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Chapter 5

Complex Numbers

5.1 Complex Numbers 5.1 hÅo}f hwJyI³

A number of the form a + ib, where a and a, b FÁoe ucJpb hwJybnIqIbqw a + ib FÁ
b are real numbers, √
is defined to be a complex cr]¿o² ecqÁXqanb hwJyItjbnWm hÅo}f
number, where i = −1. hwJyI³ (complex
√ numbers) FÁq ]lbqÁXm .
CXo² i = −1 BWm.
For the complex number z = a + ib, a is called z = a + ib FÁ hÅo}f hwJybo² a tb ucJpb
the real part, denoted by Re z and b is called the õnKw (Real part) FÁqw b tb hn¹²ÃoI õnKw
imaginary part denoted by Im z of the complex (Imaginary part) FÁqw ]lbqÁq.
number z.
For example, DZnicW¿o\m,
if z = 2 + i5, then Re z = 2 and Im z = 5. z = 2 + i5 Bbn² Re z = 2, Im z = 5 BWm.

Equal complex numbers hÅo}f hwJyIjqtS XqdyX

Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id FÁp hÅo}f hwJyI³
are equal if a = c and b = d. Xqdyw BIWta¹o² a = c, b = d BIWw FÁq
\o±eNo·qÁq.

Example 5.1 DZnicWw 5.1

If 4x + i(3x − y) = 3 + i(−6), where x and y are 4x + i(3x − y) = 3 + i(−6) Bbn² x, y InWqI.

real numbers, then find the values of x and y.
Solution: ]coincw:
We have 4x + i(3x − y) = 3 + i(−6)
4x + i(3x − y) = 3 + i(−6) ucJpb õnKw XqdyanbXqtIn¾m 4x = 3 FÁqw
Equating the real and the imaginary parts, we get hn¹²ÃoI õnKw XqdyanbXqtIn¾m 3x − y = −6
4x = 3, 3x − y = −6, FÁqw Io½qÁq.
3 33 3 33
Solving we get, x= , y= ¤ c¾q haenIyºjo² \oÁqw x = , y =
4 4 4 4

Power of √
i i bqtS IsXy¹w
√
i = −1 i = −1
i2 = i × i = −1 i2 = i × i = −1
i3 = i2 × i = (−1)i = −i i3 = i2 × i = (−1)i = −i
i4 = i2 × i2 = (−1)(−1) = 1 i4 = i2 × i2 = (−1)(−1) = 1
i5 = i4 × i = (1)i = i i5 = i4 × i = (1)i = i

1
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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

i6 = i4 × i2 = (1)(−1) = −1 i6 = i4 × i2 = (1)(−1) = −1
.. ..
. .

1 i4 i8 i12 i16 i20 ... i4k , k = 0, 1, 2, ...

i i5 i9 i13 i17 i21 ... i4k+1 , k = 0, 1, 2, ...
−1 i2 i6 i10 i14 i18 ... i4k+2 , k = 0, 1, 2, ...
−i i3 i7 i11 i15 i19 ... i4k+3 , k = 0, 1, 2, ...

Example 5.2 DZnicWw 5.2

Which of the following is the value of i9 ? NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁXo² \oÁqw i9 t eod

FkqXqI.
(a) −i (a) i (a) −1 (a) 1 (a) −i (a) i (a) −1 (a) 1
Solution: ]coincw:
i9 = i4+4+1 = i4 × i4 × i1 = 1 × 1 × i = i i9 = i4+4+1 = i4 × i4 × i1 = 1 × 1 × i = i

Example 5.3 DZnicWw 5.3

Express the complex number 3(7 + i7) + i(7 + i7) 3(7+i7)+i(7+i7) FÁ uInw8Imhm \Älot\ a+ib
in a + ib form. cr]¿o² FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:

3(7 + i7) + i(7 + i7) = 3(7) + 3(i7) + i(7) + i(i7) 3(7 + i7) + i(7 + i7) = 3(7) + 3(i7) + i(7) + i(i7)
= 21 + i21 + i7 + i 7 2 = 21 + i21 + i7 + i2 7
= 21 + (i21 + i7) + (−1)(7) = 21 + (i21 + i7) + (−1)(7)
= 21 + i28 − 7 = 14 + i28 = 21 + i28 − 7 = 14 + i28

Example 5.4 DZnicWw 5.4

(a) Value of i4 is ............. (a) i4 t eod .......... BIqÁq.

