World Food Programme

The World Food Programme[a] (WFP) is an

World Food Programme
international organization within the United Nations
that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the
world's largest humanitarian organization[2][3] and the
leading provider of school meals.[4] Founded in 1961,
WFP is headquartered in Rome and has offices in 87
countries.[5] In 2023 it supported over 152 million
people,[6] and it is present in more than 120 countries
and territories.[7]

In addition to emergency food relief, WFP offers Abbreviation WFP

technical and development assistance, such as building Formation 19 December 1961
capacity for emergency preparedness and response,
Type Intergovernmental
managing supply chains and logistics, promoting social
organization, regulatory
safety programs, and strengthening resilience against body, advisory board
climate change.[8] It is also a major provider of direct
Legal status Active
cash assistance, and provides passenger services for
humanitarian workers through its management of the Headquarters Rome, Italy
United Nations Humanitarian Air Service Executive Cindy McCain
(UNHAS). [9][10] Director
Deputy Carl Skau
WFP is an executive member of the United Nations Executive
Sustainable Development Group,[11] a consortium of Director
UN entities that aims to fulfil the 17 Sustainable Parent United Nations General
Development Goals (SDG), with a priority to achieve organization Assembly
SDG 2, "zero hunger", by 2030.[12] Staff 22,300+[1] (in 2023)

The World Food Programme was awarded the Nobel Award(s) Nobel Peace Prize (2020)
Peace Prize in 2020 for its efforts to provide food Website [Link] ([Link]
assistance in areas of conflict and to prevent the use of g)
food as a weapon of war and conflict.[13] Politics portal

History
WFP was established in 1961[14] after the 1960 Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference, when George
McGovern, director of the US Food for Peace Programmes,
proposed establishing a multilateral food aid programme. WFP
launched its first programmes in 1963 by the FAO and the United
Nations General Assembly on a three-year experimental basis,
supporting the Nubian population at Wadi Halfa in Sudan. In
1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis.[15]

Background
WFP works across a broad spectrum of Sustainable Development
Goals.[12] Food shortages, hunger, malnutrition, and foodborne
illness lead to poor health, which affects other areas of sustainable
Empty sack of the World Food
development, such as education, employment, and poverty Programme
(Sustainable Development Goals Four, Eight, and One
respectively).[12][16]

Funding
WFP operations are primarily funded by voluntary donations by governments worldwide, along with
contributions from corporations and private donors.[17] In 2022, funding reached a record USD 14.1
billion – up by almost 50 percent from 2021 – against an operational funding need of USD 21.4 billion.
The United States was the largest donor.[18]

In 2023, the WFP received USD 8.3 billion in funding, likely marking the first time since 2010 that
funding decreased from the previous year, creating a funding gap of 64%.[6]

Organization

Governance, leadership and staff

WFP is governed by an executive board that consists of representatives of 36 member states and provides
intergovernmental support, direction, and supervision of WFP's activities. Of the 36 board members, 18
are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council and 18 by the Food and Agriculture
Organization.[19] The European Union is a permanent observer in WFP and, as a major donor, participates
in the work of its executive board.[20] WFP is headed by an executive director, who is appointed jointly
by the UN Secretary-General and the director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
the United Nations. The executive director is appointed for fixed five-year terms and is responsible for
the administration of the organization as well as the implementation of its programmes, projects, and
other activities.[21] Cindy McCain, previously Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the United
States Mission to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Agencies in Rome, was appointed to the role
in March 2023.[22]
In March 2023, WFP had over 22,300 staff.

List of executive directors

Since 1992, all executive directors have been American. The
following is a chronological list of those who have served as
executive director of the World Food Programme:[23]

1. Addeke Hendrik Boerma ( Netherlands) (May 1962 – The headquarters in Rome

December 1967)
2. Sushil K. Dev ( India) (January 1968 – August 1968)
(acting)
3. Francisco Aquino ( El Salvador) (July 1968 – May 1976)
4. Thomas C. M. Robinson ( United States) (May 1976 – June 1977 acting; July 1977 –
September 1977)
5. Garson N. Vogel ( Canada) (October 1977 – April 1981)
6. Bernardo de Azevedo Brito ( Brazil) (May 1981 – February 1982) (acting)
7. Juan Felipe Yriart ( Uruguay) (February 1982 – April 1982) (acting)
8. James Ingram ( Australia) (April 1982 – April 1992)
9. Catherine Bertini ( United States) (April 1992 – April 2002)
10. James T. Morris ( United States) (April 2002 – April 2007)
11. Josette Sheeran ( United States) (April 2007 – April 2012)
12. Ertharin Cousin ( United States) (April 2012 – April 2017)
13. David Beasley ( United States) (April 2017 – April 2023)
14. Cindy McCain ( United States) (April 2023 – present)

