MEWA Water & Wastewater Master Plan

Master Plan Guidelines Toolbox

Table of Contents - Potable Water System (PW)
1- This Dashboard provides an overview and access to the components of the MEWA Water &
Wastewater Master Plan Guidelines Toolbox.
2- The Toolbox provides information and guidance on the process and the minimum requirements
for development of Master Plans for Potable Water (PW) systems in KSA.
3- The contents of the Toolbox have been developed in a high-level and relatively simple manner to
make it efficiently usable and implementable for the intended user. For more technical details, the
user is advised to refer to the technical references cited in the Toolbox and other relevant
international guidelines.
4- The Toolbox is prepared by MWH for the sole use of the Ministry of Environment, Water &
Agriculture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MEWA) and its use by any third party is strictly
prohibited.

CLICK ON TOOLBOX CATEGORIES FOR MORE INFORMATION:

1 Master Planning 7 Resilience

2 Potable Water 8 IMS (GIS & SCADA)

Demand

Operation &
3 Hydraulic Modeling 9
Maintenance

4 Health & Safety 10 Asset Management

5 Security 11 Implementation

Policies &
6 Sustainability 12
Regulations

History: Date: Reason for Issue:

Revision 3 3. May. 2018 Final
MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

I. What is the best practice master planning process for PW systems?

The flowchart below shows the process flow for master planning of PW systems as per the international best practice.

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan
Legend

Process Steps
4- Identify/Analyze
Options

Data

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/ Documents
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders
Workflow

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

II. What are data Inputs for master planning?

The type of data inputs required for development and implementation of a Master Plan are described below.

1. Strategic Direction

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• National strategy and vision documents
• Vision
• Strategic initiatives
• Mission
• KPI reports
• Goals
• Objectives
• Drivers (growth, connectivity, desalination dependency, water
Sources imbalance, investment, quality)
• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Main Activities:
• Ensure the Master Plan supports the national vision and the organization’s vision, mission, goals and strategic objectives
• Endeavor to get the Master Plan strategies integrated into the organization’s vision, mission, goals and strategic objectives

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

2. Financial Information

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• Customer datasets
• Capital investment needs
• O&M datasets
• Operation and maintenance needs
• Financial Department
• Rates/Tariffs
• Past, existing and estimated revenue and profit

Main Activities:
• Develop a financial model or identify cost to provide service and revenue stream
• Align rates/tariffs with the Level of Service (LOS) expected by customers and stakeholders

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

3. Facility Operations/Asset Information

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• GIS database
• Inventory of assets
• O&M datasets
• Condition assessment of assets and their residual life
• Regulatory requirements
• Target Level of Service (LOS)
• Consequences of failure
• Existing Asset Management Plan
• Planned rehabilitation projects
• Existing Capital Investment Plan (CIP) and funding strategy
• Asset criticality

Main Activities:
• Master Plan to consider all the organization’s assets
• Master Plan to identify prioritized future system needs based on existing asset condition and anticipated future asset condition, considering
deterioration rates, historical failures, replacement cycles, rehabilitation strategies and target LOS
• Master Plan to include programs to address causes of failure
• Master Plan to consider the needs of the Asset Management Plan

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

4. Projections

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• Planning Departments
• Population projections
• Census bureaus
• Existing and future land use plans
• Regional authorities
• Zoning
• Service areas

Main Activities:
• Communicate with planning departments and census bureaus to identify population projections
• Communicate with planning departments and local authorities to identify plans/changes associated with major industries and big water users
• Communicate with planning departments to identify planned changes in land use

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

5. Project Improvements List

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• Previous Master Plans
• Capital investment programs
• Improvement/rehabilitation projects list
• Improvement/rehabilitation projects

Main Activities:
• Maintain a list of capital projects
• Maintain a list of improvement/rehabilitation projects
• Identify a process for staff to communicate the needs
• Review and confirm costing of programs and projects
• Annual assessment/confirmation of needs for programs and projects
• Obtain review, input and buy-in from O&M staff for all proposed programs and projects

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

6. Stakeholder/Public Communications

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Type of Data:
• Internal stakeholders (goals, needs and concerns)
• External stakeholders (goals, needs and concerns)

Typical Data Sources:

• Stakeholder Strategic Plans
• Stakeholder Master Plans
• Meetings with internal and external stakeholders

Main Activities:
• Identify internal and external stakeholders and their goals, needs and concerns that could affect the Master Plan
• Identify other plans, goals and objectives that may affect the Master Plan goals and objectives
• Manage and influence stakeholder requirements
• Develop and implement a communications strategy with stakeholders/public to assist with implementing key programs and projects
• Identify frequency and timing for stakeholder/public interaction to streamline planning and implementation of programs and projects

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

7. Regulations

3- Facility
1- Strategic 5- Project 6- Stakeholder/
Data Inputs

2- Financial Operations/ 7- Regulations

Direction 4- Projections Improvements Public
Information Asset
List Communication
Information

Typical Data Sources:

Type of Data:
• Regulatory authorities
• Current regulations and requirements
• Existing regulation documents
• Anticipated future regulations and requirements

Main Activities:
• Develop a list of the existing regulations and requirements
• Identify staff responsible for implementing the existing requirements
• Develop a list of anticipated future regulations and requirements
• Assess impacts of new regulations on future plans and system operations

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

III. What is the process for master planning of PW systems?

Major activities for a dynamic and up-to-date Master Plan are described below.

1. Process Step 1: Identify Drivers and Goals

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To identify the reason(s) for developing a Master Plan and to formulate them into a set of measurable goals and objectives

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Identify the initial reasons for promoting the development of a Master Plan
• Identify the intended spectrum to be covered by the Master Plan, e.g. capital projects, asset management, data and tool development, etc.
• Determine the planning horizon
• Identify stakeholders associated with the Mater Plan
• Communicate with stakeholders to determine their willingness to participate and their expectations and desires with respect to the Master Plan
goals and objectives
• Define the goals and objectives of the Master Plan

Supporting Tools:
• Vision statements
• Mission statements
• Strategic goals

Considerations:
• Management support for developing the Master Plan
• Stakeholder support for developing the Master Plan
• Availability of resources for developing the Master Plan
• Availability and sustainability of resources for maintaining the Master Plan
• Typical drivers comprise the desire to have a comprehensive and cohesive plan for achieving organizational goals and objectives, including
determining how to meet demand for growth and development, improve system performance, catch up on neglected maintenance, reduce capital
and/or operating costs, balance funding with project needs, demonstrate the need for additional funding, etc.

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

2. Process Step 2: Collect Data

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To collect data and information to prioritize needed programs and projects

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Manage data needed for the Master Plan
• Facilitate meetings between data input providers
• Maintain a list of data needed from each data provider
• Coordinate communication among data input providers when changes occur
• Coordinate data collection with the upcoming analysis requirements

Supporting Tools:
• Data register worksheets
• Data tracking worksheets

Considerations:
• Data accuracy
• Frequency of updates
• Communication processes
• Change tracking and management processes

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

3. Process Step 3: Analyze Data

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To convert and process data collected in the data collection step to formats that directly indicate the current state of utility operations and the
future conditions that will drive changes in infrastructure, operations and policy

Section 1 - Master Planning 13

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Compile data for future population and water use trends and develop a demand forecast:
– Use historical data to develop/determine relationships between regional characteristics, e.g. population, per capita consumption, tariffs,
income, climate, etc. and demand
– Apply projected regional data to historical relationships to develop demand forecast
– Forecast demand by sub-regions of the service area
– Include multiple demand forecast scenarios reflecting different potential regional growth scenarios
• Assess the sufficiency of the systems and assets to meet current and future demands
– System inventory data
o Evaluate system components and assets that are most critical to meeting current and projected demand
o Assess severe consequences of failure
o Identify where infrastructure is not yet in existence or insufficient to meet projected demand
– System condition data
o Evaluate the condition of critical system components and assets
o Estimate the likelihood of failure and remaining useful life of critical assets

Supporting Tools:
• System component inventory and tracking information, e.g. work order tracking software, databases, as-built drawings and maintenance records
• System component histories, i.e. age, persistent maintenance, failure, cost and budget issues
• Updated condition assessments and inspections
• System models and operator knowledge for evaluation criticality of the assets
• Regional projections from planning agencies
• Historical data, e.g. customer databases, consumption records, population, climate, tariffs, etc.