(b) Express the complex number i39 in the form (b) i39 FÁ uInw8Imhm hwJytb (a + ib)
(a + ib). cr]¿o² FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
(a) i4 = 1 (a) i4 = 1
(b) (b)

i39 = i36+3 = i36 × i3 i39 = i36+3 = i36 × i3

= i4×9 × (−i) = (i4 )9 × (−i) = i4×9 × (−i) = (i4 )9 × (−i)
= 19 × (−i) = −i = 19 × (−i) = −i
= 0 + i(−1) = 0 + i(−1)

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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

Modulus and conjugate of a complex hÅo}fhwJybqtS uIedeodbqw uIn®PquKÊqw

number (Modulus and conjugate)
The modulus of the complex number z = hÅo}fXd¿otd B[nc_oáq O(0, 0) -bo²
x + iy is definedpas \oÁqw hÅo}fhwJy z = x + iy etcbqÉ Zrct¿
|z| = x2 + y 2 B hÅo}fhwJybqtS uIedeod |z| FÁq ]lbqÁq .
is the distance between the point P(x, y) and the p
BbXo\n², |z| = x2 + y 2 FÁm FkqXnw.
origin O(0, 0)
z = x + iy FÁ hÅo}fhwJybqtS uIn®PquKÊm
The conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy
z̄ FÁXm B hÅo}fhwJybqtS X− A¸¿otd
is defined as
}]Xo_ow_anboco·qw.
z̄ = x − iy
gives the reflection of the complex number about z = x+iy FÁ hÅo}fhwJybqtS uIn®PquKÊot\
the real axis in the argand plane (complex plane). z̄ = x − iy FÁm FkqXnw.

z = x + iy z = x + iy
P(x, y) P(x, y)
y2

y2
+

+
x2

x2
p

p
Q(x, −y) Q(x, −y)
z̄ = x − iy z̄ = x − iy

Multiplicative inverse hÅo}fhwJybqtS KqW\eo]cpXw

The multiplicative inverse of the non-zero z FÁ hÅo}f hwJybqtS KqW\eo]cpXw
complex number z is given by \o±eNo»oco·qÁXm
z̄ z̄
z −1 = 2 z −1 = 2 FÁnWm.
|z| |z|
If z = a + ib, then z = a + ib FÁ cpXobodqÉ hÅo}fhwJybqtS
z̄ a − ib
z −1 = 2 = 2 KqW\eo]cpX¿ot\
|z| a + b2 z̄ a − ib
z −1 = 2 = 2 FtÁkqXnw.
|z| a + b2

Example 5.5 DZnicWw 5.5

Find the multiplicative inverse of 2 − 3i. 2 − 3i FÁXot KqW\eo]cpXw InWqI.

Solution: ]coincw:
Let z = a + ib = 2 − 3i z = a + ib = 2 − 3i FÁoco·t½.
Therefore, a = 2, b = −3 F¹o², a = 2, b = −3 Bboco·qw.
Multiplicative inverse of z = 2 − 3i is given by z = 2 − 3i FÁXot KqW\eo]cpXw
a − ib 2 − (−3)i 2 + 3i a − ib 2 − (−3)i 2 + 3i
z −1 = = 2 = z −1 = = 2 =
a2 + b2 2 + (−3)2 13 a2 + b2 2 + (−3)2 13

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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

Example 5.6 DZnicWw 5.6

Write the conjugate of the complex number (3+4i). (3 + 4i) FÁ uInw8Imhm hwJybqtS uIn®PquKÊm
FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Let z = a + bi = 3 + 4i z = a + bi = 3 + 4i BtWÁq IcqXqI.
Therefore, a = 3, b = 4 F¹o², a = 3, b = 4 Bboco·qw.
Complex conjugate,z̄ = a − bi = 3 − 4i uInw8Imhm uIn®PquKÊm, z̄ = a − bi = 3 − 4i

Example 5.7 DZnicWw 5.7

Express the multiplicative inverse of the complex 1 + i FÁ uInw8Imhm hwJybqtS KqW\eo]cpXw

number (1 + i) in (a + ib) form. a + ib cr]¿otdkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Let z = a + ib = 1 + i z = a + ib = 1 + i FÁoco·t½.
Therefore, a = 1, b = 1 F¹o², a = 1, b = 1 Bboco·qw.
Multiplicative inverse of z = 1 + i is given by z = 1 + i FÁXot KqW\eo]cpXw
 
a − ib 1 − i(1) 1−i 1 1
 
−1 a − ib 1 − i(1) 1−i 1 1
z = 2 2
= 2 2
= = +i − z −1 = 2 = 2 = = +i −
a +b 1 +1 2 2 2 a +b 2 1 +1 2 2 2 2

