PAWAN WAGH ACADEMY

MAKING MATHEMATICS SIMPLE & INTERESTING

Class 12th
Chemistry Notes
Topic:-Transition and Inner Transition elements

d- block elements→Transition elements.

f- block elements→Inner transition elements.
s-block d-block p-block

f- block

As d-block elements are present between s-block and

p-block, so these elements exhibit properties
between those of s and p-block elements.
3d series
4d series
d-block element →d series
5d series
6d
3d series
series

 Position of d-block elements (transition series

elements) in the periodic table.
All d-block elements are placed in periods 4 to7 and
groups 3 to 12

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 General electronic configuration of four series of d-
block elements of periodic table.

3d series – [Ar] 3d1-10 4s2

4d series – [Kr] 4d1-10 5s0-2
5d series – [Xe] 5d1-10 6s2
6d series – [Rn] 6d1-10 7s2

 Rule of special stability-

Subshell Empty or Half filled Fully or
vacant completely
filled
s 0 1 2
p 0 3 6
d 0 5 10
f 0 7 14

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According to rule of special stability, if any
subshell/orbit having empty or half-filled or
completely filled electronic configuration have
higher stability.

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 Exceptional electronic configuration of (Cr)
Chromium and Copper (Cu)-
1. The expected valence shell electronic
configuration of Chromium (Cr)- [Ar]3d44s2
The 3d and 4s orbitals are close in energy and in
order to gain extra stability one electron from 4s
orbitals gets shifted to 3d orbitals and as a result
of which 3d orbitals becomes (3d5) half filled
which is highly stable.
So the observed valence shell electronic
configuration of Copper (Cu)-[Ar] 3d9 4s1
chromium
2. The expected valence shell electronic
configuration of copper (Cu)- [Ar] 3d9 4s2
The 3d and 4s orbitals are very close in energy and
in order to gain extra stability, one electron from
4ss orbitals get shifted to 3d orbitals and as a
result of which 3d orbitals becomes (3d10)
completely filled so it is highly stable.
So the observed the electronic configuration of
Copper (Cu) is – [Ar] 3d10 4s1

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 Oxidation state of first transition series element (3d
series elements)-
Elements Outer electronic Oxidation states
configuration
Sc 3d1 4s2 +2, +3
Ti 3d 4s
2 2
+2,+3,+4
V 3d3 4s2 +2,+3,+4,+5
Cr 3d5 4s1 +2,+3,+4,+5,+6
Mn 3d5 4s2 +2,+3,+4,+5,+6,+7
Fe 3d6 4s2 +2,+3,+4,+5,+6
Co 3d 4s
7 2
+2,+3,+4,+5
Ni 3d8 4s2 +2,+3,+4
Cu 3d 4s
10 1
+1,+2
Zn 3d10 4s2 +2

Shape just
like kajukatli

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 MCQ type
The element which gives the greatest number of
oxidation states (+2 to +7) is Manganese(Mn).


1. Loss of one 4s electron forms M+1 ion.
2. Loss of two 4s electron forms M+2 ion
3. Loss of two 4s electron and one 3d electron forms
M+3 ion.

 Physical properties of just transition series-

a. All transition elements are metals and shows
properties such as hardness, lustre, malleability,
ductility, forms alloys.
b. The transition elements are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
c. They pocesses high melting and boiling point.

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  Trends in atomic properties of the first transition
series (3d series)

Ionization Colour
enthalpy
Atomic and Metallic
ionic radii character

Magnetic
properties

Catalytic
properties

Formation of
interstitial
compounds

Formation of
Alloys

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1. Atomic and Ionic radii-
1. As we move from left to right along a transition
series, the nuclear charge increases by one unit at a
time
2. The last filled electron enters a penultimate
(n-1)d-shell. However d-orbitals are less penetrating
and more diffuse and offers smaller screening
effect.
3. So, as a result of which, atomic and ionic radii
decreases gradually from left to right

2. Ionization enthalpy-
1. As we move from left to right, along a transition
series, a slight variation is observed in the
successive enthalpies IE 1, IE2, IE3.
2. The atoms of elements of third transition series (5d
series) possess filled 4f-orbital also 4f-orbital shows
poor shielding effect due to its diffuse shape.
3. Due to which the outermost (valence) electrons
experience greater nuclear attraction, so greater
amount of energy is required to ionize the 5d series
elements.
4. So, the ionization enthalpies of 5d series or third
transition series are much higher than first and
second transition series.

