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ETOOS Comprehensive Study Material

For NEET & AIIMS
BASIC MATHS & VECTOR
CHAPTER
02
“As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain;
and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.”

“ALBERT EINSTEIN”

INTRODUCTION

T
he language of physics is mathematics. In order to study physics seriously, one
needs to learn mathematics that took generations of brilliant people centuries to
work out. The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of
study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since Antiquity, and more
recently also by historians and [Link] considered a relationship of
great intimacy, mathematics has already been described as “an essential tool for
physics and physics has already been described as “a rich source of inspiration and
insight in mathematics”.
From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics
appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following
centuries. The creation and development of calculus were strongly linked to the
needs of physics. There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with
the new dynamics that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei
and Isaac Newton. As time progressed, increasingly sophisticated mathematics
started to be used in physics. The current situation is that the mathematical knowledge
used in physics is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as in the case of superstring
theory.
PHYSICS FOR NEET & AIIMS

ETOOS KEY POINTS

(i) Vector product of two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors, i.e.,
orthogonal
 
(perpendicular) to both the vectors A and B .
 
  AB
Unit vector perpendicular to A and B is n̂    
| A  B|
(ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative i.e. cross
   
products A  B and B  A have equal magnitudes but
opposite directions as shown in the figure.
   
A  B  B  A
(iii)The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained,
      
i.e. A  (B  C )  A  B  A  C
 
  | A  B| 
(iv) Angle between two vectors A and B is given by   sin   1
 
| A| | B| 
(v) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself is a zero vector or a null vector.

  
A  A  ( AA sin 0) nˆ  0 = ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ
(vi) In case of orthogonal unit vectors ˆi, ˆj and kˆ ; according to right hand thumb rule
ˆ ˆj  kˆ  ˆi, kˆ  ˆi  ˆj and ˆj  ˆi  k,
ˆi  ˆj  k, ˆ kˆ  ˆj  ˆi, ˆi  kˆ  ˆj
 
(v) If A  A xˆi  A yˆj  A z kˆ and B  B xˆi  B yˆj  B z kˆ , their cross-products is given by
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 
A  B  Ax Ay ˆ
A z  ˆi(A y B z  A z B y )  ˆj(A x B z  A z B x )  k(A xBy  AyBx )

Bx By Bz
     
(vi) If A , B and C are coplanar, then A.(B  C)  0 .

Rate of change of a vector with time

It is derivative of a vector function with respect to time. Cartesian components of a time dependent vector, if

given as function of time as r  t   x(t)iˆ  y(t)jˆ  z(t)kˆ , the time rate of change can be calculated according to
equation

dr  t  dx(t )iˆ dy (t ) ˆj dz (t )kˆ
  
dt dt dt dt
Methods of differentiation of vector functions
Methods of differentiation of scalar functions are also applicable to differentiation of vector functions.
   
d   dF dG d   dF   dG
i.
dt

F G  
dt

dt 
ii.
dt
F G 
dt
 
G  F 
dt
d  dX  dF
iii.
dt
 
XF 
dt 
FX
dt
Here X is a scalar function of time.

d   dF   dG  
iv.
dt

F G 
dt
 G  F 
dt
Order of the vector functions F and G must be retained.

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 BASIC MATHS & VECTOR

BASIC MATHEMATICS
1. Quadratic Equation

b  b2  4 ac
Roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are x
2a

b c
Sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – ; Product of roots = x1 x2 
a a
2. Binomial Theorem
n  n  1 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(1  x)n  1  nx  x2  x  ......
2 6
n  n  1 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(1  x) n  1  nx  x2  x  .....
2 6
If x < < 1 then (1  x ) n  1  nx & (1  x) n  1  nx
3. Logarithm
m
(i) log mn = log m+log n (ii) log =logm-log n (iii) log mn = n log m (iv) loge m = 2.303 log10m
n
4. Componendo and Dividendo Rule
p a pq ab
If  then 
q b p q a b
5. Arithmetic progression (AP)
a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d here d = common difference
n
Sum of n terms Sn = [2a+(n–1)d]
2
n(n  1)
Note : (i) 1 +2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ............ n 
2
2 n ( n  1)(2 n  1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + n 
6
6. Geometrical Progression (GP)
a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 here r = common ratio

Sum of n terms S n 

a 1  rn  Sum of  term S  
a
1 r 1 r
7. Trigonometry
2 rad = 360°  1 rad = 57.3°

perpendicular base perpendicular

(i) sin θ= (ii) cos θ= (iii) tan θ=
hypotenuse hypotenuse base

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PHYSICS FOR NEET & AIIMS
VECTOR
20. Vector Quantities
A physical quantity which requires magnitude and a particular direction, when it is expressed.
  