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

• Modelling and analysis software, e.g. GIS, demand modeling, hydraulic modeling, etc.
• Demand forecast professionals, e.g. economists, engineers, database/GIS specialists

Considerations:
• Demand forecasting
– Frequency of regional projection updates
– Variability of projection values between updates
– Availability of alternative projection scenarios
– Availability and detail of historical water consumption, customer and regional data
– Ability to develop forecasts in-house vs need for external modelling and data processing assistance
• System condition assessment
– Existence and maturity of asset management programs
– Degree of detail in system inventory and condition information
– Degree to which this information is kept current
– System knowledge retention in regards to employment turnover and retirement
– Ability to perform criticality and condition assessment analyses in-house vs need for external professionals

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

4. Process Step 4: Identify/Analyze Options

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To identify options for providing service that support anticipated growth and development and that meet the expected Level of Service (LOS) and
strategic goals. The identified options need to consider the following:

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

– Will treatment plants/water lines need to be constructed/expanded to meet the demand?

– Can the expansions be delayed by water conservation measures?
– Can leak detection and repair delay the need to expansions?
– Can water be purchased from another municipality?
– Can an industry with high water consumption be converted to a process that consumes less water or alternatively use Treated Sewage Effluent
(TSE)?
– Can processes be changed or reorganized to make them more efficient?
– Can the system sell redundant capacity to a neighbouring municipality to have the funds to maintain equipment?
– Can maintenance regimes be improved such that system development and/or replacement can be postponed?

Main Activities:
• Compare population projections to water needs
• Profile user groups
• Develop options for water treatment, transmission, storage and distribution. This should include the Centralized and Decentralized PW system
options. For more information about Centralized and Decentralized PW systems, see the note below.
• Perform water loss evaluations
• Evaluate water loss audit data
• Perform system performance evaluations, e.g. age and capacity of treatment plants, pump stations and water lines
• Conduct a high level environmental assessment of the options
• Conduct tariff evaluation
• Ensure understanding of inter-jurisdictional requirements

Section 1 - Master Planning 17

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Supporting Tools:
• Business case evaluations
• Spreadsheets, linear regression models
• Modelling and analysis software, e.g. GIS, demand modeling, hydraulic modeling, etc.

Considerations:
• Future costs and inflation
• Staffing
• Political perspectives/desires
• O&M review of options

Note on Centralized and Decentralized PW systems:

PW treatment, distribution and storage approaches vary from the conventional centralized systems to the entirely on-site decentralized and cluster
systems. However, due to dependency on desalination in the KSA and the large capital requirement for construction and operation, water treatment
plants will typically be centralized systems. Centralized and decentralized options may be primarily considered for Storage.
Centralized systems, which are usually publicly owned, treat large volumes of potable water for multiple communities, thus making use of large
infrastructure, e.g. water treatment plants, transmission lines, pumping stations, and water distribution mains. They provide economies of scale due to
the larger capacities in a less carbon footprint and less energy consumption per volume of PW produced. Compliance with regulations is also an
advantage for the centralized operations.
Decentralized PW systems consist of a variety of approaches for treatment, pumping and distribution of potable water for individual dwellings, industrial
or institutional facilities, clusters of homes or businesses, or even entire communities. These systems are part of permanent infrastructure and can be
managed as stand-alone facilities or be integrated with centralized PW systems. They provide a range of treatment options from simple pump and treat
onsite systems, to more complex advanced treatment units such as membrane systems that supply a single building or multiple buildings. The
decentralized systems are typically installed at or near the point where potable water is demanded. A decentralized system may be considered if PW
demand needs to be met in a shorter period of time such to address industrial growth by a deadline.

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Centralized PW systems typically integrate more advanced processes that treat and distribute large quantities of water. Thus, constructing a centralized
PW system for small rural communities or peri-urban areas will result in large capital investment and operation and maintenance costs.
Unlike centralized systems, decentralized systems are particularly more preferable for communities with dispersed zoning, such as scattered low-density
populated rural areas. Moreover, decentralized systems allow for flexibility in management and a series of processes can be combined to meet treatment
goals and address environmental and water quality goals provided that water resources are available for treatment.
In the KSA, the main consideration for centralization/decentralized options will be in providing strategic reservoirs for specific days’ worth of storage and
how they are operated. The water quality requirements associated with water age and storage volume need to be considered to ensure that a suitable
storage option is considered.

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

5. Process Step 5: Prioritize Options

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To prioritize the programs and projects recommended under Step 4.

Section 1 - Master Planning 20

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Determine the process for prioritizing programs and projects
• Identify the criteria for comparing programs and projects
• Apply the process and criteria to the programs and projects
• Determine if the resulting prioritization makes sense based on professional judgement
• Modify the process and criteria until the resulting prioritization aligns with professional judgement
• Refine the process and criteria over time to improve the results
• Obtain O&M input to the prioritization process

Supporting Tools:
• Mission statements
• Organizational goals and objectives
• Defined Level of Service (LOS)
• Compliance criteria
• Stakeholder analysis
• Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)
• Required project sequencing

Considerations:
• Defining a process that provides uniformly consistent results may not be possible
• The process and criteria may only result in making initial conclusions and then professional judgement and/or executive decision making may have
to take precedence
• It is easier to prioritize within a service sector, i.e. Potable Water (PW), Wastewater (WW) and Recycled Water (RW) than across service sectors
• Simple is good
• When creating a scoring process, consider the relative quality of the requirements for achieving a given score across the categories

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

6. Process Step 6: Evaluate Programs/Projects against Funding

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To assess funding strategies and prepare a plan/strategy to finance the required programs and projects

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Identify sources of funding
• Identify operating budgets
• Identify the required capital
• Assess tariffs to cover the expenses
• Assess available funds
• Identify scheduling and project phasing opportunities to delay or eliminate extra expenditures
• Assess whether funding could be covered by connection fees or other means
• Assess combinations of funding strategies

Supporting Tools:
• Spreadsheets
• Financial models

Considerations:
• Financial planning can be a political process. Paying consumers are normally uneasy about paying more either through rate increases or extra fees or
taxes.
• Implications of funding that may delay the process

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

7. Process Step 7: Select Programs/Projects

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan
Legend

Process Steps
4- Identify/Analyze
Options

Data

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/ Documents
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders
Workflow

Purpose:
• To identify and recommend projects/programs for implementation from the list of projects/programs identifies, prioritized and evaluated in Step 4
to Step 6 and develop a Capital Investment Plan and an Implementation Plan for the selected programs and projects

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Select programs/projects for implementation based on the results of Step 6
• Explain the rationale behind the selected alternative, e.g. least cost, stakeholders/public acceptance, environmental benefits, etc.
• Develop or update the Capital Investment Plan (CIP) to include selected programs/projects, their anticipated costs and their target dates
• Develop the Implementation Plan to match the funding

Supporting Tools:
• Existing financial plan, including anticipated revenue and impact fees
• Cost estimating tools
• Life cycle costing

Considerations:
• Uncertainty in projected costs (due to changes in costs, inflation, etc.) and revenue (e.g. due to slower growth)

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Process Step 8: Develop/Update Master Plan and Distribute to Stakeholders

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To develop the Master Plan or update the existing Master Plan and communicate it to the stakeholders

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Develop or update the Master Plan for the planning and implementation of the programs/projects
• Maintain a document management and distribution plan

Supporting Tools:
• Document management software
• Email correspondence

Considerations:
• Stakeholder access and their willingness to engage and cooperate
• Document management considerations

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Process Step 9: Manage and Track Programs/Projects

Feedback to Data Inputs

9- Manage and
1- Identify Drivers
Track Programs/
and Goals
Projects
Master Planning Process

Master Plan
Capital Investment Plan 2- Collect Data 3- Analyze Data
Implementation Plan

4- Identify/Analyze
Options

8- Develop/Update
6- Evaluate Projects/
Master Plan and 7- Select Projects/
Programs against 5- Prioritize Options
Distribute to Programs
Funding
Stakeholders

Purpose:
• To identify and track metrics (KPIs) that provide information about progress towards established Master Plan programs/projects goals

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MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Main Activities:
• Identify Master Plan goals
• Identify metrics (KPIs) that can track progress in reaching the Master Plan goals
• Identify how the KPI data is to be collected
• Establish a reporting mechanism and frequency to report on progress towards the Master Plan goals/drivers
• Identify how program/project progress impacts data inputs

