Maria Ressa

Maria Angelita Ressa (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈɾesa];

born Maria Angelita Delfin Aycardo on October 2, Maria Ressa
1963) is a Filipino and American journalist. She is the
co-founder and CEO of Rappler.[1] She previously
spent nearly two decades working as a lead
investigative reporter in Southeast Asia for CNN.[2]
She is a Professor of Professional Practice in the
School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia
University and has been a Distinguished Fellow at
Columbia's new Institute of Global Politics since fall
of 2023.[3]

Ressa was born in Manila and raised in Toms River,

New Jersey. She was included in Time 's Person of the
Year 2018 issue featuring a collection of journalists
from around the world actively combatting fake news.
On February 13, 2019, she was arrested by Philippine Ressa at the International Journalism Festival
authorities for cyberlibel due to accusations that in 2024
Rappler published a false news story concerning Born Maria Angelita Delfin Aycardo
businessman Wilfredo Keng. On June 15, 2020, a court October 2, 1963
in Manila found her guilty of cyberlibel[4][5] under the Manila, Philippines
controversial Anti-Cybercrime law,[6][7] a move Nationality Filipino · American
condemned by human rights groups and journalists as
Education Princeton University (BA)
an attack on press freedom.[8][9][10] As she is a
prominent critic of the then Philippine President University of the Philippines
Rodrigo Duterte, her arrest and conviction was seen by Diliman
many in the opposition and the international Occupations Journalist · author
community as a politically motivated act by Duterte's Known for Co-founding Rappler
government.[11][12][13] Ressa is one of the 25 leading
Website Official website ([Link]
figures on the Information and Democracy
[Link])
Commission launched by Reporters Without
Borders.[14] She was awarded the 2021 Nobel Peace
Prize jointly with Dmitry Muratov for "their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a
precondition for democracy and lasting peace."[15][16][17]

Early life
Ressa was born in Manila in October 1963.[18] Ressa's father Phil Sunico Aycardo, a Chinese-Filipino,
died when she was one year old. She grew up speaking only Tagalog and studied at St. Scholastica's
College in Manila. Her mother, Hermelina, then moved to the United States, leaving Ressa and her sister
with their father's family, but would visit her two children frequently.[19] Subsequently, her mother
married an Italian-American man named Peter Ames Ressa and returned to the Philippines. She brought
both of her children to New Jersey when Ressa was 10 years old. Ressa was adopted by her stepfather
and she took his last name.[20] Her parents then relocated to Toms River, New Jersey, where she went to
Toms River High School North, a public school. Though she barely spoke English when she moved to
New Jersey, she went on to be a three-time president of her high school class and a performer in school
plays. The school named its newly renovated auditorium after her in 2021.[21][22]

Her yearbook profile included her dreams to set out and conquer the world.[23][24][25][26] Ressa was an
undergraduate student at Princeton University, where she graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in
English and certificates in theater and dance in 1986.[27][28][29][30] She completed a 77-page-long senior
thesis titled "Sagittarius" that was an allegorical play about Philippine politics.[31][32] She then was
awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to study political theater at the University of the Philippines Diliman
where she also taught several journalism courses as a faculty member in the university.[33][34]

Career
Ressa's first job was at government station PTV 4.[35] She then co-
founded independent production company Probe in 1987, and
simultaneously served as CNN's bureau chief in Manila until
1995. She then ran CNN's Jakarta bureau from 1995 to 2005.[36]
As CNN's lead investigative reporter in Asia, she specialized in
investigating terrorist networks.[37] She became an author-in-
residence at the International Center for Political Violence and
Ressa conducts an interview with
Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) of Nanyang Technological former Philippine President Benigno
University's S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Aquino III at the Music Room of the
Singapore.[38] Malacañang Palace, June 7, 2016