21. Triangle law of Vector addition R  A  B

R  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 90

B sin 
 tan  
A  B cos 
 
If A = B then R  2 A cos & 
2 2
Rmax = A + B for  = 0° ; Rmin = A – B for  = 180°

22. Parallelogram law of Addition of Two Vectors

If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
which are directed away from their common point then their sum (i.e.
resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing
away through that common point.
       2 2
AB  AD  AC  R or A+B = R  R = A  B  2ABcos
B sin  A sin 
tan   and tan  
A  B cos  B  A cos 

23. Vector subtraction

     
R  A  B  R  A   B 

B sin 
R  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 90 , tan  
A  B cos 


If A = B then R  2 A sin
2

24. Addition of More than Two Vectors (Law of Polygon)

If some vectors are represented by sides of a polygon in same order, then their resultant vector is represented by the
closing side of polygon in the opposite order.

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SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ex. 1 In the given figure, a function y = 15e–x is shown.     
What is the numerical value of expression B C B C A
Sol. As  so   
A/(B+C) ? 3 2 3 2 4
   
3A B C A
therefore   
4 3 2 2

Ex. 4 The magnitude of pairs of displacement vectors are

given. Which pairs of displacement vectors cannot
be added to give a resultant vector of magnitude
13 cm?
(A) 4 cm, 16 cm (B) 20 cm, 7 cm
Sol. From graph A = 15 ; B =1 ; C =2 . (C) 1 cm, 15 cm (D) 6 cm, 8 cm
Therefore [ A/(B+C) = 15/3 = 5]  
Sol. Resultant of two vectors A and B must satisfy
Ex. 2 A car changes its velocity linearly from 10 m/s to 20
A~ B  R  A + B
m/s in 5 seconds. Plot v-t graph and write velocity
as a function of time.   
Three non zero vectors A , B and C satisfy
Ex. 5
20  10     
Sol. Slope = 2  m the relation A  B  0 & A  C  0 . Then A
5 0
can be parallel to:
y-intercept = 10 = c  v = 2t + 10
 
(A) B (B) C
   
(C) B  C (D) B  C
           
Sol. AB  0  A A  B
B &
0 A A
 CB0 
& A CC 0  A  C
     
A B  0  A  B & AC  0  A  C
   
But B  C is perpendicular to both B and C so
  
A is parallel to B  C .

 Ex. 6  and  are the angle made by a vector from

 
Ex. 3 Three coplanar vectors A , B and C have positive x & positive y-axes respectively. Which
magnitudes 4, 3 and 2 respectively. If the angle set of  and  is not possible
between any two vectors is 120° then which of the (A) 450, 600 (B) 300, 600
   (C) 600, 600 (D) 300, 450
3A B C
following vector may be equal to  
4 3 2 Sol. ,  must satisfy cos2+cos2+cos2=1
  
Ex. 7 Let A , B and C , be unit vectors. Suppose that
    
A  B  A  C  0 and the angle between B and
 
C is then
6
     
(A) A   B  C  (B) A  2  B  C 
(A) (B)
     3
(C) A  2  C  B  (D) B  C 
(C) (D) 2

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Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL

1. Find points at which the tangent to the curve 7. If a unit vector is represented by 0 .5 ˆi  0 .8 ˆj  ckˆ ,
y = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 7 is parallel to the x–axis then the value of 'c' is :–
(A) (3,–20) and (–1, 12) (B) (3,20) and (1, 12) (A) 1 (B) 0.11
(C) (3,–10) and (1, 12) (D) None of these
(C) 0.01 (D) 0.39
2. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move
8. The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting at a
in circles at the speed of 5 cm/s. At the instant when
point is 16N. If the resultant force is 8N and its
the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, how fast is
direction is perpendicular to smaller force, then the
the enclosed area increasing ?
forces are :–
(A) 80  cm2/s (B) 90  cm2/s
(A) 6N and 10N (B) 8N and 8N
(C) 85  cm2/s (D) 89  cm2/s (C) 4N and 12N (D) 2N and 14N
3. The momentum of a moving particle given by 9. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors
p  t nt . Net force acting on this particle is defined  
A  4 ˆi  3 ˆj  6 kˆ and B  ˆi  3ˆj  8 kˆ is :–
dp
by equation F = .
dt 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(A) (3i  6 ˆj  2kˆ) (B) (3i  6 ˆj  2kˆ)
The net force acting on the particle is zero at time 7 7
1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(A) t = 0 (B) t = (C) (3i  6 ˆj  2kˆ) (D) (3i  6 ˆj  2kˆ)
e 49 49
1
(C) t = (D) None of these 10. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors
e2

which represent same physical quantity having
4. Let A  ˆiA cos   ˆjA sin  , be any vector. Another different magnitudes can be added to give zero
  resultant
vector B which is normal to A is :–
(A) 2 (B) 3
ˆ cos   ˆjB sin 
(A) iB (C) 4 (D) 5
ˆ sin   ˆjB cos 
(B) iB 11. A physical quantity which has a direction :–
ˆ sin   ˆjB cos 
(C) iB (A) Must be a vector (B) May be a vector
(C) Must be a scalar (D) None of the above
ˆ cos   ˆjA sin 
(D) iA
12. Following sets of three forces act on a body. Whose
resultant cannot be zero ?
5. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate
(A) 10, 10, 10 (B) 10, 10, 20
of 3 cm/s. How fast is the volume of the cube
(C) 10, 20, 20 (D) 10, 20, 40
increasing when the edge is 10 cm long ?
  
(A) 900 cm3/s (B) 920 cm3/s 13. Figure shows three vectors a , b and c , where R
(C) 850 cm3/s (D) 950 cm3/s is the midpoint of PQ. Then which of the following
relations is correct ?
6. Force 3N, 4N and 12N act at a point in mutually
perpendicular directions. The magnitude of the
resultant force is :–
(A) 19 N (B) 13 N
(C) 11 N (D) 5 N

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Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL

  
1. A particle moves along the curve x2 + 4 = y. The 7. Let a , b , c be vectors of length 3, 4, 5 respectively..
points on the curve at which the y coordinates      
changes twice as fast as the x coordinate, is Let a be perpendicular to b + c , b to c + a and
  
(A) (1,5) (B) (5,1) c to a  b . Then a  b  c is :
(C) (1,2) (D) None of these
(A) 25 (B) 22
2. A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The foot (C) 105 (D) 52
of the ladder is pulled out along the ground away
from the wall at a rate of 2m/s. How fast is the height 
8. X–component of a is twice of its Y–component . If
of ladder on the wall decreasing at the instant when
the foot of the ladder is 4m away from the wall? the magnitude of the vector is 52 and it makes an
angle of 135o with z–axis then the components of
3 vector is :
(A) 10 m/s (B) m/s
2 (A) 23, 3, –3 (B) 26,6, –6
8 (C) 25, 5, –5 (D) None of these
(C) m/s (D) None of these
3

9. If a is a vector and x is a non–zero scalar, then
3. Moment of inertia of a solid about its geometrical  
(A) x a is a vector in the direction of a
2  
axis is given by I = MR2 where M is mass & R is (B) x a is a vector collinear to a
5
radius. Find out the rate by which its moment of  
(C) x a and a have independent directions
inertia is changing keeping density constant at the
(D) None of these.
moment R = 1m, M = 1 kg & rate of change of radius
w.r.t. time 2 ms–1
 
(A) 4 kg ms–1 (B) 2 kg m2s–1 10. The two vectors A and B are drawn from a common
   
(C) 4 kg m2s–1 (D) None of these point and C  A  B then angle between A and

4. Three forces P, Q & R are acting at a point in the B is
plane. The angle between P & Q and Q & R are 150o (A) 900 if C2  A2 + B2
& 120o respectively, then for equilibrium (i.e. net (B) Greater than 900 if C2 < A2 + B2
force = 0), forces P, Q & R are in the ratio
(C) Greater than 900 if C2 > A2 + B2
(A) 1 : 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 2 : 3
(D) None of these
(C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 3 : 2 : 1

5. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then 11. Following forces start acting on a particle at rest at
magnitude of difference is – the origin of the co–ordinate system simultaneously
 
(A) 2 (B) 3 F1  4 ˆi  5 ˆj  5 kˆ , F2  5 ˆi  8 ˆj  6 kˆ ,
(C) 1/2 (D) 5  
F3  3 ˆi  4 ˆj  7kˆ and F4  1 2 ˆi  3 ˆj  2 kˆ then
      the particle will move–
6. Let a, b, c are three unit vectors such that a  b  c
is also a unit vector. If pairwise angles between (A) In x–y plane
 (B) In y – z plane
a, b , c are  1,  2 and  3 respectively then
cos1 + cos2 + cos3 equals (C) In x–z plane
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (D) Along x–axis
(C) 1 (D) – 1

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Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) in Column-II.

1.  
For component of a vector A  3 ˆi  4 ˆj  5 kˆ , match the following table :
Column I Column II
(A) Along y–axis (P) 5 unit
ˆ
(B) Along another vector (2ˆi  ˆj  2 k) (Q) 4 unit

ˆ
(C) Along another vector (6 ˆi  8 ˆj  10 k) (R) Zero

ˆ
(D) Along another vector (3 ˆi  4 ˆj  5 k) (S) None

2. Match the integrals (given in column - ) with the given functions (in column - )
Column -  Column - 
cos ec Kx
(A)  sec x tan x dx (P) – +C
K
cot Kx
(B)  cos ec Kx cot Kx dx (Q) – +C
K
2
(C)  cosec Kx dx (R) sec x + C
sin Kx
(D)  cos Kx dx (S) +C
K

3. Match the statements given in Column- with statements given in Column - 

Column -  Column - 
    
(A) if | A | = | B | and | A + B | = | A | then (P) 90°
 
angle between A and B is
(B) Magnitude of resultant of two forces (Q) 120°
 
F1 = 8N and F2 = 4 N may be
 
(C) Angle between A = 2 î + 2 ĵ & B = 3 k̂ is (R) 12 N

(D) Magnitude of resultant of vectors A = 2 î + ĵ (S) 14

& B = 3 k̂ is

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Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)

   
1. The vectors A and B are such that 3. Six vectors, a through f have the magnitudes and
     directions indicated in the figure. Which of the
A  B  A  B . The angle between vectors A and following statements is true?

B is – [AIPMT 2006] [AIPMT 2010]
(A) 90° (B) 60°
b
(C) 75° (D) 45° a c
d c f
          
2. If A  B  3 A. B , then the value of A  B is : (A) b  e  f (B) b  c  f
     
[AIPMT 2007] (C) d  c  f (D) d  e  f
1/2
 2 2 AB  4. If vectors
(A)  A  B  
 3   t t
A  cos tiˆ  sin tjˆ and B  cos ˆi  sin ˆj
(B) A + B 2 2
are functions of time, then the value of t at which
1/2

(C) A2  B2  3 AB  they are orthogonal to each other is :
[Re-AIPMT 2015]
(D) (A2 + B2 + AB)1/2

(A) t = 0 (B) t 
4

 
(C) t  (D) t 
2 

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MOCK TEST
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. The product of all the solutions of the equation (x –2) 2 – 3 |x – 2| + 2 = 0 is

(A) 2 (B) – 4 (C) 0 (D) none of these

2. The number of solutions of the equation log(  2x) = 2 log (x + 1) is

(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none

3. Greatest integer less than or equal to the number log 2 15. log1/6 2. log3 1/6 is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

4. The number of solutions of |[x] – 2x| = 4 is

(where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) Infinite

5. The solution set of the inequation 1 + log 1 (x2 + x + 1) > 0 is

3

(A) (– , –2)  (1, ) (B) [–1, 2] (C) (–2, 1) (D) (– ,  )

1
6. Number of values of x satisfying the equations 5{x} = x + [x] and [x] – {x} = is
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
7. If |x2 – 9| + |x2 – 4| = 5, then the set of values of x is