Supporting Tools:
• Project management and control software

Considerations:
• Limit KPIs to those that provide information for decision making
• KPIs can change when goals change
• Develop a communication plan to report progress on program/project goals so changes can be made as needed

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

IV. How does a typical Master Plan report look like?

The typical contents of a Master Plan report is presented below.
• Executive Summary
• Introduction
• Project Background
• Project Objectives
• Data Collection and Review
– List of Stakeholders
– Input Data Register
– Data Review and Gap Analysis
– Data Hand-Over
• Diagnosis of the Existing Situation
– Data Analysis
– Current Regulations
– Population and Demographics
– Existing System Performance Analysis*
• Planning and Design Criteria
– Planning Horizon
– Level of Service (LOS)
– Design Criteria

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

• Options Development*
– Needs Assessment
– Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis
– Proposed Options
• Options Assessment* and Prioritization
– Budgetary Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Estimate
– Risk Assessment
– Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)
– Options Prioritization
• Financial Evaluation
– Funding Options
– Cost Recovery Options
• Implementation Plan
– Implementation Period
– Implementation Packages and Phasing
• Capital Investment Plan (CIP)
• Master Plan Monitoring Program
– Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
– Reporting Mechanism

* - Existing System Performance Analysis and Options Development and Assessment should be undertaken using Hydraulic Modeling. Details of Hydraulic Modeling,
including assumptions, model build, model run, model validation, calibration and verification, model results and conclusions should be incorporated in the report. For
details, see PW System Toolbox Section 3 – Hydraulic Modeling.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What demands should the PW system meet?

The PW system must be capable of supplying the PW demand and its associated diurnal variations,
while concurrently providing adequate capacity for firefighting requirements.

2. How should the present and future water demands be estimated?

Present water demand should be estimated based on this Guideline and compared with actual water
use records obtained from billing record data and system flow records, where possible.
Future water demand should be estimated by identifying locations where development is expected,
incorporating population projections and distributions together with estimating the incremental
increase in water demand associated with the residential use and other uses, as relevant, e.g.
commercial, industrial, etc. Peak factors should also be calculated for the estimation of peak
demands.

3. How to determine the project service area?

Service area is to be determined by the Ministry of Environment, Water & Agriculture (MEWA), its
Water Directorates and National Water Company (NWC). Service area and the associated level of
service may change with the future projected land use and demand based on the phasing of
development within the service area.

4. What is the main data required for estimating the water demand in a PW system?
The main data required for estimating the current and future water demand in a PW system is:
• Population projection and distributions
• Current and future land use
• Industrial growth
• Firefighting requirements
• Historical production rates
• Historical water consumption and associated trends
• Historical water losses
• Historical storage volume and pumping discharges
• Historical and estimated future per capita water consumptions
• Bulk demand for commercial, industrial, institutional and irrigation uses

5. What are the peak demand factors?

The Average Daily Demand (ADD) is the daily water demand (24 hours), averaged over the period of
service. The highest daily demand is defined as the Peak Daily Demand (PDD). In a Peak Day, the
hour of the highest demand is defined as Peak Hourly Demand (PHD).
The typical peak factors for PDD and PHD are presented in the below table.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Type of Demand Peak Factor

Peak Daily Demand (PDD) 1.5
Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) 2.5

Sizing of different system components should consider the following:

• ADD for sizing water supply source facilities, e.g. desalination plants, water treatment plants
and reservoir (dam) intakes. However, for dams and groundwater sources, seasonal variation
of demands should also be accounted for.
• PDD for sizing storage tanks and transmission and supply mains
• PHD for sizing distribution systems, including distribution pumping stations and networks
The redundancy requirements for different elements of the system as stipulated in “Section 5 –
Security” should also be taken into consideration.

6. Should the demand calculations take into account water losses?

Demand calculations should allow for losses, including regular flushing, leakage, referred to as Non-
Revenue Water (NRW) or Unaccounted-for-Water (UFW). According to Long Term Plan (LTP) – Water
Sector, NRW/UFW should be reduced to 20% by 2040.

7. What is the Fire Fighting demand?

Fire hydrants should be provided at regular intervals within PW distribution networks. For hydraulic
modeling and simulation of the network, at least two fire hydrants located at the farthest and
highest elevation points of the network should be considered, flowing simultaneously during
particular fire incident(s). Sensitivity analysis should be undertaken on the random location of the
fire incident(s) to check the performance of the system.
Hydrant flows and fire incident durations to be considered are as below.
• Low density residential buildings (3 stories and below) - 15 l/s for 2-hour duration per hydrant
• High density residential buildings (more than 3 stories) - 30 l/s for 4-hour duration per hydrant
• Commercial/industrial buildings - 30 l/s for 4-hour duration per hydrant

8. How is the water demand in different peak conditions calculated?

For hydraulic modeling, analysis and pipe sizing, water demand in different peak conditions is
calculated as below.
AWC = P x PCWC
Where:
AWC = Average Water Consumption (l/d)
P = Estimated Population
PCWC = Per Capita Water Consumption (l/c/d)

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ADD = AWC / (1 - UFW)

Where:
ADD = Average Daily Demand (l/d)
AWC = Average Water Consumption (l/d)
UFW = Unaccounted-for-Water (%)

PDD = PFD x ADD= 1.50 x ADD

Where:

PDD = Peak Daily Demand (l/d)

PFD = Peak Factor – Daily

ADD = Average Daily Demand (l/d)

PHD = PFH x ADD= 2.50 x ADD

Where:

PHD = Peak Hourly Demand (l/s)

PFH = Peak Factor - Hourly

ADD = Average Daily Demand (l/s)

9. What are the estimated ranges of water consumption rates?

The following table presents the estimated water consumption per capita for various land use
categories. These values can be used as a guide to estimate future water demand.

PW Demand
Category
(liters/capita/day)

Residential 200-250
Mixed Use Residential 200-250
Villa 250-300
Labor Accommodation 80-150
Commercial & Retail 60-100
Mixed Use Commercial 60-100
Restaurant (per meal) 10-15
Hotel (per room including workers and visitors) 300-500
Workshop 60
Office 60-80
School 60-80

Section 2 – Potable Water Demand 3

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

PW Demand
Category
(liters/capita/day)

Mosque 10-60
Public Amenity 10-60
Entertainment & Leisure 60
Theatre 10-60
Medical (per bed) 60-80
University 60-80
Manufacturing 60-80
Logistics & Business Zone 60-80
Nursery 60-80
Events Venue 10-60
Gym/Swimming Pool 100

In the absence of census data for a given area to be served, a rough population estimate may be
made based on the number of existing households and the average rate of occupancy per
household.
The overall per capita consumption should not exceed 250 l/c/d.
For bulk customers (e.g. industrial, commercial, institutional and irrigation uses), individual data
needs to be surveyed and analyzed.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What is a computer model for a PW network?

A computer model of a PW network is developed to analyse the performance of the existing and
future distribution systems and to develop options and solutions for existing facilities that do not
meet the current or future requirements and criteria.

2. What cases/stages does the model need to be developed for?

For Master Planning purposes strategic (transmission and large mains) models are required.
However, each water region should ideally produce all mains models of their distribution systems.
PW network models are usually developed for three stages, i.e.:
• Model of the existing system (base model) to simulate the existing condition and identify
deficiencies in the existing system
• Model of the existing system with improvements (improved existing model) to identify the
necessary improvements to the existing system
• Model of the future system (planning model) to simulate the future system and identify the
improvements that will be necessary for the projected “build-out” condition

3. What are the components of a PW network model?

The two basic elements of a PW network computer model are pipes/links and nodes. A pipe is
defined by its start and end nodes, internal diameter, length, a roughness value associated with the
friction head loss along the pipe and minor friction head loss factors. A pipe may include elbows,
bends, valves, pumps and other operational elements.
Nodes are the end points of a pipe and can be categorized as junction nodes or boundary nodes. A
junction node is a point where two or more pipes meet, where a change in pipe direction/angle
and/or pipe diameter occurs, or where flow is entered in or taken out of the system. A boundary
node is a point where the hydraulic grade is known, e.g. a reservoir or a pressure control valve.
Note that the computer model is not an exact replica of the actual system. Depending on the
purpose of the model, simplifications may need to be applied, e.g. only from a certain pipe diameter
and above may be included in the model.