Algebra of Complex Numbers hÅo}fhwJyIjqtS _pPKWoXw

1. Addition of two complex numbers: 1. c¾q hÅo}fhwJyIjqtS h¹d\w
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two (Addition of two complex numbers:)
complex numbers. Then, the sum z1 + z2 is z1 = a+ib, z2 = c+id FÁp hÅo}fhwJyI³
defined as follows: ]coKWo·qIbntW¹o², AebqtS XqI
z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i(b + d) z1 + z2 FÁXm z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i(b + d)
FÁ hÅo}fhwJybnbo \o±eNo·qÁq .
For example, DZnicW¿o\m,
(2 + i3) + (−6 + i5) = (2 + (−6)) + i(3 + 5) (2 + i3) + (−6 + i5) = (2 + (−6)) + i(3 + 5)
= −4 + i8 = −4 + i8
2. Difference of two complex numbers: 2. c¾q hÅo}fhwJyIjqtS eyeId\w
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two (Difference of two complex numbers:)
complex numbers. Then, the difference z1 –z2 z1 = a+ib, z2 = c+id FÁp hÅo}fhwJyI³
is defined as follows: ]coKWo»n², AebqtS eyeId\w z1 − z2
z1 − z2 = (a − c) + i(b − d) FÁXm z1 − z2 = (a − c) + i(b − d)
FÁ hÅo}fhwJybnbo \o±eNo»oco·qÁq .
For example, DZnicW¿o\m,
(6+3i)−(2−i) = (6−2)+i(3−(−1)) = 4+i4 (6+3i)−(2−i) = (6−2)+i(3−(−1)) = 4+i4
3. Multiplication of two complex numbers: 3. c¾q hÅo}fhwJyIjqtS KqW\w
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two (Multiplication of two complex numbers:)
complex numbers. Then, the product z1 z2 is z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id FÁp c¾m
defined as follows: hÅo}f hwJyItj ]coKWo»n² ,
z1 z2 = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc) AebqtS KqW\^dw z1 z2 NqetS
uN±¿oco·qÁu]ntd \o±eNo»oco·qÁq .
z1 z2 = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)

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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

For example, DZnicW¿o\m,

(3 + i5)(2 + i6) = (3 × 2 − 5 × 6) (3 + i5)(2 + i6) = (3 × 2 − 5 × 6)
+i(3 × 6 + 5 × 2) +i(3 × 6 + 5 × 2)
= −24 + i28 = −24 + i28
4. Division of two complex numbers: 4. c¾q hÅo}fhwJyIjqtS ic®\w
Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2 , (Division of two complex numbers:)
z1
where z2 6= 0 , the quotient is defined by z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id FÁp c¾m hÅo}f
z2 hwJyItj ]coKWo»n², AebqtS icWw
z1 1
= z1 = z1 z2−1 z1 1
z2 z2 = z1 = z1 z2−1 FÁm
z2 z2
\o±eNo»oco·qÁq.
For example, DZnicW¿o\m,
Let z1 = 6 + 3i and z2 = 2 − i, then z1 = 6 + 3i, z2 = 2 − i F¹o²,
6 + 3i z1 6 + 3i z1
= = z1 z2−1 = = z1 z2−1
2−i z2 2−i z2
2 − (−1)i 2+i 2 − (−1)i 2+i
Here, z2−1 = 2 = Here, z2−1 = 2 =
2 + (−1)2 5 2 + (−1)2 5
   
6 + 3i 2+i 6 + 3i 2+i
Hence, = (6 + 3i) × Hence, = (6 + 3i) ×
2−i 5 2−i 5
1 1
= × (6 + 3i)(2 + i) = × (6 + 3i)(2 + i)
5 5
1 1
= × [(6 × 2 − 3 × 1) = × [(6 × 2 − 3 × 1)
5 5
+ i(6 × 1 + 3 × 2)] + i(6 × 1 + 3 × 2)]
1 1
= (9 + 12i) = (9 + 12i)
5 5

Example 5.8 DZnicWw 5.8

1+i 1+i
Express in the form a + ib. FÁXot\ a + ib cr]¿o² anÊo FkqXqI .
1−i 1−i
Solution: ]coincw:
1+i 1+i
= (1 + i)(1 − i)−1 = (1 + i)(1 − i)−1
1−i 1−i
1 − (−1)i 1 − (−1)i
= (1 + i) × 2 = (1 + i) × 2
1 + (−1)2 1 + (−1)2
(1 + i) (1 + i)
= (1 + i) × = (1 + i) ×
2 2
1 1 1 1
= (1 + i) = (12 + 2(1)(i) + i2 )
2 = (1 + i) = (12 + 2(1)(i) + i2 )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1
= (1 + 2i − 1) = i = (1 + 2i − 1) = i
2 2

Example 5.9 DZnicWw 5.9

5+i 5+i
Express the complex number z = in the z= FÁXot\ a+ib cr]¿o² anÊo FkqXqI .
2 + 3i 2 + 3i
form a + ib.