Activities

Emergencies
About two-thirds of WFP life-saving food assistance goes to people facing high degrees of food
insecurity, predominantly resulting from violence and armed conflict.[24][25] Over 60% of the people
facing hunger globally live in regions experiencing armed violence, which compounds with increased
displacement, destruction of food systems, and increased humanitarian access challenges to pose massive
risks to food security in the regions.[26] In 2023, more than 300 million people faced acute hunger
globally.[6] WFP said it had "reached 152 million people with essential aid" in 2023.[6]

The latest Hunger Hotspots outlook released June 2024 and co-published by WFP and FAO, emphasised
that "acute food insecurity is likely to deteriorate further in 18 hotspots" between June and October 2024.
These countries and country clusters face famine or risk of famine, with population already in or facing
IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe). Of those countries, Haiti, Mali, Palestine, South Sudan, and Sudan are
classified as the most concerning.[25]

WFP is also a first responder to sudden-onset emergencies. When floods struck Sudan in July 2020, it
provided emergency food assistance to nearly 160,000 people.[27] WFP provided food as well as vouchers
for people to buy vital supplies, while also planning recovery, reconstruction, and resilience-building
activities, after Cyclone Idai struck Mozambique and floods washed an estimated 400,000 hectares of
crops on early 2019.[28]

WFP's emergency support is also preemptive in offsetting the potential impact of disasters. In the Sahel
region of Africa, amidst economic challenges, climate change, and armed militancy, WFP's activities
included working with communities and partners to harvest water for irrigation, restore degraded land,
and support livelihoods through skills training.[29] It uses early-warning systems to help communities
prepare for disasters. In Bangladesh, weather forecasting led to the distribution of cash to vulnerable
farmers to pay for measures such as reinforcing their homes or stockpiling food ahead of heavy
flooding.[30]

WFP is the lead agency of the Logistics Cluster, a coordination

mechanism established by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee
(IASC).[31] It also co-leads the Food Security Cluster.[32] The
WFP-managed United Nations Humanitarian Air Service
(UNHAS) serves over 300 destinations globally. WFP also
manages the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot
(UNHRD), a global network of hubs that procure, store and
transport emergency supplies for the organization and the wider
The World Food Program hands off
humanitarian community. WFP logistical support, including its air high-energy biscuits to civilians at a
service and hubs, has enabled staff and supplies from WFP and Liberian port during the Second Civil
partner organizations to reach areas where commercial flights War.
have not been available during the COVID-19 pandemic.[33]

Climate change
WFP provided cash to vulnerable groups ahead of torrential rains
in Bangladesh in July 2019.[34] Its response to Hurricane Dorian
in the Bahamas in September 2019 was assisted by a regional
office in Barbados, which had been set up the previous year to
enable better disaster preparedness and response. In advance of
Dorian, WFP deployed technical experts in food security, logistics
and emergency telecommunication to support a rapid needs
assessment. Assessment teams also conducted an initial aerial WFP took pre-emptive action to
reconnaissance mission with the aim to put teams on the ground as reduce the impact of floods in
soon as possible.[35] Bangladesh. Photo: WFP/Sayed
Asif Mahmud

Nutrition
WFP works with governments, other UN agencies, NGOs and the private sector, supporting nutrition
interventions, policies and programmes that include school meals and food fortification.[36][37]

School meals
School meals encourage parents in vulnerable families to send their children to school, rather than work.
They have proved highly beneficial in areas including education and gender equality, health and nutrition,
social protection, local economies and agriculture.[38] WFP works with partners to ensure school feeding
is part of integrated school health and nutrition programmes,
which include services such as malaria control, menstrual hygiene
and guidance on sanitation and hygiene.[39]

Smallholder farmers
WFP is a member of a global consortium that forms the Farm to
Market Alliance, which helps smallholder farmers receive
A child holds a WFP supplementary,
information, investment and support, so they can produce and sell
specialized food to treat malnutrition
marketable surplus and increase their income.[40][41] WFP among children, at a WFP-
connects smallholder farmers to markets in more than 40 supported nutrition clinic in Yemen.
countries. Photo: WFP/Issa-Al-Raghi.