4. What are the main inputs to the PW system hydraulic model?

The main inputs are:
• Network geometry and topology, e.g. location and elevation of the nodes/junctions, location
and bearing/orientation of the pipes, location of the other network ancillaries, e.g. pumps,
valves, etc.
• Water demands (existing and future), assigned to nodes in the model. Demand data sets are
created in the model for the appropriate demand conditions for each scenario. The data sets
might include average demand and peak factors or the diurnal pattern (for extended period
simulation).
• Boundary conditions and operation settings and philosophy of the system ancillaries, e.g. initial
water level in the reservoirs, pump curves, valve settings, etc.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

5. What are the steps in developing a PW network computer model?

The main steps in developing a PW network computer model are:
• Model Build – Develop the topology and geometry of the system, enter the boundary
conditions and operation settings. Using GIS-based data is recommended as it will significantly
reduce the time for building the model and will enhance and ensure the quality of the work.
• Model Validation – is usually carried out using as-built data and existing and/or additional filed
surveys to ensure that the model geometry and connectivity is correct and that the model is
valid and represents the actual system within a reasonable and acceptable level of accuracy.
The anticipated level of accuracy depends on the purpose of the model.
• Model Calibration – is the process of adjusting model parameters to make a model fit with
measured/observed conditions (usually measured flows and/or pressures). Therefore, field
surveys and network monitoring, i.e. flow and pressure monitoring is an essential activity for
model calibration. The network monitoring dataset shall be divided into two sub-sets, one for
calibration and one for verification of the model. The model parameters such as roughness
coefficient, operation settings of the existing ancillaries of the system, etc. will be adjusted
(within an acceptable and reasonable range) to achieve results closer to the values observed by
flow and pressure monitoring. This process should be followed by verification using a different
set of data (the second sub-set) than that used in the calibration (the first sub-set). It should be
noted that making arbitrary changes to a model to make it fit observed data, i.e. force-fitting is
unacceptable and should be avoided.
• Model Verification - is the process of checking a model against independent data to determine
its accuracy. Any changes to the model should be made only where this reflects the physical
state of the system and not solely to make the model fit the verification data. For very small
models, where the cost of any over-design of works typically would not justify the increased
cost of network monitoring (flow and pressure), models may be verified by reference to
historic issues such as lack of pressure, pipe burst or significant leakage due to excessive
pressure, etc.
• Scenario Analysis and Optioneering – is the process of analysis and optioneering undertaken on
the validated, calibrated and verified hydraulic model.

6. Why is calibration and verification required for a PW network computer model?

A PW network computer model should be calibrated and verified before it may be relied upon to
accurately simulate the performance of the systems. An un-calibrated and un-verified model is not a
reliable tool for the simulation of the performance of the system.
As a general rule, pressure and flow monitors for calibration shall be located at key junctions in the
system, approximately one flow and pressure monitor for each 5 km of network length.
Calibration shall be undertaken for the peak flow condition (e.g. a peak Friday).
Hydraulic models shall also include residual chlorine modeling, using water quality boundary
conditions and parameters derived through field testing.
The calibrated hydraulic model shall be used to determine the hydraulic performance of the existing
conveyance system based on velocity, pressure and adequacy of pump and reservoir capacity.
Prior to the field tests, identify the critical pressure and flow measurement points for the test. The
following specifications should followed;

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Pressure Measurements
• All sources
• All inlet meters
• Pumping station suction and delivery pressure
• Upstream and downstream nodes of pressure sustaining valves v Upstream and downstream
nodes of pressure reducing valves v Upstream and downstream nodes of control valves
• All cells in each reservoir (excluding part height dividing wall <50%)
• For the period of field test, monitor sufficient additional pressure measurement points within
the system. This coverage shall include monitoring pressure adjacent to Highest point in each
area
Pressure measurements shall be recorded at 15 minutes’ intervals
Flow Measurements
Obtain flow measurements for the field test using a combination of flow meters and reservoir level
recordings.
For the period of field test, all inlet meters, bulk imports and exports, flows at pumping stations, to
and from reservoirs and to major customers within the field test area are to be monitored. In
general all such meters are permanently logged and will make the recorded data available. However,
not every major metered customer may be logged, in which case those customer meters will require
logging individually.
MEWA will provide details of existing permanent flow and pressure measurement locations. These
shall be used in the field test and calibration exercise.
For insertion flow meters, determine the maximum velocity position and the ratio between
maximum and mean velocity by performing a traverse using the insertion flow meter and
establishing a velocity profile across the pipe. This shall be validated by a second traverse. The meter
probe may then be positioned at either the point of maximum velocity or at one of the points of
mean velocity, depending on the nature of the flow profile. A calibration certificate for each meter
probe used shall be included in the Model Reference Data. Data from these instruments shall be
utilized by the Consultant for model development and calibration. The accuracy of the devices
flagged with an asterisk will require evaluation by the Consultant. Notice of one week will be
required of the data collection period.
Contact MEWA metering and water demand department to obtain details of the consumption of
major customers.
Flow measurements shall be recorded at 5 minutes’ intervals
Measurements Tolerance
• The following tolerances will apply to field measurements:
• Flow: ±5% (at velocities> 0.1m/s)
• Pressure: ±0.1% of full scale deflection
• Reservoir depth: ±5mm
• Pump speed: ± 1.0% (if variable)

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Model Calibration
Period
After analysis of the field test results, the Consultant shall select the 24-hour weekday period that
most closely reflects the average system behavior.
The Consultant should calibrate the model over the 24-hour simulation period by adjusting the
various model input data until the required tolerances between the computed results and the field
measurements for the selected day are achieved. It is a requirement that the model should reflect
system operations over the range of flows between peak and night flow conditions with a high
degree of accuracy. All calibration adjustments should be noted and summarized in the supporting
documentation.
Flow Balance
For each system and subsystem the Consultant shall demonstrate a mass flow balance of hourly
flows and changes in storage. Spreadsheet tables in the same format as that used for the Preliminary
Report should be used. A copy of all such tables shall be included in the Reference Data. A balance
shall also be demonstrated across reservoirs, generally between inlet and outlet meters, taking
account of water levels in each reservoir cell. For simple systems where a source directly supplies a
reservoir, a balance between the source meter and reservoir outlet meter shall be shown.
Tolerances
Under dynamic test conditions, all modelled node and element values shall comply with the
tolerances detailed in the following when compared to the corresponding field measurements
Pressures
• 85% of all measured values from successfully logged stations (including all peak and nightline
values) shall be within the larger of ± 1.0m or 5% of the total friction head loss across the zone.
• 95% of all values shall be within ±1 0% of the total friction head loss across the zone.
• Stations not successfully logged shall not be included in the 85% and 95% limits, subject to a
maximum failure rate of 5%.
• 95% of measured values at sources shall be within ±10m.
Reservoir Levels
• 95% of all measured values shall be within ±0.10m.
Flows
• 85% of all measured values (including all sources) shall be within ± 5%.
• 95% of all values shall be within ± 10%.
All flows and reservoir levels measured at the locations shall be successfully logged. Failure of
loggers at any of these key locations will necessitate re-logging. A repeat test of the complete area
may not be necessary, although should the Consultant carry out supplementary field tests,
correlation of the data from these tests and data from sites in the original test must be clearly
demonstrated.
Refer to the most recent calibration and verification criteria outlined in “AWWA Manual M32,
Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems” and “US EPA Water Distribution System
Analysis: Field Studies, Modeling and Management A Reference Guide for Utilities”.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

7. What are the modeling software requirements?

The hydraulic modeling software selected for network modeling should have the following
capabilities, as a minimum:
• Ability to perform a steady-state analyses to evaluate different scenarios
• Ability to perform a sequence of analyses with the output from each forming the input to the
next one, known as Extended Period Simulation (EPS). EPS is used to model variations in
demand (diurnal patterns), storage, reservoir operations, water quality, and water transfers
through transmission lines. It requires incorporation of diurnal patterns of demand for nodes
and varying water level configurations in the tanks/reservoirs.
• Ability to import and export data from and to other applications such as MS Excel and GIS
• Ability to model water quality within the distribution system, particularly the decay of chlorine
residual and water age
Network models should be geo-referenced to the actual physical location coordinates using the
standard projection system WGS 1984 UTM Zone 37, 38 and 39, depending on the location of the
project.
Internationally recognized hydraulic modeling software shall be agreed prior to the modelling work

8. What are the modeling scenarios for a PW network?

Scenarios to be considered in steady-state hydraulic modeling of PW networks are:
• Minimum daily demand (which will result in maximum pressures in the system)
• Peak daily demand (which will result in low pressures in the system)
• Peak hourly demand (which will result in minimum pressures in the system)
• Average daily demand plus fire-fighting demand (which will result in minimum pressures in the
system)
These scenarios should be modeled for the 5-year intervals during a planning horizon of 30 years.
For the initial stages (up to 10 years), low roughness coefficients should be considered for proposed
pipes. For the later stages (10-30 years), higher roughness coefficients should be considered for
proposed pipes.
In some cases, instead of steady-state hydraulic modeling, Extended Period Simulation needs to be
carried out. An example of such cases is water quality modeling as described below.