From 2004, Ressa headed the news division of ABS-CBN,[39]

while also writing for CNN,[40] and The Wall Street Journal.[41] In
September 2010, she wrote a piece for The Wall Street Journal
criticising the then president ([Link]
01424052748703417104575474533645106048) Benigno Aquino
III handling of the bus hostage crisis.[42] This piece was published
two weeks before the president's official visit to the United States
of America. Speculations were rife that this, among other reasons, Ressa at her office
finally led to Ressa leaving the company in 2010, after deciding
not to renew her contract.[43][44][42]
Ressa is a fellow at the Initiative on the Digital Economy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and is a 2021 Joan Shorenstein Fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy and
Hauser Leader at the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School.[45] As a Professor of
Professional Practice at Columbia University's Institute of Global Politics, Ressa leads projects related to
AI and democracy.[46]

Books
She is the author of three books concerning the rise of terrorism in Southeast Asia—Seeds of Terror: An
Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda's Newest Center (2003)[47] and From Bin Laden to Facebook: 10 Days
of Abduction, 10 Years of Terrorism (2013).[48] and How to Stand Up To a Dictator (2022).[49]

Teaching
Ressa has also taught courses in politics and the press in Southeast Asia for Princeton University, and
broadcast journalism for the University of the Philippines Diliman.[50]

Rappler
Ressa established the online news site Rappler in 2012 along with three other female founders and with a
small team of 12 journalists and developers. It initially started as a Facebook page named MovePH in
August 2011,[51] evolving into a complete website on January 1, 2012.[52] The site became one of the first
multimedia news websites in the Philippines and a major news portal in the Philippines, receiving
numerous local and international awards. She serves as the Executive Editor and Chief Executive Officer
of the news website.[53]

"Real Content Oversight Board"

On September 25, 2020, Ressa became one the 25 members of the "Real Facebook Oversight Board," an
independent watchdog group established to provide public commentary on Facebook's content
moderation policies and role in civic life.[54]

UN Internet Governance Forum

Ressa was among the ten members of the leadership panel appointed in August 2022 in support of the
United Nations' Internet Governance Forum, an annual discussion focusing on addressing issues
concerning the internet.[55]

Issue One – Council for Responsible Social Media

In October 2022, Ressa joined the Council for Responsible Social Media project launched by Issue One
to address the negative mental, civic, and public health impacts of social media in the United States co-
chaired by former House Democratic Caucus Leader Dick Gephardt and former Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey.[56][57]

Legal issues
Ressa first interviewed Rodrigo Duterte, the 16th
Rappler cases
president of the Philippines, in the 1980s when he was
mayor of Davao. She again interviewed him in 2015 Alleged ownership irregularities:
during his presidential election campaign, where he
Securities and Exchange Commission:
confessed to killing three people when he was
In re: Rappler Inc. and Rappler Holdings
mayor.[58][59] Under her leadership, Rappler has been
Corporation (SP Case No. 08-17-001)
consistently critical of Duterte's policies, especially his
policies on the war on drugs with their stories Court of Appeals: Rappler Inc. v. SEC
(CA-G.R. SP No. 154292)
demonstrating that the abuses were being carried out
by the police with Duterte's approval. The website Pasig City RTC Branch 265: People of the
under her stewardship also wrote about the alleged Philippines v. Maria Ressa (R-PSG-19-
pro-Duterte online "troll army" which according to 00737-CR)
their article, were pushing out fake news stories and Alleged defamation:
manipulating the narrative around his presidency.[53]
Manila RTC Branch 46: People of the
In July 2017, in his State of the Nation Address, Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler
Duterte declared Rappler to be "fully owned" by the (R-MNL-19-01141-CR)
Americans and hence in violation of the constitution.
Alleged tax evasion:
He also said, "Not only is Rappler's news fake, it being
Filipino is also fake." Subsequently, in August 2017, Pasig City RTC Branch 165: People of the
the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. (R-
(SEC) initiated an investigation against Rappler and PSG-18-02983-CR)
demanded to check its documents. In January 2018, it
Court of Tax Appeals: People of the
revoked Rappler's license to do business.[60] The case
Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. and
went to the court of appeals, where it was remanded
Maria Ressa (Crim. Case No. O-679)
back to the SEC for having no basis.[61][62] Duterte
told a Rappler reporter in 2018: "If you are trying to
throw garbage at us, then the least that we can do is explain – how about you? Are you also clean?" The
government under his leadership revoked the site's operating license.[58]