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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

Solution: ]coincw:
5+i 5+i
= (5 + i)(2 + 3i)−1 = (5 + i)(2 + 3i)−1
2 + 3i 2 + 3i
(2 − 3i) (2 − 3i)
= (5 + i) × 2 = (5 + i) × 2
2 + 32 2 + 32
(2 − 3i) (2 − 3i)
= (5 + i) × = (5 + i) ×
13 13
1 1
= (5 + i)(2 − 3i) = (5 + i)(2 − 3i)
13 13
1 1
= [(5 × 2 − 1 × (−3)) = [(5 × 2 − 1 × (−3))
13 13
+ i(5 × (−3) + 1 × 2)] + i(5 × (−3) + 1 × 2)]
1 1
= (13 − 13i) = 1 − i = (13 − 13i) = 1 − i
13 13

Example 5.10 DZnicWw 5.10

√
Write the real √
and imaginary parts of the complex −3 + −7 FÁ hÅo}fhwJybqtS ucJpb õnKeqw
number −3 + −7. hn¹²ÃoI õnKeqw FkqXqI.
Solution:
√ √ ]coincw:
√ √
−3 + −7 = −3 + i 7 −3 + −7 = −3 + i 7
Real part = −3 √ ucJpb õnKw = −3 √
Imaginary part = 7 hn¹²ÃoI õnKw = 7

Example 5.11 DZnicWw 5.11

√
Find the modulus
√ and conjugate of the complex 1 + i 3 FÁ hÅo}fhwJybqtS uIed eodbqw
number 1 + i 3 uIn®PquKÊqw InWqI
Solution: √ ]coincw:√
Let z = 1 + i 3, then z = 1 + i 3 BtW¹o²
The modulus q of z is√ z t uIedq eod FÁXm
√ √
|z| = 12 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2 √ √ √
|z| = 12 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
The conjugate √ of z is
z t uIn®PquKÊm √ eod FÁXm
z̄ = 1 − i 3
z̄ = 1 − i 3

Example 5.12 DZnicWw 5.12

i−35 = ............... i−35 = ...............

Solution: ]coincw:
1 1 1 1
i−35 = = i−35 = 35
= 32+3
i35 (i)32+3 i (i)
1 1 1 1
= 32 = 4×8 = 32 = 4×8
i × i3 i × (−i) i × i3 i × (−i)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 4 8 = = =i = 4 8 = = =i
(i ) × (−i) 1 × −i −i (i ) × (−i) 1 × −i −i

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Chapter 5 Complex Numbers

Example 5.13 DZnicWw 5.13

Express (5 − 3i)3 in the form a + ib. (5 − 3i)3 FÁXot\ a + ib cr]¿o² anÊo FkqXqI .
Solution: ]coincw:
We know that (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 BtWÁlobnw .
Then, F¹o²,

(5–3i)3 = 53 − 3(52 )(3i) + 3(5)(3i)2 − (3i)3 (5–3i)3 = 53 − 3(52 )(3i) + 3(5)(3i)2 − (3i)3
= 125 − 225i + 135(i2 ) − 27i3 = 125 − 225i + 135(i2 ) − 27i3
= 125 − 225i + 135(−1) − 27(−i) = 125 − 225i + 135(−1) − 27(−i)
= −10 − 225i + 27i = −10 − 225i + 27i
= −10 − 198i = −10 − 198i

Example 5.14 DZnicWw 5.14

Express the following in the form of a + ib NqetS uN±¿oco·qÁ hÅo}fhwJyItj a + ib

cr]¿o² FkqXqI.
 
1  
1
(a) (−5i) i (a) (−5i) i
8 8
1 3
 
1 3
 
(b) (−i)(2i) − i (b) (−i)(2i) − i
8 8
Solution: ]coincw:
(a) (a)
   
1 1
   
1 1
(−5i) i = −5 × ×i×i (−5i) i = −5 × ×i×i
8 8 8 8
   
5 5
   
5 5
= − × i2 = − × (−1) = − 2
×i = − × (−1)
8 8 8 8
5 5 5 5
= = + i(0) = = + i(0)
8 8 8 8

(b) (b)

1 3
 3
1 3
   3
1


1
(−i)(2i) − i = 2 × − × (−i)(i)(i)3 (−i)(2i) − i = 2 × − × (−i)(i)(i)3
8 8 8 8
(−1)3 (−1)3
=2× × (−(i)5 ) =2× × (−(i)5 )
83 83
(−1) (−1)
=2× × (−(i4 )(i)) =2× × (−(i4 )(i))
512 512
(−1) (−1)
= × (−i) = × (−i)
256   256 
1

1
=0+i =0+i
256 256

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 7