9. What are the model outputs?

The model output primarily consists of the calculated pressures at nodes and flow rates through
pipes. The model also provides additional data related to pipe flow velocity and head loss to help
evaluate the performance of the various components of the system.

10. Does the model need regular updates?

It is recommended to regularly update the model. The model needs to be updated whenever a
major change in the system occurs, e.g. replacement/upgrade of main pipes, addition/removal of
system ancillaries such as reservoirs, pumps, valves, etc.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

11. What components of the model are required to be regularly updated?

The components of the model required to be regularly updated are:
• The location, length, diameter, material and invert and ground level at each end of new pipes
• Changes in water supply location and characteristics
• Changes in network ancillaries location and operation settings
• Location and demand for new large customers
• Changes in chlorine and fluoride dosing rates and procedures

12. What are the main planning and design criteria for PW networks that need to be
considered in modeling?
The main planning and design criteria for PW networks are summarized in the below table.

Parameter Criteria Remarks

Planning horizon 2050 30 years from implementation of the KSA National Water &
Wastewater Master Plan (2020)
5-year planning intervals need to be considered, simulated
and analyzed in the model, i.e. 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040,
2045 and 2050

Service area 95%-100% Coverage to all consumers within the area of jurisdiction of
coverage each Water Directorate
100% target for large urban areas
95% target for other areas including isolated and/or scattered
rural areas

Continuity of 24/7 Continuous supply to all consumers

supply and
In emergency cases, supply shall not be interrupted in terms
quality
of pressure and/or quality for longer than 24-hours in any
given calendar week.

Demands As per Demands at nodes should be as per the demand calculations.

demand For demand calculations, see PW System Toolbox Section 2 –
calculations Potable Water Demand.

Friction losses See remarks The Darcy-Weisbach equation for friction losses in
pressurized flow is to be adopted. It is noted that while most
models can use either the Hazen-Williams or the Darcy-
Weisbach equation to compute head losses, the Hazen-
Williams equation is only applicable to a limited range of
Reynolds numbers (Re). Thus, it is recommended to use the
Darcy-Weisbach equation, which includes all flow regimes.
Darcy-Weisbach equation is:

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Parameter Criteria Remarks

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓
𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔
Where:
h f = Friction head loss (m)
f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
L = length of pipe (m)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
V = Flow velocity (m/s)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
For pressurized flow, replacing V with Q/A will result in the
following format of the equation:
𝐿𝐿 8𝑄𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓
𝐷𝐷 5 𝑔𝑔𝜋𝜋 2
Where:
h f = Friction head loss (m)
f = Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor
L = length of pipe (m)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
Q = Flow Discharge (m3/s)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
π = 3.14
Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor can be calculated using the
empirical Colebrook-White equation. This equation applies in
turbulent flow conditions, i.e. R e >4000, which is the case in
water and wastewater applications.
1 𝜀𝜀 2.51
= −2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � + �
�𝑓𝑓 3.7𝐷𝐷 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 �𝑓𝑓

Where:
f = Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor
ɛ = Pipe roughness (m)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
R e = Reynolds Number
Reynolds number is calculated as:
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 =
𝜐𝜐

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Parameter Criteria Remarks

Where:
R e = Reynolds Number
V = Flow velocity (m/s)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
𝜐𝜐 = Kinematic Viscosity of the fluid (m2/s) which will change
with temperature, e.g. water at 25 °C has a kinematic
viscosity of 8.9e-7 m2/s.
As it can be seen from above, Colebrook-White equation is an
implicit formula which can only be solved iteratively, or using
the Moody diagram or using approximation formulas.
The Moody diagram can easily be found on the Internet
(example: [Link]
news/how-to-use-a-moody-chart/)
One of the widely used formulas to approximate the
Colebrook-White equation that can be solved explicitly is the
Swamee-Jain formula.
1 𝜀𝜀� 5.74
= −2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 𝐷𝐷 + 0.9 �
�𝑓𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒
Where:
f = Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor
ɛ = Pipe roughness (m)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
R e = Reynolds Number
The pipe roughness value (ɛ) can be found in the pipe
manufacturer’s product catalogues or enquired from them.
Typical values of pipe roughness can also be found on the
Internet.
It should be noted that as the pipes age, the pipe roughness
and hence the friction factor may increase.
Recommended maximum friction head loss gradient at peak
flow for different ranges of pipe size is provided in the table
below. This is excluding minor head losses.

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Parameter Criteria Remarks

Pipe Diameter Range Recommended Maximum Friction

(mm) Head Loss Gradient (m/km)
D ≥ 1500 3.0
1500>D≥1000 5.0
1000>D≥600 10.0
D<600 20.0
Minor head losses in pressurized pipes due to fittings are
Minor losses See remarks
represented by the following equation.
𝑉𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿𝐿 = 𝑘𝑘
2𝑔𝑔
Where:
h L = Minor head loss (m)
k = Minor loss coefficient
V = Flow velocity (m/s)
g = Gravity acceleration (m/s2)
Minor loss coefficients for different fittings are presented in
the table below.
Minor Loss
Fitting Type
Coefficient (k)
Globe valve, fully open 10.0
Angle valve, fully open 5.0
Swing check valve, fully open 2.5
Gate valve, fully open 0.2
Short-radius elbow 0.9
Medium-radius elbow 0.8
Long-radius elbow 0.6
45 degree elbow 0.4
Closed return bend 2.2
Standard tee - flow through run 0.6
Standard tee - flow through branch 1.8
Square entrance 0.5
Exit 1.0

Minimum 15 m (1.5 bar) Minimum pressure at the consumer’s meter chamber

pressure (highest point within the network)

Maximum 40 m (4 bar) Maximum pressure at the consumer’s meter chamber (lowest

pressure point within the network)

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Parameter Criteria Remarks

Failure to achieve the minimum and maximum pressures
should be addressed through improving flow paths, looping,
and if required by improving pump head or implementing
pressure zoning. Design of inefficient piping, i.e. oversizing
pipes to achieve low head losses, shall not be used as a means
to comply with network pressure criteria.

Maximum 2m For distribution lines

velocity
2.5 m For transmission lines

Minimum 0.2 m -
velocity

Water quality See remarks To be in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO)
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ), e.g.:
• TDS less than 600 mg/l
• Residual Chlorine between 0.2 mg/l and 4.0 mg/l
([Link]
quality/guidelines/en/)

Zoning See remarks Zoning and pressure control should be considered, especially
in larger networks and undulating terrains.
Important aspects to consider are topography, minimum and
maximum pressures and maximizing utilization of gravity vs
pumping.

Network layout See remarks Network layout should comprise loops wherever possible for
a better water circulation and optimized design and
operation.

For additional details on modelling requirements, refer to “AWWA Manual M32, Computer
Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, 4th Edition” and “US EPA Water Distribution System
Analysis: Field Studies, Modeling and Management A Reference Guide for Utilities”.

13. What is transient flow modeling/analysis and when and how is it done?
Transient flow condition is when the flow velocity and pressure change with time, i.e. change in
momentum. Changes to a fluid systems such as the starting or stopping of a pump, closing or
opening a valve or changes in tank levels result in transient flow condition.
The hydraulic phenomenon that will happen during transient flow condition is called “hydraulic surge”
or “water hammer”. This is a pressure surge or wave that propagates in the pipe and can cause issues
to pipes, pipe ancillaries and pump stations, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse.