Arrest and conviction

On January 22, 2018, Ressa appeared before the Philippines' National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), to
comply with a subpoena over an online libel complaint under the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012,
which the administration of Rodrigo Duterte has wielded to punish criticism of the President and his
allies.[63][64][65][66][67] The subpoena was issued on January 10 to Ressa, together with former Rappler
reporter Reynaldo Santos, and businessman Benjamin Bitanga. The subpoena was filed in October 2017
by a Filipino–Chinese national, Wilfredo Keng, after Rappler published a story on Keng's alleged lending
of his sports utility vehicle to now-deceased Chief Justice Renato Corona as a bribed form of favor.[68]
Though the article was written in 2012 before the act criminalizing cyberlibel was signed into law by
Benigno Aquino III, the Department of Justice considered it republished after a typographical error was
corrected in 2014.[69] In 2019, human rights lawyers Amal Clooney, Caoilfhionn Gallagher, and Can
Yeginsu joined the legal team (consisting of international and Filipino lawyers) defending Ressa.[70] The
Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG), which is the main human rights law firm in the Philippines, led by
Atty. Theodore O. "Ted" Te, managed the legal team of Ressa during her different cases.[71][72]

In November 2018, the Philippine government announced that it would charge Ressa and Rappler's
parent company, Rappler Holdings Corporation, with tax evasion and failure to file tax returns.[73] The
charge concerns the investment in Rappler by the Omidyar Network in 2015.[74] Ressa has denied
wrongdoing,[75] originally stating that the foreign money was "donated" to its managers, later stating the
investments were in the form of securities.[76] Rappler issued a statement denying any wrongdoing.[77]
The Philippines' Bureau of Internal Revenue, after a study of Ressa's explanation, ruled that Rappler's
issuance of securities-generated capital gains was taxable. It concluded that Rappler evaded payment
amounting to ₱133 million in taxes.[76]

On February 13, 2019, Philippine judge Rainelda Estacio-Montesa of the Manila Regional Trial Court
Branch #46 issued the arrest warrant for "cyber libel" against Ressa for an article published on Rappler.
The officials of the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation fulfilled this warrant filed under the
charge of cyber libel. The "cyber libel" law was passed after the article was originally published, so the
charge was based on the technicality that fixing a typo might be considered "republishing".[78] The arrest
was live-streamed by many of Rappler's senior reporters on Facebook.[79]

Due to time constraints, Ressa was unable to post bail amounting to ₱60,000 ($1,150) resulting in her
arrest and confinement within the (holding) board room office of the NBI building. A total of six lawyers,
two pro bono, were assigned to work on her case.[80] On February 14, 2019, at the executor proceeding of
Manila city Judge Maria Teresa Abadilla, Ressa gained freedom by posting bail at ₱100,000 ($1,900).[81]

Ressa's arrest was criticized by the international community. As Ressa is an outspoken critic of President
Rodrigo Duterte, many viewed the arrest as being politically motivated.[11] In contrast, the official
spokesperson for the Malacañang Palace denied any government involvement in the arrest, asserting that
the lawsuit against Ressa was set forth by a private individual, the plaintiff Wilfredo Keng.[82]

Madeleine Albright, a former U.S. Secretary of State, issued an opinion stating that the arrest "must be
condemned by all democratic nations".[82] Similarly, the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines
called it "a shameless act of persecution by a bully government".[83]

The National Press Club, an organization accused of having close ties to the Duterte regime and with a
long history of criticizing the Rappler organization, has stated that the arrest was not harassment, and that
Ressa should not be relegated to "the altar of press freedom for martyrdom".[84] It also warned against
politicizing the issue.[84]

Ressa's trial on charges of cyberlibel began in July 2019. In a statement she made on the first day of her
trial, Ressa said: "This case of cyberlibel stretches the rule of law until it breaks."[85]

