CHEMISTRY
CATOMS AND MOLECULES)
Neutron A neutron has no Elctron An olgctron io a nogatvoty
eBectrkc chaae chargod portcle it is kept in orbit around
the nucieus because it is attraced to the
positively chargod protons
ProtonA proton isa positivety
chargd particle.
rotons
Neutron:
ATON ATOM STR¯CTURE Eectrons -Nuclous The centrat core of the atom is
ADmS are buiding blocks. h e vorg 'atom i colled its nuceus.
Atoms
ertved rom the Greek word atomos' which means p r o b a d e up of three subatomic patlcles An atom sally contoins an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged etectons
Hncuttable'. So an aton s ne ufbmate indivisibte mostly of an emelectrons. An atom consists This makes it etectrically neutral
particlee of mattet lndependently. mass is concentratednost
structure atall
tsof the atom's
centre called
the Nucleus.
- Na Sodiunm lon
Eloçtron Proton Electron Proton Neutron Eloctron Proton
-CI Chloride ion heutrons
cOMMON HYoROGEN ATOM HEAVN HYOROOEN ATOM
NO NEUTRON) (3 NEUTRONI RADIOACINE MYOROGEN ATOM
Salt NaCI (2 NEUTRON )
IONS AND THEIR FORMATION URANIUM ATOM
NNen common salt ls formed, each sodhum aton loses an eletr PROTERTIEs OF ATOM (92 PROTONS
V r e ton of
sodium. This electron goes to chlorine whose each atom. and becomes Tho atorns that have the same num
ORning his electron, becomes a negative chlonde lon. ater OT neUtrons are caled lsotoneN Oprotons but a different number Uranium has its alomic number 92 because
than one
Isotopes. The plcture given above clearty shows three sotooes of hv R has 92 protons in each of its ators.
FORMATION OF hydrogen.
COVALCNT 8ONDs, tONIC BONOS &
CoORDINATE BONDS
Na+ CIF
Sodium ion Chlorne lon
NIokel Certon Nickei
Oxygen Corbon monoxlce
Oxygon BOND
Magnesiunoxice -Sharedolochrons
-Maanesium Carbon ioxido (covalent bond NaCI
ELEC TRICALLY CHARGED ATOMs
m loses ts wo Outer electons tO
Sodlum chíorlde (compound) [Ni(CO)41
Nickel Cerbonyte (compound)
Magnesiun feed In a covalent bond between two atoms.
magnesium
s formned. It is clear from the dagram Oxide. both the atoms are shared.
given abOve electrons from Sodiumn loses its eteciron and becomes a vely A nicket (N atom contributes e
Charged ion (aton). Chlorine gains an electron and outer shell hat form four co-orcinate honds with2a
(atom) react iß
u o n catom) hesetwoions molecules of carbon monoxide (Co). As a resut of
MOLECULES
WATEER Sodiun cherde he ano rorm a compound called Carbonyle
this bond. a(Ni(Co)4]
compound is formed tnat is called Nicke
MOLECULEs LIME OXYGEN
MOLECULES
MOLECULES
Henry Cavendish Humphry Davy
Whiie an atom is the smallest particlo of an element
HYDROGEN OXYGEN J.B. Priestley
molecules are the smallest paricles of a compound.
They are so small hat they cannot be seen with a CALCIUM OXYGEN
H H
naked eye, except with an electron microscope. A
oecue81ormed whenagroup of two or more atoms
Ca
OXYGEN
element or of
diferent elements I t h e S a r n e CUJe are of
different elements, it is caled a compound.
H0 WATER LIME
(Calcium Oxide)
DIAMOND Till about 200 years ago, vater was beieved to be an Lime (calcium
element Then Henry Cavendish, an English scientist elemert till 18R n saODeleved to be an The gaseous element oxsygen was nol knon ti) 177a
prOved that water is a compound of hydrogen and proved thatline i s a c o n D
Oxygen.
a oxygen.
um and y who AD. when
He
J.8. Priesttey obtained it frorm mercur
oxide. also found an easy method of prepanng
reaking up a compound calied potassium
permangnoate
STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE
Graphite has FULLERENES
This
carbon atoms the
aranged in rat crystalline
layerS hat slide
Oher.
carbon that nm
AKBON A WONDER ELEMENT lo cach laver to be discovered
a O R M S OF CARRoN carbon atom is in the year 1985
GRAPHITE linked to three other by two scientlsts
Fiost
datopie forms
its atom of carbonin isuniform
arranged crystaline forns touch.
and regular Graphite
Theisname
a son'graphite'
black mineral that aisGreek
comes from greasy to atoms
word foroes. by strong
named
and
Harold
Daid
patterns
grapheln whiCh means to writo. This name was given
a German sclentist named Abraham Werner.
R120
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CHEMISTRY
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
BOHR MODEL OF ATOM
DRAWBACK OF
THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM RUTHERFORD'S MODEL NITROGEN ATOM
ELECTRON ORBITS
NUCLEUS
ELECTRONS PROTON
ELECTRON
PROTON
NEUTRON NEUTRON
RUTHERFORD'SSCATTERING EXPERIMENTS
BEAM OF
DEFLECTED SCATTERED
RADIOACTIVE ALPHA PARTICLES
ALPHA PARTICLES ALPHA PARTICLES
SOURCE
DISCOVERY OF ATOM
DALTON
+
(1803)
LEAD-LINED
BOX WITH HOLE CIRCULAR
FLUORESCENT
THOMSON (1904) SCREEN
(POSITVE ÀND MOST PARTIOCLES
NEGATIVE CHARGES) GOLD FOIL PASS STRAIGHT
THROUGH UNDEFLECTED
RUTHERFORD (19011)
(THE NUCLEUS)
ENERGY CHANGES DURING ELEÇTRONIC JUMPS
ABSORPTION EMISSION
INCOMNG PHOTON IS - HIGHER ENERGY
PHOTON IS EMITTED
BOHR (1913) A8SORBED BY ATOM
(ENERGY LEVELS)
NUCLEUS EXCTED STATE ELECTRON
LOWER
ENERGY
LEVEL
LOWEST
ENERGY
NUCLES
LEVEL
ELECTRON INCOMING PHOTON IS LOWER ENERGY
PHOTON IS EMTTED
ABSOR8ED BY HE ATOM
SCHRODINGER (1926)
(ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL)
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CHEMISTRY
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLs
electronflow
anode salt bridge cathode
Galvanic Cel
Spontaneous K. drawe into cell
electrolyte solution -from cathode wherereduction
0Ccurs and release them at
anode where oxidation occurs
Oxidation reduction
Example:
Zn >Zn* + 2e Cu2+ + 2e ’ Cu
o xidation at aode reductionat cathode Cu 2+ + Zn >Cu + Znz+
OA CR
electron flow
power
supply
Electrolytic Cell
Current supplied by extern al
+
cathode
SO urce drive nonsp ontaneous
anode
Oxidation/re duction re action.
Anode + and cathode -, opposite
of galvanic cell
Oxidation
M reducion
2CI > CI, + 2e Mg* + 2e ’ Mg()
reduction at cathode
oxiiation at aode
CR
Example:
OA A
2Ci + Mg?+ ’ Cl, + Mg()
Cations(M)move to cathode,
Anion (A)move to anodoe
After At kins, General Chemistry, 2nd edition
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