At the Master Plan level, Joukowsky equation can be used to roughly estimate the likely magnitude
of surge pressures at the critical points of the system, e.g. main pump stations and transfer mains:
𝐶𝐶
∆𝐻𝐻 = ∆𝑉𝑉
𝑔𝑔

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Where
ΔH = Change in pressure (m)
C = Wave propagation speed in the pipe (m/s)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
ΔV = Change in flow velocity (m/s)
The wave propagation speed “C” is the variable which represents the physical properties of the pipe,
and the liquid being conveyed, and is calculated using the below equation:

1
𝐶𝐶 = �
1 𝐷𝐷
𝜌𝜌 � + �
𝐾𝐾 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Where
C = Wave propagation speed in the pipe (m/s)
ρ = Fluid density (kg/m3), e.g. 1000 kg/m3 for water
K = Bulk modulus of fluid (Pa), e.g. 2.2 GPa for water
D = Pipe diameter (m)
E = Young’s modulus (elastic modulus) of pipe material (Pa), e.g. 0.8 GPa for HDPE pipe
e = Pipe wall thickness (m)
It should be noted that the Joukowsky equation is a vast simplification of the characteristics of surge
and is therefore only applicable to a limited sub-set of fluid systems. Its application should be limited
to simple linear pipe system, i.e. transfer mains and slow valve closure. Additionally, the Joukowsky
equation does not consider column separation which can often result in surge pressures exceeding
those predicted by the Joukowsky equation Therefore, the Joukowsky equation should not be
applied to cases where the pipeline pressure can rapidly drop below the fluid vapour pressure.
In the design phases (post master planning), more detailed analysis shall be conducted on the main
components of the PW system, especially main pipes and pump stations to identify the magnitude of
surge and the required mitigation measures, if needed.

Surge modeling based on the Wave Characteristics Method should be sufficient in the early stages of
design, i.e. Concept and Preliminary Design, however, Method of Characteristics should be used in
the Detailed Design stage to accurately identify any possible issues with surge waves in the system
and identify the suitable surge mitigation measures.
Surge analysis should be conducted for a range of the highest risk surge propagating events,
including:
• Power Failure (sudden shut-down of pumps)
• Pump Start Up
• Valve Closure
• Air Valve Failure
• Pipe Burst
• A combination of the above scenarios, as needed
Surge analysis should be conducted for the “Baseline” and “Mitigated” scenarios for the peak flow at
the design horizon.

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The results of the Baseline simulations will inform the placement, specifications and sizing of surge
mitigation measures (or replacements/upgrades for existing ones), if and where required. The
mitigated simulations should demonstrate that the proposed mitigation measures successfully
maintain acceptable surge pressures during the anticipated surge events. Examples of mitigation
measures are surge vessels, surge tanks, 2-way air valves, anti-slam air valves, etc.

14. What is water quality modeling and when and how is it done?
Water quality modeling is to be undertaken in conjunction with hydraulic modeling, and shall be run
for each of the flow scenarios. Specifically, water quality simulations should be undertaken for Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Residual Chlorine and Water Age.
The water quality model for TDS shall use the TDS of the individual water sources, e.g. wells,
desalination plants, etc. based on data from field tests. The TDS model should be used to
demonstrate that the TDS of water reaching all consumers does not exceed 600 mg/l. The model
shall also represent the potential ingress of saline groundwater into PW networks during
intermittent supply. The TDS from each source should be adjusted for future scenarios based on the
anticipated future changes in water quality.
The Residual Chlorine model should be a First Order Decay model. Bulk and Wall Coefficients and
initial Chlorine concentration for each water source should be established based on field tests. These
coefficients shall also be adjusted based on anticipated changes in water quality and aging of
networks up to the design horizon.
The Residual Chlorine model shall be used to demonstrate that the Residual Chlorine of the water
reaching all consumers is within the limits of 0.2 mg/l (at the furthest point of the network) and
4.0 mg/l (at the closest point of the network to the water source).
The Residual Chlorine model should be used to determine the short term and long term Chlorination
requirements.

A water age of less than 72 hours (3 days) is desirable for water quality concerns.
Water quality parameters should be modeled as an Extended Period Simulation, using the Average
Daily demands.

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1. Why is water safety important?

It is important to secure and maintain the quality of water throughout the supply system, from
water sources to the consumer tap and point of use. Access to unsafe drinking water entails large
economic loss associated with public health. Improving water supply and sanitation will decrease
the global disease burden.
Waterborne diseases impact communities by exacerbating malnutrition through chronic diarrhea,
inhibiting children’s mental development, reducing school attendance (and work attendance of
parents who need to take care of their sick children), and impeding on the ability and availability of
time for economic productivity and basic social functions. The need to purchase medicines to treat
the disease also places additional financial burden on household budget.

2. What approaches should be taken in order to ensure safe PW?

The Master Plan should consider the multi barrier approach which will ensure safe PW through the
below four barriers:
• Source water protection
• Water treatment
• Distribution system integrity
• Public information and legislation
Protection of the source water, aligned with public involvement and water resources management
are recommendations that should be implemented as part of a sustainable approach for drinking
water supply. These recommendations are specifically designed to ensure adequate design,
construction, sampling, maintenance and operation practices, and a provision of safe and high
quality drinking water in a reliable manner and suitable for intended use.
All materials in substantial contact with PW supplies shall conform to the ANSI/NSF Standard 60 and
61. Examples of water system components that would be considered to be in ‘substantial contact’
with drinking water are filter media, storage tank interiors or liners, distribution pipes, membranes,
exchange or adsorption media or other similar components that would have high potential for being
in contact with water. Materials associated with components such as valves, pipe fittings, debris
screens, gaskets or similar appurtenances are not considered to be in substantial contact with water.
Depending on the potential risks associated with the source water, adequate treatment should be
provided. For surface water, generally the treatment train includes coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection. The treatment processes can range from membrane treatment to sand
filtration to ozone, to UV disinfection.
The selected treatment process should be a multi-barrier treatment train that addresses mainly
biological, organic and inorganic substances in the source water. The production of the water
treatment plant should be continuously verified with online instrumentation such as turbidimeters
and pH and chlorine analyzers. Also, daily laboratory analyses are required to validate that the
treatment targets are met.
Treatment systems also provide removal/inactivation of bacteria and viruses. Attention should be
given to the process to avoid formation of disinfection by-products which may be a result of chlorine
disinfection. Therefore, the treatment train has to be evaluated as a whole to achieve the treatment
targets to protect public health.

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The storage, conveyance and distribution systems play a crucial role in ensuring the quality of the
treated water is preserved until it reaches the customers. Residual chlorine should be maintained in
accordance with the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid regrowth of
biological constituents (see Section 3 – Hydraulic Modeling for details).
Maintaining the pressure in the distribution system will also avoid infiltration that could potentially
compromise the water quality.
Water age also is an important factor to be considered. Hydraulic modeling as described in Section 3
is required to determine the residual chlorine and water age in the existing and future distribution
systems. Minimum chlorine residual shall be maintained at the furthest point in the system. Chlorine
injection points may be required as needed to avoid disinfection by-products due to overdosing of
chlorine upstream.

3. What are the examples of international standards for PW?

WHO standards for PW are listed in PW System Toolbox Section 12 – Policies & Regulations.

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1. Why secure PW infrastructure?

PW systems are vulnerable to a variety of natural and human caused threats. People may question
the need to secure pump stations, water storage facilities, treatment plants or pipelines. The simple
answer to that question is that the negative consequences of an emergency incident or an
intentional sabotage are too great to ignore.
A significant attack on a PW system could result in widespread illness or casualties. A disruption in
water supply could affect critical services such as firefighting, health care, energy production,
transportation, food and agriculture. The threats and risks to water systems are on the rise due to an
evolving threat environment. Measures are needed to safeguard all the water assets.

2. What are the types of PW system failures?

The following list captures the most severe types of PW system failures:
• Loss of pressurized water for a significant part of the system
• Long-term loss of water treatment, supply, and/or distribution
• Catastrophic release or theft of on-site chemicals affecting public health
• Adverse impacts to public health or confidence resulting from a contamination threat or
incident

3. What are the common PW system threats?

The most common PW system threats can be grouped into three different categories:
• Natural disasters
• Human caused incidents
• Workforce/infrastructure threats
Once the most likely threats are identified, the assessment of the probability and the impact of an
occurrence can be carried out.
The figure below shows the categories of hazard threats.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

4. How do natural disasters affect the PW system?

Natural disasters such as flooding and sand storms can damage the water infrastructure, interrupt
the continuity of water supply or affect the water quality.
It is critical for a utility to have response plans for such natural disasters. Once plans have been
developed, organizations need to train their employees and conduct exercises to ensure that
everyone understands their responsibilities.
The value and benefits of continuity of operations planning is that it will help an organization
prioritize tasks and resources, and maintenance and emergency response plans.