(A) (– , –3)  (3, ) (B) (– , –2)  (3, ) (C) (– , 3) (D) [–3, –2]  [2, 3]

x2 x
8. If < 2, then the set of values of x is
x
(A) (– , 1)  (2, ) (B) (– , 0)  (1, ) (C) (– , –1) (0, ) (D) none of these

9. Solution set of the inequality loge2 [2x] – loge [2x]  0 is

 1 3
(A) [1, 3) (B) (0, 3) (C) {1, 2} (D)  2 , 2 


10. Solution set of |x2 – 5x + 7| + |x2 – 5x – 14| = 21 is

(A) [–2, 7] (B) (–, –2]  [7, ) (C) [7, ) (D) (–, –2]

11. The set of real value(s) of p for which the equation | 2x + 3 | + | 2x – 3 | = px + 6 has exactly two solutions is
(A) [0, 4) (B) (- 4, 4) – {0} (C) R - {4, - 4, 0} (D) {0}

n n 3
12. ee is simplified to
(A) e3 (B) n 3 (C) 3 (D) n (n 3)

         
13. If a, b are unit vectors such that (a  b) . { (2a  3b) × (3a  2b) } = 0, then angle between a and b is -
(A) 0 (B) /2 (C)  (D) indeterminate

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 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World & 1. Some Basic Conceps of 1. Diversity in the Living
Measurements Chemistry World
2. Basic Maths & Vector 2. Atomic Structure 2. Plant Kingdom
3. Kinematics 3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Animal Kingdom
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-2 Module-2
Module-2(PC) 1. Morphology in Flowering Plants
1. Law of Motion & Friction 1. Thermodynamics & 2. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
2. Work, Energy & Power Thermochemistry 3. Structural Organization in
2. Redox Reaction Animals
Module-3 3. States Of Matter (Gaseous &
1. Motion of system of Liquid) Module-3
particles & Rigid Body 1. Cell: The Unit of Life
2. Gravitation
Module-3(IC)
1. Periodic Table 2. Biomolecules
2. Chemical Bonding 3. Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Module-4
3. Hydrogen & Its Compounds 4. Transport in Plants
1. Mechanical Properties 4. S-Block 5. Mineral Nutrition
of Matter
2. Thermal Properties of Matter Module-4
Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 1. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Module-5 Organic Compounds 2. Respiration in Plants
2. Isomerism 3. Plant Growth and Development
1. Oscillations
3. General Organic Chemistry 4. Digestion & Absorption
2. Waves
5. Breathing & Exchange of Gases
Module-5(OC) Module-5
1. Reaction Mechanism
2. Hydrocarbon 1. Body Fluids & Its Circulation
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon 2. Excretory Products & Their
4. Environmental Chemistry & Elimination
Analysis Of Organic Compounds 3. Locomotion & Its Movement
4. Neural Control & Coordination
5. Chemical Coordination and
Integration

To purchase the books, go through the link below-

[Link]
 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Electrostatics 1. Solid State 1. Reproduction in Organisms
2. Capacitance 2. Chemical Kinetics 2. Sexual Reproduction in
3. Solutions and Colligative Flowering Plants
Module-2 Properties 3. Human Reproduction
4. Reproductive Health
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC)
2. Magnetic Effect of Current
1. Electrochemistry Module-2
and Magnetism
2. Surface Chemistry 1. Principles of Inheritance and
Module-3 Variation
Module-3(IC)
2. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
1. Electromagnetic Induction 1. P-Block Elements 3. Evolution
2. Alternating Current 2. Transition Elements
(d & f block) Module-3
Module-4 3. Co-ordination Compound
4. Metallurgy 1. Human Health and Disease
1. Geometrical Optics 2. Strategies for Enhancement in
2. Wave Optics Module-4(OC) Food Production
3. Microbes in Human Welfare
Module-5 1. HaloAlkanes & HaloArenes
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether Module-4
1. Modern Physics 3. Aldehyde, Ketone &
2. Nuclear Physics Carboxylic Acid 1. Biotechnology: Principles and
3. Solids & Semiconductor Processes
Devices Module-5(OC) 2. Biotechnology and Its
4. Electromagnetic Waves 1. Nitrogen & Its Derivatives Applications
2. Biomolecules & Polymers 3. Organisms and Populations
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life Module-5
1. Ecosystem
2. Biodiversity and Conservation
3. Environmental Issues

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[Link]