
from the anther to the stigma of the anther of one flower to the stigma
the same flower or another flower of another flower borne on a different
borne on the same plant. plant of the same species.
→ External agent (like- Wind, water,
→ External agent not required.
insects, etc) is always required
→ Produce homozygous offsprings. → Produces heterozygous offsprings.
→ Does not Introduce any
→ Introduce variations.
variations.
→ Both male and female
→ Male and female reproductive parts
reproductive parts mature at the
of flower mature at different times.
same time.

Significance of pollination-
→ for fertilization and zygote formation to take place, pollination is required.
→ pollination helps in the production of seeds and fruits which ensures the
continuity of plant species.
→ cross-pollination helps in the production of variation in species
→ Pollination is a pre-requisite for fertilization in flowering plants.

[Link] the help of a flow chart explain in brief how the sex of a newborn is
genetically determined in human beings. Which of the two parents, the
mother or the father, is responsible for determination of sex of a child?
(CBSE 2012,2013,2016,2021)
Answer –
The explanation and the flow chart is given below:

The sex of the newborn is determined at the time of fertilization.

A human male has a set of XY sex chromosomes. Thus it can
produce two types of sperms, one with an X chromosome and the
other with a Y chromosome.
A human female however has a set of XX chromosomes. Thus it can
produce ova of only a single type.
If the X sperm fuses with the ovum, the fetus will have
an XX genotype and will be a girl.
 If a Y sperm fuses with the ovum, the fetus will have an XY genotype
and will be a boy.
Hence, from the above statements, it is clear that the father is
responsible for the determination of the sex of a child.

[Link] the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny
was obtained by Mendel in F1 and F2 generations when he crossed the tall
and short plants? Write the ratio he obtained in F2 generation plants.
(CBSE-2011,2016,2017,2020)
Answer –
Mendel used garden pea plant or Pisum sativum for his experiments.
When he crossed pure tall and pure short plants he obtained all tall
progenies in the F1
To obtain the F2 generation he brought about the selfing of F1 generation.
Which produced progenies tall and short progenies in a ratio of 3:1
respectively.
[Link] does a trophic level represent in a food chain? State the position of
autotrophs and herbivores in a food chain. (CBSE-2013, 2014,201 ,2020)

Answer - Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level. The
autotrophs or the producers are at the first trophic level. The herbivores or
the primary consumers comes at the second. Small carnivores or the
secondary consumers comes at third. Larger carnivores or the tertiary
consumers form the fourth trophic level.
Trophic levels:
1. The trophic levels are the positions of organisms on a food chain.
2. They represents a step wise transfer of energy through food, in an
ecosystem.
3. The lowest level of a trophic level is occupied by producers.
4. Producers are consumed by primary consumers i.e herbivores and they
occupy the second trophic level.
5. Primary consumers are then consumed by secondary consumers i.e
carnivores and they occupy the third trophic level.
6. Secondary consumers are consumed by tertiary consumers i.e they feed
upon carnivores and they occupy the fourth trophic level.

[Link] is ozone? How and where is it formed in the atmosphere? Explain

how does it affect an ecosystem.

Answer -
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen.
 Ozone (O3) forms a layer in the upper atmosphere. It is essential for the
survival of life on this planet. It shields the surface of Earth from harmful
ultra-violet radiation (UV) coming from the Sun as these radiations can
cause skin cancer and cataract in humans. It also harms the crops.

14.(a) W a ?
( )D a a
a .

()T

( )S a

( ) Va

( )U a

( )W a a a a a ?

( )S a a a . (2020)

A -

(a) The age a h ch he e h e beg be d ced a d he b

a d g bec e e a a e, .e., ab e e d ce ca ed
be .

(b) ( ) Te e : The e e a e a e he e he e a e ga e e ,
.e., e a ef ed. Te e a d ce he a e e h e
ca ed e e e.

( ) Se a e c e a e e a f ac- e c e ea he ba e f
b adde . Se a d a ae a a e d ha c a e
h ch e e a a ce f e e g f he e . I de e
 h e a da he b ( h e e ) f e .
Each e a e c e e ea e c e he e ac a d c
d g e ac a .