5. What are the human caused incidents that can affect the PW system?
To fully understand the spectrum of threats facing water utilities, system operators must recognize
the types of adversaries, malevolent persons, or groups that may try to prevent utilities from
performing one or more of its essential functions. They do not limit their targets to military
personnel or facilities. Terrorist attacks can happen within our borders, at any time without warning.
This knowledge about potential threats helps utilities form the foundation of a targeted security
program to protect critical assets. A water system’s comprehensive threat profile is an important
factor in risk calculations and methodologies.
There are three broad classes of human-caused threats that water utilities should evaluate. Those
are physical, chemical contamination, and cyber threats. Each water utility must define the threats in
their risk equation to calculate current and future risks and then propose security upgrades required
to reduce those risks.
There is empirical evidence that chemical and biological weapons have already been used or
considered in plots to contaminate drinking water systems. The chronology of intentional water
contamination events with chemical or biological hazards dates back thousands of years. While the
actors, motives, tactics, and outcomes of chemical or biological attacks vary, the following is a partial
list of historical incidents that confirm the interest in such attacks:
• 1972 - R.I.S.E., a neo-Nazi terrorist group, plotted to poison urban water supplies to
incapacitate populations and gain attention for their cause. They were arrested and at the time
had possession of several biological agents that had been produced in a college laboratory.
• 1977 - In North Carolina a water reservoir was intentionally contaminated resulting in denial of
water to customers. Water had to be trucked in for residents.
• 1985 - New York City received anonymous threats of plutonium poisoning to the city’s water
supply. Subsequent testing for plutonium revealed 200 times the normal concentration levels,
but not enough to warrant public health concerns.
• 2002 - Al-Qaeda members were arrested in Rome, in the process of attacking a water
distribution system with cyanide near the US Embassy. They had detailed plans and equipment,
but were thwarted at the last minute. While the compound turned out to be a benign cyanide
derivative, it could have been a rehearsal effort to trace the compound and the flow in the
water system.
• 2002 - Two al-Qaeda members in possession of documents about how to poison US water
supplies were arrested in Denver.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

6. What are Cyber Threats?

Cyber threats to PW systems include the intent of individuals or groups to electronically corrupt or
seize control of data or information essential to system operations. Adversaries attempting an attack
via cyber mechanisms may seek out information that contains highly sensitive knowledge about the
vulnerabilities of a system. This includes SCADA systems which contain computers and applications
that perform remote control functions within the system.

7. How is SCADA related to cyber security?

SCADA systems have contributed greatly to PW system efficiencies, by allowing the collection and
analysis of data and control of equipment such as pumps and valves from remote locations.
However, they could also present a significant security risk. Similar to the vulnerabilities we see due
to aging water infrastructure that was not designed with security in mind, SCADA systems were
designed primarily to maximize functionality, not security. This leads to some SCADA networks that
could be vulnerable to disruption of service, process redirection or manipulation of operational
system components that could result in asset failures and public safety concerns. All water system
owners/operators should be aware of SCADA vulnerabilities and take actions to secure their SCADA
networks.
SCADA systems should be designed with the highest resilience and security level possible.

8. What are the examples to sensitive utility information?

Additional cyber vulnerabilities are related to the need to secure sensitive information stored on
data servers and in paper files. Examples of sensitive utility information include vulnerability
assessments, site security plans, response and recovery plans, water system and asset plans and
specifications, descriptions of chemical processes and storage capacity, detailed maps and drawings,
customer records, and financial data.

9. What are the consequences of a cyber-attack?

The threat of a cyber-attack carried out by a hacker can range greatly in sophistication. It can include
low-level access via the Internet only or an individual or group with access to the information
technology structure within an organization. A hacker may have direct access via modem or PC and
may have use of sophisticated hacking tools for the purpose of compromising the system. They may
also have access to administrator functions and may coordinate cyber-attack with a physical attack.
Perpetrators may use sophisticated network gear or other hacking tools. Results of a cyber-attack
may include denial of service, disruption of business functions, or the ultimate destruction of data
and systems.
While the motivations of any of these groups may be unknown, effective security is critical to
protect the assets and systems regardless of who might act out the threat or what their tactics might
be. To get a better handle on which level of external threat to focus on, an organization should go
through a process of determining the potential vulnerabilities of their systems.

10. What are the examples of threats to workforce and infrastructure?

This could be an aging workforce that may result in a spike in retiring employees with substantial
system knowledge, aging infrastructure that could lead to a large-scale infrastructure failure, or a
public health emergency in which many critical field or office employees are not able to report to
work due to illness or dependent care needs.

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11. What is physical security?

A certain level of security must be provided for employees and materials, equipment and supplies
they work with. Physical security describes everything that physically protects people and their
materials, equipment, and supplies from harmful natural events, accidents and intentional acts.
Physical security is accomplished operationally by observant and trained employees, passively
through careful building and site location and design, and actively using security devices such as
locks, video monitors, and lighting.

1. How to accomplish physical security?

There are three general methods of accomplishing physical security. Each works best when
integrated with the other two:
• Operational security through policies and actions taken by observant, trained employees
• Passive security through careful building and site location and design
• Active security through security devices such as locks, video monitors, lighting and standard
identity and access control smartcard system

12. What are the recommendation for building access security?

Building access road shall be fenced off as per the requirements of the relevant agencies.
Building exterior exposed surfaces such as access hatches, doors, etc. are to be vandal resistant.
Ensure that all ventilation louvers to the reservoir are properly secured to prevent entry of foreign
material. All hatches to be lockable.
The exterior of the building shall be provided with high pressure sodium vapor light fixtures (vandal
and tamper resistant) with high power factor ballast and lamps suitable for horizontal, base up or
base down operation. The need for surveillance camera and alarms shall be assessed for each site.

13. What is source redundancy?

It is recommended that the PW system have sufficient source capacity in order to meet all of the
demand objectives with a major source unavailable. It is advisable to have sufficient capacity so
there is no single source which is indispensable. For that reason it is recommended that redundancy
be evaluated assuming the largest source will be unavailable.

14. What is the minimum level of redundancy for PW networks?

To ensure the security of supply, major infrastructure of PW networks should include redundancy as
per the below:
• Strategic national storage reservoirs should have a redundancy of at least 3 days average
demand for the planning horizon of 2030, in accordance with the KSA National Transformation
Program 2020. This target should reach to 7 days of storage by 2050 in accordance with global
benchmarks.
• Regional and local storage reservoirs should have a redundancy of at least equal to one day
average demand.
• Pumping stations should be designed with stand-by pumps.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What is Sustainability and Sustainable Development?

Sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes and Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

2. What is Water Resources Sustainability?

Water resources sustainability is the ability to use water in sufficient quantities and quality, critically
meeting the needs of humans and ecosystems to sustain life, and to protect humans from the
damages brought about by natural and human-caused disasters that affect sustaining life.
It ensures the availability and sustainable management of water for the watershed and the
community. It also provides water resource variability, e.g. extreme events (droughts and flooding),
and utilizes as appropriate a full range of watershed investment and engagement strategies.
Water resources sustainability engages in long-term Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM) and Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) and ensures that current and future
customer, community, and ecological water related needs are met.
The sustainable development of water resources:
• Involves policies, plans, and activities that improve equality of access and quality of life for all
• Recognizes the limits and boundaries beyond which ecosystem behavior might change in
unanticipated ways
• Advocates consideration of spatial scales, recognizing that interactions occur among different
geographical ranges globally, nationally, regionally, and locally
• Challenges us to look to the future and to fully assess and understand the implications of the
decisions made today on the lives and livelihoods of future generations and the natural
ecosystems upon which they will rely.

3. What are the main considerations for water resources sustainability?

The following three operational considerations promote sustainability:
• Renewable water resources, e.g. groundwater, must be used no faster than the rate at which
they are replenished.
• Non-renewable water resources, e.g. fossil water aquifers, must be used no faster than
renewable substitutes for them can be put into place.
• Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural systems can absorb them, recycle
them, or render them harmless.