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 3. Metallic character-
1. Low ionization enthalpies and vacant d-orbitals in
the outermost shell are responsible for metallic
character of transition series elements for metallic
character of transition series elements.
2. All transition metals have simple hexagonal closed
packed (hcp), cubic closed packed (ccp) or body
centered cubic (bcc) lattices.
3. Cr, Mo, W shows highest melting point in their
respective series.

4. Magnetic properties-
The compounds of the transition metals exhibit
magnetic properties due to the unpaired electrons
present in their atoms or ions.

Magnetic substances

Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic
The substances
The substances which are weakly The substances
which are repelled attracted towards which are strongly
by the magnetic the applied attracted towards
field, are called as magnetic are the applied
diamagnetic called as magnetic field are
substances paramagnetic called as
substances Ferromagnetic
substances
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 Examples of Ferromagnetic substance-
Iron (Fe), Cobalt(Co), Nickel (Ni)

 Magnetic moment (μ)-

Due to

Spin angular and orbital angular

momentum momentum

o In first row transition element or first transition

series elements or 3d series elements
Only contribution from spin angular momentum is
present and orbital angular momentum is quenched
(not present).
So the magnetic moment (𝜇) can be calculated for 3d
series elements by formula
𝜇= √n(n + 2) B.M.

o In second and third transition series elements (4d

and 5d series elements)-
Both spin & orbitals angular momentum are present
or significant.
So the magnetic moment (𝜇) for 4d and 5d series,
cannot be calculated by using the formula.

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o Magnetic moment-
Metal outer Metal Outer Representation No’s Calculat
ion configurat ion configurati of e value
atom ion on unpa of
ired magneti
e- c
moment
(𝜇)
Sc 3d1 4s2 Sc+3 3d0 4s0 . . . . 0 0
Ti 3d 4s
2 2
Ti +3
3d 4s
1 0
↑ . . . 1 1.7
V 3d3 4s2 V+3 3d2 4s0 ↑ ↑ . . 2 2.8
Cr 3d5 4s1 Cr+3 3𝑑3 4𝑠 0 ↑ ↑ ↑ . . 3 3.9
Cr+2 3𝑑4 4𝑠 0 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 4 4.9
Mn 3d5 4s2 Mn+2 3d 4s0
5
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 5.9
Fe 3d6 4s2 Fe+2 3d6 4s0 ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿ 4 4.9
CO 3d7 4s2 Co+2 3d7 4s0 ↿ ↿here.
Type equation ↿ 3 3.9
Ni 3d8 4s1 Ni+2 3d8 4s0 TypeType
equation
Type ↿here.2
↿equation
equation
here. here. 2.8
Cu 3d9 4s1 Cu+2 3d9 4s0 TypeType
equation
Type
equation
Type here.1
equation
here. [Link].1.7
↿equation
Zn 3d10 4s2 Zn+2 3d10 4s0 TypeType
equation
Type
equation
Type
equation
here.
Type
equation
[Link]
[Link].

 Colour –
a. A substance appear coloured. If it absorbs a
portion of visible light.
b. The observed coloured of the compounds
corresponds to the complimentary colour of the
light absorbed.