( ) Va defe e : Th a a gh be, ab 40 c g, h ch
ca e he e he e a e c e , he e c a da a e
a a e dc a g f c e, h he e .

( )U e ha:I a g be ha a e f a b adde . U e h a
ca e ef he b adde a e a e f he a defe e ,
h gh he e .

(c) Te e a e ca ed de he abd a ca beca e e

f a e e a e e e a e ha a b d e e a e.
The e e a e f he e e he c ab 2-2.5 C e ha
a b d e e a e. Th e e a e dea f e f a
a d de e e .

(d) The e e e he e e f a a e d ced he

ag a f he a h gh e d gc a .M f
e a e e ea ed he ag a a e e. The e a e h gh
ac e a d b e. The a e f he e a d h gh he e a
he f fa a be h e e .

15.(a) L a a a .

( )W a
a a a a
. (2020)
A : (a) T ea f gc ace e eh d b a ed c e ae
:
( ) The e e fe e a ed eg a c e .
( ) The e e he a fe f e a a ed d ea e (STD ).

(b) E a he c ee ce , f h e e e he fa a be a d
h egg f e f g e, he e b e c. Refe e a e h
e a g age
 Chemi M Im an Q e i n

1. In elec l i f a e h i he l me f ga c llec ed e ne
elec de d ble ha f ga c llec ed e he he elec de CBSE

An e – In electrolysis, water is decomposed in the presence of electricity

to its components. The reaction is shown as below: 2H2O(l)→2H2(g) O2(g)
As you can see, water splits into 2 molecules of hydrogen and 1 molecule of
oxygen. Since, the number of molecules of hydrogen released is double the
number of molecules of oxygen released, Volume occupied by hydrogen gas
is double the volume occupied by oxygen gas.
Hence, the electrode at which hydrogen gas is collected (Cathode) shows
double the volume than the electrode at which oxygen gas is collected
(Anode).

A l i n f a i m chl ide hen mi ed i h il e ni a e l i n

an in l ble hi e b ance i f med W i e he chemical eac i n
in l ed and al men i n he e f eac i n CBSE
An e -
When Potassium chloride reacts with Silver nitrate, the products that are
formed are Potassium nitrate and Silver chloride.
This is called a D ble di lacemen eac i n, as both Potassium and
silver are displacing each other in their compounds and thus forming
Potassium nitrate and Silver chloride.
The complete reaction is:

𝐾𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑞 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 𝑎𝑞 → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 𝑠 ↓ 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐾
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
Another type of reaction that is involved here is the P eci i a i n
eac i n
This is because both the compounds (KCl and AgNO3) are ionic and they
form an insoluble salt of Silver chloride which is known as precipitate
and thus the reaction is called Precipitation reaction.
This precipitate of silver chloride is white in colour.
 Why is the homologous series of carbon compounds so called? Write the
chemical formula of two consecutive members of any homologous series and
state the part of these compounds that determines their (i) physical and (ii)
chemical properties.
An e A h l g e ie i he fa il f ga ic c d ha i g he
a e f c i al g , i ila che ical e ie b he cce i e (adjace )
e be f he e ie diffe b a -CH2 i . The h ical e ie a e
de e i ed b alk l g /h d ca b a / a he ha he f c i al g .
The che ical e ie a e de e i ed b f c i al g ch a -OH g .

(a) State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4- anions, but
forms covalent bonds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds
(i) are bad conductors of electricity
(ii) have (ow melting and boiling points.
(b) Write the structural formula of benzene, C6H6. (AI 2019)
(HW QUESTION, VERY EASY)

The H f he m h f a e n i l e I han Wha change ill

cc in hi m h H can he e change be c n lled W i e an
mea e CBSE
An e -When the pH in the mouth falls below . , tooth decay starts.
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and
food particles which remain in the mouth after eating. The acid produced in
the mouth attack the enamel thereby, creating tooth decay.