In 2008, WFP coordinated the five-year Purchase for Progress

(P4P) pilot project. P4P assists smallholding farmers by offering
them opportunities to access agricultural markets and become
competitive players in the marketplace. The project spanned
across 20 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and trained
800,000 farmers in improved agricultural production, post-harvest
handling, quality assurance, group marketing, agricultural finance,
and contracting with WFP. The project resulted in 366,000 metric
tons of food produced and generated more than US$148 million in A child eats a WFP school meal in
income for its smallholder farmers.[42] Lao. Photo: WFP/Vilakhone
Sipaseuth

Asset creation
WFP's Food Assistance for Assets (FFA) programme provides cash or food-based transfers to address
recipients' immediate food needs, while they build or boost assets, such as repairing irrigation systems,
bridges, and land and water management activities.[43]

FFA reflects WFP's drive towards food assistance and development rather than food aid and dependency.
It does this by focusing on the assets and their impact on people and communities rather than on the work
to realize them, a shift away from previous approaches such as Food or Cash for Work programmes and
large public works programmes.[44]

Cash assistance
WFP uses cash transfers such as physical banknotes, a debit card or vouchers, aiming to give more
choices to aid recipients and encourage the funds to be invested back into local economies. During the
first half of 2022, WFP delivered US$1.6 billion in cash to 37 million people in 70 countries to alleviate
hunger.[45] A 2022 study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative concluded that the
Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) cash programme "significantly reduced the incidence and intensity
of multidimensional poverty" among the people receiving cash transfers.[46]

Capacity building
In the most climate disaster-prone provinces of the Philippines,
WFP is providing emergency response training and equipment to
local government units, and helping set up automated weather
stations.[47]

Digital innovation
WFP's digital transformation centres on deploying the latest
A beneficiary shows the
technologies and data to help achieve zero hunger. The WFP
humanitarian assistance card she
Innovation Accelerator has sourced and supported more than 60 used to receive money at a WFP
projects spanning 45 countries.[48] In 2017, WFP launched the cash transfer point in Niger. Photo:
Building Blocks programme. It aims to distribute money-for-food WFP/Simon Pierre Diouf
assistance to Syrian refugees in Jordan. The project uses
blockchain technology to digitize identities and allow refugees to
receive food by eye scanning.[49] WFP's low-tech hydroponics kits allow refugees to grow barley that
feed livestock in the Sahara desert.[50] The SMP PLUS software is an AI-powered menu creation tool for
school meals programmes worldwide [51]

Partnerships
WFP works with governments, the private sector, UN agencies, international finance groups, academia,
and more than 1,000 non-governmental organisations.[52] The WFP, the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development reaffirmed their joint efforts to
end global hunger, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic, during a joint meeting of their governing
bodies in October 2020.[53] In the United States, Washington, D.C.-based 501(c)(3) organization World
Food Program USA supports the WFP. The American organisation frequently donates to the WFP, though
the two are separate entities for taxation purposes.[54]

Aid transparency
WFP joined the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) in 2013 as its 150th member[55] and has
regularly published data since then using the identifier XM-DAC-41140.[56] The organisation was
assessed by Publish What You Fund and included in the 2024 Aid Transparency Index[57] with an overall
score of 84.5, which is categorised as a "very good" score.

Reviews

Recognition and awards

WFP won the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for its "efforts for combating hunger", its "contribution to creating
peace in conflicted-affected areas", and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of food
as a weapon of war and conflict.[58][59] Receiving the award, executive David Beasley called for
billionaires to "step up" and help source the US$5 billion WFP needs to save 30 million people from
famine.[60]

Challenges
In 2018, the Center for Global Development ranked WFP last in a study of 40 aid programmes, based on
indicators grouped into four themes: maximising efficiency, fostering institutions, reducing burdens, and
transparency and learning. These indicators relate to aid effectiveness principles developed at the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005), the Accra Agenda for Action (2008), and the Busan Partnership
Agreement (2011).[61]

There is wide general debate on the net effectiveness of aid, including unintended consequences such as
increasing the duration of conflicts and increasing corruption. WFP faces difficult decisions in working
with some regimes.[62]

Some surveys have shown internal culture problems at WFP, including sexual harassment.[63][64]

See also
Food portal

Asia Emergency Response Facility, a WFP special operation to establish an emergency

response facility in Asia
Fight Hunger, a WFP initiative to end child hunger by 2015
Food Force, an educational game published by WFP
Network for Capacity Development in Nutrition
World Food Council, a defunct UN agency absorbed by FAO and WFP

Notes
a. French: Programme alimentaire mondial; Italian: Programma alimentare mondiale; Spanish:
Programa Mundial de Alimentos; Arabic: ‫برنامج األغذية العالمي‬, romanized: barnamaj
al'aghdhiat alealami; Russian: Всемирная продовольственная программа,
romanized: Vsemirnaya prodovol'stvennaya programma; Chinese: 世界粮食计划署; pinyin:
Shìjiè Liángshí Jìhuà Shǔ

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