 The colour of a transition metal ion depends on the

following figure.
1. presence of unpaired d-electrons
2. d-d transition
3. nature of ligands
4. geometry of complex

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 The ion having no unpaired electron are colourless.
Ex.
1. Sc+3 ion-
The outer electronic configuration of Sc is
3d1 4s2
The outer electronic configuration of Sc+3 ion

As there are zero (no) unpaired electrons, so Sc+3 is

colourless

2. Ti+4 ion-
The outer electronic configuration of Ti is
3d2 4s2
The outer electronic configuration of Ti+4 ion is
3d0 4s0

As there are zero (no) unpaired electrons, so Ti+4 is

colourless.

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 3. Cu+1 ion-
The outer electronic configuration of Cu is 3d9
34s2
The outer electronic configuration of Cu+1 ion
3d9 3s ↔ 3d10 4s0

As all the electrons are paired, so no unpaied is

present. So Cu+1 ion is colourless.

4. Zn+2 ion-
The outer electronic configuration of Zn is 3d10 4s2
The outer electronic configuration of Zn+2 ion is
3d10 4s0
⇋ ⇋ ⇋ ⇋ ⇋

As all the electrons are paired, so no unpaired

electrons is present, so Zn +2 ion is colourless

 When (Co+2) or CoCl2 or cobalt chloride is dissolved

in water to form pink solution

[Co(H2O)]+2 [CoCl4]2- + 6H2O

Pink colour deep blue colour
Octahedral geometry tetrahedral geometry

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 Catalyst properties-
Transition metals and their compound exhibit good
catalytic properties.

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 Catalyst

Homogenous catalyst Heterogeneous catalyst

In these, metal ion In these type, the metal
participate by forming provides a surface for
unstable intermediates the reactant to react

Name of Process Reactions

catalyst
mnO2 For
decompositions
of KClO3
Mo/Fe Haber’s process
in manufacture of
ammonia
Ni Hydrogenation of
ethene
Platinized Contact process
asbestos of industrial
production of
Sulfuric acid
Fe-Cr catalyst Reaction of
carbon monoxide
(CO) and steam
(H2O)

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 Formation of interstitial compound-
Interstitial compounds-
When small atoms like hydrogen, carbon or nitrogen
are trapped in the interstitial spaces within the
crystal lattice, the compounds formed are called as
interstitial compounds
Ex. steel and cast iron are the example of intestinal
compounds.

 Propertied of interstitial compounds-

1. They are hard and good conductors of heat and
electricity
2. They have higher melting points than pure metal
3. They have density than the parent metal.
4. Their chemical properties are similar to parent
metal
5. Density are less than parent metal
6. M + C carbides – hard as diamond
M+ H – Hydrides – reducing agent

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 Alloys

Ferrous Non ferrous

1. Nonferrous alloys are
1. Ferrous alloys are
formed by mixing the
formed by mixing the
atoms of transition
atoms of other
metal other than Fe,
elements in atoms of
with non-transition
Fe(iron)
element

Ex. Ni-steel, Cr-steel, Ex. Brass = Cu+Zn

Stainless steel
 Alloy uses-
1. Bonze = Cu + in
Strong, corrosion resistant, making status, medals
2. Cu-Ni, making ships, boats
3. Steel- construction, utensils
4. Nichrome- (Ni+Cr) for gas turbines
5. Titanium alloy- used for high speed height, fire
proof bulkheads

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 Compounds of Mn & Cr
(KMnO4) (K2Cr2O7)
Classification

Prep Chemical Uses

Properties
(Method)
1. KMnO4
Chemical oxidation-
MnO2 + KOH + KClO3→ 3K2MnO4 + KCl + 3H2O

Neutral - 3K2MnO4 + 4Co2 + 2H2O → 2KMnO4

medm + Mn + 4KHCO3
(Disproportion reaction)

MnO2 =Manganese oxide

KOH = caustic potash
KClO3 = potassium chlorite = oxidizing agent
KMnO4 = potassium permanganate
K2MnO4 = potassium magnate