Ressa was found guilty on June 15, 2020.[4] In her ruling, Judge Rainelda Estacio-Montesa argued that
Rappler "did not offer a scintilla of proof that they verified the imputations of various crimes in the
disputed article... They just simply published them as news in their online publication in reckless
disregard of whether they are false or not."[86] The judge also quoted Nelson Mandela, saying, "To be free
is not merely to cast off one's chains but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of
others." Sheila Coronel, director of the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism at Columbia
University, argued that the conviction is representative of "how democracy dies in the 21st century."[87]

Ressa faces between six months and six years in prison and a fine of ₱400,000 ($8,000).[69] Ressa
warned that her conviction could augur the end of freedom of the press in the Philippines.[88] Presidential
Spokesperson Harry Roque asked the media to "respect the decision" and said Duterte was still
committed to free speech, while Vice President Leni Robredo described the conviction as a "chilling
development" and the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines said it "basically kills freedom of
speech and of the press."[88] Internationally the ruling has been criticized by Human Rights Watch,[89]
Amnesty International,[90] and Reporters Without Borders.[91] In its statement condemning the sentence,
Reporters Without Borders described the legal proceedings against Ressa as "Kafkaesque".[92]

On January 15, 2023, 12 Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including all of the 2022 laureates and her fellow
2021 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dmitri Muratov, issued an open letter to President Marcos implored him
to “assist in bringing about a rapid resolution to the unjust charges against Maria Ressa and Rappler.”
[93][94]

In January 2023, the Philippine Court of Tax Appeals acquitted Ressa and Rappler of four tax evasion
charges, stemming from the 2018 case.[95][96] Ressa was acquitted of a fifth tax evasion case in
September 2023.[97] Ressa's court conviction for cyberlibel and the Securities and Exchange
Commission's order for Rappler to shut down are under appeal.[97]

The Supreme Court of the Philippines First Division's resolution dated January 24, 2024, granted Irene
Khan's Motion for Leave to Intervene, to sit as an "amicus curiae" or chosen Expert and it also admitted
and noted her amicus brief submitted through attorney Rodel Taton. "The law in the country fails to
adequately protect the right to freedom of expression, citing Article 19 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights to which the Philippines is a member. The country's Ant-Cybercrime Law raises
serious concerns that it limits the ability of journalists to expose, document and address issues of
important public interest, thereby violating the right to receive and impart information," Khan's brief
alleged. The International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute was also permitted to submit its legal
opinion “by way of special appearance” through attorney Maria Cristina Yambot, in Ressa and Reynaldo
Santos' case.[98][99]

In her 5th tax evasion case, Ressa was acquitted by the Court of Tax Appeals Second Division, in its 17-
page judgment promulgated on July 16. It denied SG Menardo Guevarra's certiorari and sustained Pasig
RTC Branch 157, Presiding Judge Ana Teresa Cornejo-Tomacruz's junking of the case in September
2023.[100]