. I na e al mini m i f nd in c mbined a e he ea il e g ld a e
f nd in f ee a e Gi e ea n CBSE
An e - This is because of the relative positions of the metals in the
activity series. Aluminium is a reactive metal as it is placed above hydrogen
in the activity series. It react vigorously and exists in combined form. Gold is
placed much below hydrogen in the series. It is very less reactive and do not
form compounds easily, hence it occurs in the free state.
Assertion (A) : Esteri cation is a process in which a sweet smelling substance is
produced.
Reason (R): When esters react with sodium hydroxide, an alcohol and sodium
salt of carboxylic acid are obtained.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion
(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (2020)
A e:
(b): Whe a e e eac i h he ba e a i ca i eac i cc .

What happens when 5% alkaline KMnO4 solution is added drop by drop to warm
ethanol taken in a test tube? State the role of alkaline KMnO4 solution in this
reaction.
Answer - Whe 5% alkali e KM O4 l i i added d b d a
e ha l he i ge idi ed e ha ic [Link] e KM O4 ac a a idi i g
age

ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN

CARBON & IT s COMPOUNDS ARE
VERY VERY VERY IMPORTANT!

When a me al X i eac ed i h c ld a e i gi e a ba ic c m nd Y
i h m lec la f m la XOH M lec la ma and libe a e a ga Z
hich ea il ca che fi e Iden if X Y Z CBSE
An e - X is Na because the molecular mass of NaOH is 40.
Na(23) O(1 ) → NaOH(40)
Hence

X is Na
 Y is NaOH
Z is hydrogen has which catches fire when reacts with water.
2Na 2H2O → 2NaOH H2
Here oxygen is losing hydrogens so is being oxidized, The Na has gained
oxygen so is reduced, Therefore, it is a redox reaction as well as H2
displacement reaction. Redox reactions are reactions in which one species is
reduced and another is oxidized. Therefore, the oxidation state of the
species involved must change.

E lain h calci m me al af e eac ing i h a e a fl a ing n i

face W i e he chemical e a i n f he eac i n CBSE
An e - Ca(s) 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) H2(g)
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. So, the heat released is
not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Calcium starts floating because
the bubbles of hydrogen gas which are formed during the reaction stick to
the surface of the calcium metal and hence calcium floats on water.

11.W i e he ne h m l g e f an l CH CH CH OH and b anal

CH CH CH CHO CBSE
An e - Next homologue of propanal and butanal are butanal,
CH3CH2CH2CHO and pentanal, CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO respectively.

Wh a e de e gen efe ed e a f a hing cl he in ha d

a e E lain CBSE
An e - Detergents are preferred over soaps for washing clothes in hard
water because:
(i)They do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions
in hard water.
(ii) They give more lather in hard water.
(iii) They have strong cleansing action.

[Link] happens when ethyl alcohol and acetic acid react with each other in
presence of conc H SO ? [CBSE 201 , 2013, 2011]
An e - The reaction of an alcohol with an acid in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 to form an ester is called an esterification reaction.
The reaction of Ethyl alcohol and Acetic acid in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 forms Ethyl acetate.
The chemical reaction is as follows:
𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻 𝑙 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑙 → 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3 𝑙 𝐸𝑡ℎ 𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐸𝑡ℎ 𝑙

Wha i h d gena i n Wha i i ind ial a lica i n CBSE

An e - Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen to unsaturated

hydrocarbons in presence of a catalyst such as nickel or palladium to form
saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
The process of Hydrogenation is used in industry to convert vegetable oils to
vanaspati ghee.

A Gi e he c al diffe ence be een a a ed and n a a ed

h d ca b n i h e am le each
B Wha i a f nc i nal g Gi e e am le f f diffe en f nc i nal
g M e ea ed ma k e i n

An e -
A) Saturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon single bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon double or
triple bond.
B) An atom/group of atoms joined in a specific manner which is responsible
for the characteristics chemical properties of the organic compounds is
called a functional group. Examples are hydroxyl group (-OH), aldehyde
group(-CHO), Ketonic group (-CO-), Carboxylic acid group(-COOH) etc.