Acidic medm– 3Mno42- + H+→ 2Mno4 = Mno2 + 2H2O

 Electrolytic oxidation-
K2MnO4 + H2O + [O] KMno4 + KOH
Alkaline solution permanganate
Magnate (deep purple black colored
crystals)

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 Chemical prop of KMnO4

In acidic In basic In neutral

a. In acidic medm
General reaction – MnO4- + H+ + x → y + Mn+2 +H2O

1. Oxidation of iodide to iodine

2MnO4- + 10 I- + 16H+→ 2Mn+2 + 8H2O + I2

2. Oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3

MnO4- +5Fe+2 + 8H+→ 5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O

3. Oxidation of H2S
H2S → 2H+ + S2-
5S2- + 2MnO4(-) + 16H(+)→ 2Mn+2 +5S+ 8H2O

4. Oxidation of oxalic acid

2MnO4- + 5H2C2O4 + 6H+→ 2Mn+2 + 10CO2+ 8H2O

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 (Alkaline =Basic medm)
b. In neutral or weakly alkaline med
General reaction → MnO41-- + H2O + x → MnO2+ y + OH-
1. Oxidation of iodide (I(-)) to iodate (IO3-)
2MnO4(-) + H2O + I-→ 2MnO2 + 2OH(-) + IO3(-)

2. Thiosulphate (S2O32-) is oxidized to sulphate

(SO42-)
8MnO4(-) + 3S2O3 + H2O → 8MnO2 = 6SO42- + 2OH-

3. Magnous salt is oxidized to MnO2

2MnO4(-) + 3Mn+2 + 2H2O → 5MnO2 + 4H(+)

 Uses of KMnO4-
a. As an antiseptic
b. For unsaturation test in laboratory
c. In volumetric analysis of reducing agents
[Link] detecting halides in qualitative analysis
e. Powerful oxidizing agent in laboratory & industry

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[Link] of Cr
K2Cr2O7
Preparation of K2Cr2O7 (Potassium dichromate)
(FeOCr2O3) + Na2CO3 + O2→ Na2 CrO4 + Fe2O3 + CO2
Chromite sod
Ore carbonate

From Na2CrO4

1. Na2Cr2O7 2. K2Cr2O7

1. Na2Cr2O4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4+

Na2Cr2O7 .H2O
2. Na2Cr2O4 + KCl K2Cr2O7 + NaCl

Chemical properties of K2Cr2O7

Frame reaction or simplest reaction
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + x → Y + Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O + K2SO4

a. Oxidation of I1- (i.e KI) to I2

K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4→ K2SO4 + I2 +H2O + Cr2(SO4)3
b. H2s is oxidized to S (Sulphur)
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + H2S → S + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3

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For more papers please visit [Link]
 Mineral
A naturally occurring substances found in the earth’
crust containing inorganic salt, solids, silicon’s
matter is called as mineral.

 Ore
The mineral which contains high percentage of metal
and from which the metal can be extracted
profitably or economically is called as ore.

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 List of minerals and ores of some transition metal

Mineral Ore
1. Iron Hematite(Fe2O3) Hematite
Magnate (Fe3O4)

Limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2O)

Iron pyrite (FeS2)

Siderite (FeCO3)

2. Copper chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) chalcopyrite

Or or
Chalcocite chalcocite

Cuprite (Cu2O)

3. Zinc Zinc Blende (Zns)

Zinc Blende
Zincate (ZnO)

Calamine (ZnCO3)

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 Metallurgy

Pyro metallurgy Hydrometallurgy electrometallurgy

Ore → metal [Link] → metal molten → metal

of salt metallic
compound
by reducing by reducing
agents agents
C,H,Al electrolytic Redn

 Steps involved in process of extraction

Concentration-
The step in which impurities called as gangue are
removed form ore and ore gets concentrated is
called as concentration

Gangue-
The sand, mud and other unwanted impurities which
remain mixed with the ore deposit are called as
Gangue.