Awards and recognition

Ressa has won an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Investigative Journalism, the Asian Television
Awards, TOWNS – Ten Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service (Philippines) and TOYM
Philippines.[101][102]
In 2010, Esquire proclaimed Ressa the Philippines'
"sexiest woman alive," explaining: "Despite her size,
fearless enough to write an eyewitness account of Al-
Qaeda."[103]
In 2015, the Philippine Movie Press Club awarded
Ressa with an Excellence in Broadcasting Lifetime
Achievement award at the 29th PMPC Star Awards for
Television.[104]
In 2016, she was listed as one of the eight most Ressa winning the 2018 Free
influential and powerful leaders in the Philippines by Speech Award from the Tully Center
Kalibrr.[105]
In November 2017, Ressa, as the CEO of news
organization Rappler, accepted the 2017 Democracy Award awarded by the National
Democratic Institute to three organizations at its annual Democracy Award Dinner in
Washington, D.C., entitled "Disinformation vs. Democracy: Fighting for Facts".[106]
In May 2018, Ressa received the Knight International Journalism Award, where she was
described as "an intrepid editor and media innovator who holds a spotlight to the Philippine
government’s bloody war on drugs."[107]
In June 2018, Ressa received the World Association of Newspapers's Golden Pen of
Freedom Award for her work with Rappler.[108]
In November 2018, the Committee to Protect Journalists awarded Ressa with the Gwen Ifill
Press Freedom Award in "recognition of her journalistic courage in the face of persistent
official harassment."[109]
In December 2018, she was included in Time 's Person of the Year 2018, as one of "The
Guardians", a number of journalists from around the world combating the "War on
Truth."[110][111] Ressa is the second Filipino to receive the title after former President
Corazon Aquino in 1986.
In February 2019, Ressa received the Ka Pepe Diokno Human Rights Award together with
Bishop Pablo Virgilio Ambo David from the Tañada-Diokno College of Law at De La Salle
University and the Jose W. Diokno Foundation, as presented by Dean Chel Diokno.[112]
In April 2019, she was included in Time 's 100 Most Influential People in the World.[113]
In May 2019, Ressa won the Columbia Journalism Award from the Columbia University
Graduate School of Journalism, the school's highest honor, "for the depth and quality of her
work, as well as her courage and persistence in the field."[114]
In June 2019, Ressa received the Canadian Journalism Foundation's Tribute honour, which
recognizes a journalist who has made an impact on the international stage.[115]
In October 2019, Ressa was named on the BBC's list of 100 Women.[116]
In April 2021, Ressa won the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize.[117]
In November 2022, Ressa received an honorary degree from MacEwan University in
Edmonton, Canada.[118]
In February 2022, Ressa received Princeton University's highest undergraduate alumni
honor, the Woodrow Wilson Award.[119]
In June 2023, Ressa received an honorary degree in sociology from the Ateneo de Manila
University after giving the commencement speech.[120]
In 2024, Ressa was named Harvard University's commencement speaker.[121] Her selection
drew her into the controversy of on-campus protests about the Israel-Hamas War.[122][123] In
addition, she stated in the speech itself, "“I was attacked online and called antisemitic, by
power and money. Because they want power and money. While the other side was already
 attacking me because I had been onstage with Hillary Clinton. Hard to win, right?”. Rabbi
Hirschy Zarchi of Harvard walked off the stage.[124]
Ressa is the 2024 Cannes LionHeart recipient, Simon Cook, CEO announced. She will
deliver a keynote address at Debussy Stage on June 21.[125]

Nobel Peace Prize

Ressa was nominated for the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize by prime
minister and leader of the Norwegian Labour Party Jonas Gahr
Støre.[126][17] On October 8, 2021, Ressa was officially announced
as the recipient of the prize alongside Dmitry Muratov of the
Russian Federation. They were awarded the prize "for their efforts
to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for
democracy and lasting peace".[127] Ressa and Muratov are the first
journalists since 1935 to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.[128]
Nobel Prize winners Ressa and
Muratov
Personal life
Ressa is openly lesbian.[129]

In May 2024, she was accused of antisemitism by Congresswoman Elise Stefanik. This was due to an
editorial in Rappler, the Philippine publication Ressa cofounded in 2012 and leads as CEO, which likened
Israel to Hitler. An earlier comment she made about "money and power" was also criticized by a Harvard
Rabbi.[130][131][132]

Published works
Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in
Southeast Asia. The Free Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0743251334.
From Bin Laden to Facebook: 10 Days of Abduction, 10 Years of Terrorism. Imperial College
Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1908979537.
How to Stand Up to a Dictator: The Fight for Our Future. Harper. 2022. ISBN 978-
0063257511.

Others
In October 2024, Maria Ressa viewed the 2024 United States elections as a tipping point in the fight for
democracy, pointing out that Big Tech sided with autocrats and dictators. She argued that the collective
action of fact-based media would be essential for restoring trust in public institutions. [133]

See also
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 – the rule applied in the aforementioned case
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University
 List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees
List of Nobel laureates
We Hold the Line, a 2020 documentary film about the Philippine drug war and corruption,
repression and violence under the regime of Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte, featuring
Ressa and her journalistic work and struggles in the Philippines.
A Thousand Cuts, a 2020 documentary film about Ressa and her journalistic work and
struggles in the Philippines.
2073, a 2024 British documentary film

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External links
Official website ([Link]
Profile at Rappler ([Link]
Maria Ressa ([Link] on [Link]
Appearances ([Link] on C-SPAN

Retrieved from "[Link]