Republic of the Philippines

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

JAMIATUL PHILIPPINE AL-ISLAMIA
Graduate School Department
271 Sumndad Street, Brangay Bangon, Marawi City

Name : Norjannah Mangandog Amatonding

Subject : EDMA 600 Psycho Philo Foundation of Education
Professor :
Topics : Meaning and Aims of Philosophy, Education, Science and Human Nature
Branches of Philosophy
Philosophical Orientation of the Philippine Educational System

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and
fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind,
and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and
assumptions.

THE AIMS OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Philosophy is a form of rational inquiry that aims to achieve knowledge and understanding;

2. It also helps us to clarify and develop our own meanings and constructs; and

3. Philosophy is systematic and critical in its methods and presuppositions

WHAT IS EDUCATION?

Education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in

schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of
socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child
relationships).

Education can be thought of as the transmission of the values and accumulated

knowledge of a society.

THE AIMS OF EDUCATION

[Link] aim of education is to guide the learning process of children and adults in a culture,
society, and world;
[Link] is designed to achieve mental development, moral values, ethical awareness, and
social skills;

[Link] also empowers people to challenge injustice, solve problems, and create a better
future; and

4. Education can have different aims depending on the context and the purpose of the
education.

WHAT IS SCIENCE?

Science is a rigorous, systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the
form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Modern science is typically
divided into three major branches: the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and
biology), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology,
and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic,
mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by
axioms and rules.

Additionally, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for
practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine.

THE AIMS OF SCIENCE

Science aims to build knowledge about the natural world. This knowledge is open to
question and revision as we come up with new ideas and discover new evidence. Scientific
knowledge is reliable because it has been tested. Scientific ideas are absolute and
unchanging.

1. In scientific experiments, the statement which explains what the experiment is attempting
to achieve is known as an aim.

2. The prediction that the scientist makes who is undertaking the experiment is known as the
hypothesis.

THE HUMAN NATURE:

Human nature comprises the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including

ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally. The term is
often used to denote the essence of humankind, or what it 'means' to be human.
 Aristotle—Plato's most famous student—made some of the most famous and
influential statements about human nature. In his works, apart from using a similar scheme of
a divided human soul, some clear statements about human nature are made:

In contrast to other animals, humans have reason or language (logos) in their soul
(psyche). According to Aristotle this means that the work (ergos) of a human is the
actualization (energeia) of the soul in accordance with reason. Based upon this reasoning,
the medieval followers of Aristotle formulated the doctrine that man is the "Rational Animal"
that best describes the following:

1. Man is a conjugal animal: An animal that is born to couple in adulthood. In doing so,
man builds a household (oikos) and, in more successful cases, a clan or small village run
upon patriarchal lines. However, humans naturally tend to connect their villages into cities
(poleis), which are more self-sufficient and complete.

2. Man is a political animal: An animal with an innate propensity to develop more complex
communities (i.e. the size of a city or town), with systems of law-making and a division of
labor. This type of community is different in kind from a large family, and requires the use of
human reason. Cities should not be run by a patriarch, like a village

3. Man is a mimetic animal: Man loves to use his imagination, and not only to make laws
and run town councils: "We enjoy looking at accurate likenesses of things which are
themselves painful to see, obscene beasts, for instance, and corpses.… [The] reason why we
enjoy seeing likenesses is that, as we look, we learn and infer what each is, for instance, 'that
is so and so.

For Aristotle, reason is not only what is most special about humanity compared to
other animals, but it is also what we were meant to achieve at our best. Much of Aristotle's
description of human nature is still influential today. However, the particular teleological idea
that humans are "meant" or intended to be something has become much less popular in
modern times.

Theory of four causes

For the Socratics, human nature, and all natures, are metaphysical concepts. Aristotle
developed the standard presentation of this approach with his theory of four causes, whereby
every living thing exhibits four aspects, or "causes:"

matter (hyle); form (eidos); effect (kinoun); and end (telos).

 For example, an oak tree is made of plant cells (matter); grows from an acorn (effect);
exhibits the nature of oak trees (form); and grows into a fully mature oak tree (end).
According to Aristotle, human nature is an example of a formal cause. Likewise, our 'end' is
to become a fully actualized human being (including fully actualizing the mind). Aristotle
suggests that the human intellect (νοῦς, noûs), while "smallest in bulk", is the most
significant part of the human psyche and should be cultivated above all else. The cultivation
of learning and intellectual growth of the philosopher is thereby also the happiest and least
painful life.

Major branches of philosophy are :

1. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire it.

2. Ethics investigates moral principles and what constitutes right conduct.

3. Logic is the study of correct reasoning and explores how good arguments can be
distinguished from bad ones.

4. Metaphysics examines the most general features of reality, existence, objects, and
properties.

Other subfields are aesthetics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind,

philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of
history, and political philosophy. Within each branch, there are competing schools of
philosophy that promote different principles, theories, or methods.

PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM

Highlights of The Philippine Education System during the Pre-Spanish Period:

 fit for the needs of their times;

 no formal schooling, no direct teaching, no method of information and no organized
system of education;
 education was decentralized, informal, unstructured and devoid of methods; and
 ideas and facts were acquired through suggestions, observation, example and
imitation.

Diaries of Fr. Chirino attested the historical facts the inhabitants were:

 civilized people;
  possessing their system of writing laws and moral standards in a well-organized
system of government;
 not have an organized system of education but they already have the code of kalantiao
and Marangtas;
 their belief in the Bathala;
 the solidarity of family;
 the modesty of the women; and
 the children’s obedience and respect for their elders and in the valor of the men

Before the coming of the Spaniards

 Filipinos possessed a culture of their own;

 they had contacts with other foreign people from Arabia, India, China, Indo-China
and Borneo;
 they used a unique system of writing known as the baybayin which means “to spell”
in Tagalog. It is also known as the alibata, the ancient writing system that was used
before by the Filipinos; and
 the purpose of education during their time was for survival, conformity and
enculturation.

From a historical standpoint, the Philippine educational system has been regarded as a
hybrid, reflecting the country’s cultural and colonial history.

 Education laws and policies that have been enacted and implemented throughout
history are testaments to this;
 Observably, Philippine culture and society value education as a means to an end;
 This probably the reason why the Philippines have one of the highest literacy rates in
Asia and in the world; and
 Education in the Philippines undergone several stages of development in meeting the
needs of the society, education serves as focus of emphases/priorities of the leadership
at certain periods in our national struggle as a race.

References:

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