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 Extraction of Iron from Hematite ore using Blast
furnace
 Composition of Hematite ore –
Fe2O3 + SiO2 + Al2O3 + phosphates

Gangue

 Process involved in the extraction of Fe (Iron) from

Hematite ore-
a. Concentration
The powdered ore is washed in a powerful flow of
water using Hydraulic classifier.

The lighter gangue particles are separated and the

concentrated ore is collected at the Bottom

b. Roasting-
The ore which is concentrated is then heated ion a
current of air.
FeO + O2→Fe2O3
The roasted ore is converted into lumps by
sintering

c. Reduction (smelting) –
Smelting is done in a blast furnace.
 Blast furnace-
The tall cylindrical steel tower, is lined with
refractory bricks forms blast furnace.

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 3 temperature zones in the furnace-

Zone of Zone of slag

combustion Zone of reduction formation

Combustion of Reduction of fe2O3 Gangue→ slag

coke (carton) to fe (metallic)
with O2 in air Fe2O3 + CO → Fe + CO2
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
C + 1/2O2→ CO Fe2O3 + C → Fe + CO

2CO → 2C + O2
CaO + SiO2→ CaSiO3

 Zone of fusion
a. MnO2& Ca3 (PO4) present in iron ore are reduced to
Mn & P.
b. Silica is reduced to Si.
c. Spongy Fe absorbs impurities like C, Si, Mn, P & S.
[Link] Fe is powered into molds.
These solid blocks are called as Pigs. Pig iron
contains 4l % of carbon
Pig iron cast iron
Remelt

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 Refining-
Pure Fe can be obtained by electrolyte refining of
Impure iron.
Refining technique depends upon some factors-
a. Nature of ore
b. Cost and Availability of reducing agent
c. Availability of Hydraulic power
[Link] of product
e. Value of byproduct

 Commercial forms of Fe

Cast Wrought Steel

Cast iron Wrought Iron Steel

Nature hard + Brittle Soft Neither hard nor soft

%of carbon 4% C Less than 0.2% C 0.2-2% of C

Uses- making pipes Pipes, engine bolt Building infrastructure

automotive parls utensils ships, toops, weapons

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 Inner transition elements-
OR
f-block elements
OR
Lanthanides and Actinides series

The elements in which, the last electrons enters into

the f-subshell are called as f-block elements.

Position of f-block elements-

i. They are placed separately at the bottom of the
periodic table.
ii. They are subset of 6th and 7th period

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Reason? Why f-block elements are also called as Inner
transition elements?
-f-orbital lies or is present inside the d-orbital, so
these elements are also called as Inner transition
elements (i.e inner to transition (d) block elements)

 Properties of f-block elements

a. They have similar properties as that of d-block
elements
b. e- are added into f-subshell
c. Placed between (n-1) and ns subshell
[Link] start from atomic no-57 and end at atomic no-
71
e. They are also called as Rare earth elements

 Reactions of lanthanide elements

1. In + H2O Ln(OH3)
Hydroxide of lanthanide

2. Ln + C LnC2
Carbon carbides of lanthanides

3. Ln + N LnN
Nitrogen Nitrides of lanthanides

4. Ln + X LnX3
Halogen Halides of lanthanides

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 Prop of lanthanides
i. As they are metals, so they are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
ii. They show silvery white colour
iii. They are all Radioactive in nature, (except
Promethium)
iv. Gadolinium is highly ferromagnetic in nature
v. They show lanthanides contraction.

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Only. Trick – ला लू से गडबड मेही e- d1 जाता हे

La lu Ce gd

 Electronic configuration
Atomic no’s electronic configuration

La 57 [Xe] 4f0 5d1 6s2

Ce 58 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

Pr 59 [Xe] 4f3 5d0 6s2

Nd 60 [Xe] 4f4 5d0 6s2

Pm 61 [Xe] 4f5 5d0 6s2

Sm 62 [Xe] 4f6 5d0 6s2

Eu 63 [Xe] 4f7 5d0 6s2

Gd 64 [Xe] 4f8 5d1 6s2

Tb 65 [Xe] 4f9 5d0 6s2

Dy 66 [Xe] 4f10 5d0 6s2

HO 67 [Xe] 4f11 5d0 6s2

Er 68 [Xe] 4f12 5d0 6s2

Tm 69 [Xe] 4f13 5d0 6s2

Yb 70 [Xe] 4f14 5d0 6s2

Lu 71 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

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 Oxidation states of lanthanides
a. +3 is the common oxidation states of lanthanides
series elements
b. The order in which the electrons are removed are
firstly from s-subshell (2e-) and then from d-
subshell (le-) and lastly from f-subshell.
c. Ce+4 f0 – vacant

Tb+4 f7 – half filled

Eu+2 f7 -

Yb+2 f14 – completely filled

 Colour of lanthanide elements?

I. The colour is due to the presence of f-f-
transitions occurring in the elements.
II. The fn and f14-n have same colour.

Ex
No of f- (14-n)
electrons
Pr+3 n=2 4f2 =12 Green
Tm+3 n=12 4f12 =2 Colour
Nd+3 n=3 4f3 =11 Pink
Er+3 n=11 4f11 =3 Colour

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 Atomic radii and ionic radii of lanthanide series
OR
Lanthanide construction
1. As we move from left to right, nuclear charge
increases
2. As f-subshell have diffused shape so shows less
screening effect or shielding effect.
3. So (ENC) effective nuclear charges increases.
4. As a result of the above reasons the atomic or
Ionic radius decrease from left to right.
5. These decreases in the values of radius observed
in case of lanthanide series and hence is called as
lanthanide contraction.

 Applications of lanthanides
1. They are used inside the colour tubes in TV
(television)
2. Mixed oxide of europium releases or shows red
colour
3. They are used in superconductors and permanent
magnet
4. They are also used in fiber-optics communication
system.

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 Actinides-
o The last row of elements in the periodic table is
called as actinide series
o They are all radioactive
o They start from z=89 to z=103 (where z=atomic
number)
o They have high densities as they are also metals.
o They show high melting and Boiling point
o They show +2 to +8 oxidation states
o General e- configuration
o [Rn] 5f0-14 6d0-2 7s2
o Most stable oxidation state is +3

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 Electronic configuration of actinoids
Atomic no’s electronic configuration

Ac 89 [Rn] 5f 6d1 7s2

Th 90 [Rn] 5f 6d 7s2

Pa 91 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2

U 92 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

Np 93 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

Pu 94 [Rn] 5f6 6d1 7s2

Am 95 [Rn] 5f7 6d10 7s2

Cm 96 [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2

Bk 97 [Rn] 5f9 6d0 7s2

Cf 98 [Rn] 5f10 6d0 7s2

Es 99 [Rn] 5f11 6s0 7s2

Fm 100 [Rn] 5f12 6d0 7s2

Md 101 [Rn] 5f13 6d0 7ss

No 102 [Rn] 5f14 6d0 7s2

Lr 103 [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2

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 Actinoid contraction-
a. As we move from left to right nuclear charge
increases
b. As f-subshell have diffused shape so it shows less
shielding or screening effect
c. As a result of which the effective nuclear charge
increases
d.6d,5f,7s subshell have almost similar energies
e. Due to the above reasons atomic and ionic radii of
actinoids decreases.
f. These is also called as actinoid contraction

 Properties of actinoids-
1. They show silvery white colour
2. They are highly reactive metals
3. They show +3 oxidation state as common
4. They show actinoid contraction

 Application of actinoids
a. Tho2 with 1% CeO2 is used as major indoor
lightning source
b. They are mostly used during outdoor camping

 Postactinoid element
Element with atomic no> 92 are called as
transurnium elements.

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93 – 103 104-118

Actinoids post actinoid element

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