4. What are the main goals of water resources sustainability?

The main goals of water resources sustainability include:
• Provide safe and equal access to water supplies needed for domestic, municipal, industrial and
agricultural uses
• Provide sufficient water quality/quantity to support ecological function
• Measure and protect against biological and ecological degradation in aquatic ecosystems and
restore integrity of degraded ecosystems

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• Reduce discharges of pollutants into surface waters and eliminate contamination and
overconsumption of groundwater
• Prevent human health risks due to the spread of waterborne diseases, water contamination
and hostile actions
• Prevent physical modifications from land use/cover changes or hydrologic disturbances within
watersheds that cause risks to humans, natural systems and property
• Encourage a holistic, watershed-based approach to evaluating all water resource issues that is
participatory, democratic, equitable, and socio-economically sensitive
• Develop appropriate water resource policies, institutional arrangements and structures,
financial systems and legal and regulatory authorities to achieve IWRM.

5. What are the simple steps that can be taken towards water resources sustainability?
Some simple steps that can be taken towards water resources sustainability are:
• Promote and improve water conservation and reuse through application of water saving
devices, TSE reuse and new technologies of water conservation and wastewater treatment and
reuse.
• Detect and reduce leakage and un-metered and illegal connections
• Run water saving/conservation awareness campaigns for the communities

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What is resilience?
Resilience is defined as the ability of a system to rapidly adapt and respond to internal or external
changes or disturbances and continue operating with limited impact.
The definitions of disaster, infrastructure, and community resilience reflect that resilience is a
property of a system. A system is composed of interacting parts that operate together to achieve a
function. Resilience describes the overall performance of a system and not its individual
components. Rather than simply measuring the performance of a single component, resilience
measures the state of the entire system. Understanding the performance of individual components
is critically important, however resilience reveals the dynamic interactions among the components in
ways that might enhance or hinder preparedness, response and recovery capabilities.

2. What is Resilience in a PW system?

A PW systems includes:
• Physical components such as water sources, treatment plants, storage tanks, pumping stations
and pipe distribution networks delivering water to the customers
• Services provided by the water system, i.e. the timely delivery of an adequate amount of safe
water
• The entity that manages the water and the customers

Therefore, resilience in a PW system means that following a disturbance, service provision should
return its original state in regards to all the system components.

3. What are the disturbances that could affect the operation of a PW system?
Disturbances that could affect the operation of a PW system are:
• Normal operation incidents such as pipe break, pump trip and power outage
• Emergency incidents such as natural disasters, hazardous material releases and cyber and/or
physical terrorist attacks
PW systems must be planned and prepared for enhanced resilience in case of such disturbances.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

4. What are the recommendations for enhancing the resilience of the PW systems?
Some of recommendations for enhancing the resilience of PW systems are:
• Renew aging infrastructure
• Develop a comprehensive O&M program
• Plan for operational continuity
• Combine new operational solutions with capital improvements
• Develop and practice emergency response plans

5. What are the main attributes of emergency/disaster resilience?

The main attributes of emergency/disaster resilience are:
• Robustness – the ability to withstand disasters without significant degradation or loss of
performance
• Redundancy – the ability to substitute system components if significant degradation or loss of
functionality occurs
• Resourcefulness – the ability to identify and prioritize problems and initiate solutions by
mobilizing resources
• Rapidity – the ability to restore functionality in a timely manner, containing losses and avoiding
disruptions

6. How to measure resilience?

Resilience can be measured using indicators of the impact of the disturbance on the system. An
example of a set of indicators that can be used to measure the resilience of a system is:
• Amplitude – indicates the amount of disturbance/damage to the system as the result of an
incident. This could be the direct and indirect and tangible and intangible damage. The higher
the amplitude, the lower the resilience.
• Graduality – indicates the rate of disturbance/damage to the system as the result of an
incident. The higher the graduality, the higher the resilience.
• Recovery rate – indicates the rate of recovery of the system from the consequences of an
incident. The higher the recovery rate, the higher the resilience.
One approach to measuring resilience is to use system analysis and simulation and quantify the
resilience indicators, which is a complex task. However, for master planning purposes, the resilience
indicators can also be qualitatively assessed.
Different options for a system can be assessed for resilience. For example, adding more pipes to
form loops in a PW network can increase reliability by ensuring multiple delivery routes to
customers.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What are the stages of developing a GIS for PW systems?

The GIS development tasks include:
• Design the database
• Input the data
• Create GIS layers and sort the data into layers
• Create maps and reports as necessary
• Maintain and update system as necessary

2. What is a PW GIS Database?

A PW GIS database is typically developed as an ESRI-compatible geodatabase with a geometric
network. The data structure is designed to support the PW network modeling. It is also used to
support infrastructure management of the PW assets in the future.

3. How to develop a database?

A PW GIS database is typically developed to support the modeling and infrastructure evaluation
processes of the project.
The typical features of a PW system included in a GIS are:
• Reservoirs/Tanks
• Pump stations
• Pipes
• Valves
• Hydrants
• Chambers
• Meters
• Sampling station
• SCADA Sensors
• Thrust protection structures
The standard projection system WGS 1984 UTM should be adopted with Zone 37, 38 and 39,
depending on the location of the project within the Kingdom.
The below figure shows the overall flowchart for developing a GIS for PW systems.

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4. How to utilize previous master plan data?

It is recommended to get access to a data source which was collected from previous plans/networks.
As a result, this data could be converted into the new GIS database as a starting point.

5. What is the use of as-built information in the GIS database?

The as-built data and drawings are considered the best sources of information for the PW GIS
database. The as-built data and drawings are used as the primary reference for checking the
previous master plan data and to add more detailed attributes to the GIS database.

6. What is data conversion?

It is the data from the previous master plan layers that are converted and inserted into the PW GIS
database. This data will need to be confirmed and additional attribute data added from the as-built
data and drawings.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

7. What is the role of QA/QC?

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures are developed and used to query for
missing or invalid data and ensure the quality of the GIS. These should be run on a regular basis
during the process. As part of the overall quality control process, SQL routines are developed to help
find missing or invalid data.

8. What is the purpose of PW system GIS maps?

On a regular basis as significant progress in the GIS data collection is made, overall system maps are
created to be used by the project team. These maps serve two purposes:
• Provide additional review by project members outside of the GIS team
• Provide maps as reference for other project tasks
Map layouts and map tile system should be created.

9. What is the role of the project team in developing the GIS for PW system?
The project team can review the PW system GIS maps and make recommendations for required
corrections, updates and field inspections. The reviewers may include task leaders from the
modeling teams, data collection team and others.

10. Is field validation needed?

In some cases the available data for building the PW GIS database are not complete and accurate.
Since the PW database is to be used for hydraulic modeling and analysis and asset management, it is
essential that the information is as accurate as possible, particularly connectivity and elevation data.
Field investigation will verify existing features and their locations and will collect missing data for
attributes. A 10% random field investigation is recommended to be completed and documented as a
random sampling of data.
Field crews can be assigned to missing or suspected data as needed. Field checks should include the
verification of all data components of the GIS data.

11. Who are the data collection team?

The data collection team inspect the major features of PW systems. When available, due to timing of
the data, the GIS system maps will be used as a reference by the field inspectors. Any inconsistencies
found can be reported back to the GIS development team for correction.

12. Why is SCADA needed?

Proper operation of a PW system is extremely important to ensure that all the targets such as water
quality and supply are met. The system needs to be designed with features such as Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems with online controls and analyzers to check and adjust
the operation of the PW system, as required.

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. Why is operation important and what are some operation considerations for master
planning?
Proper operation of a PW system is extremely important to ensure that all the targets such as water
quality and supply are met. The system should be designed with features such as Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems with online controls and analyzers to check and adjust
the operation of the PW system as required. The systems can be installed with alarms to prompt the
users in the case that the criteria are not met. Proper operations will not only reduce the risk of
producing off-specification water but prevent unnecessary wear and tear of the equipment, save the
utilities in energy costs, and reduce the number of staff required to operate the systems.

2. What are the different types of maintenance?

Maintenance activities can be grouped into two main categories:
• Preventative Maintenance (PM): Activities spent on regularly scheduled and periodic
maintenance as prescribed by the equipment manufacturer, time spent on inspecting the
condition of the equipment according to a planned schedule and time spent on routine
maintenance of equipment which can be scheduled in advance but is corrective in nature
• Emergency Maintenance (also called work order maintenance): Unplanned or breakdown
maintenance effort spent on emergency work requiring a rapid response to protect life,
property or the environment. Also included in unplanned or breakdown maintenance efforts
are those related to maintenance work that causes an interruption to the daily schedule.

3. Why is a preventive maintenance program important?

A preventive maintenance program can prevent problems by helping you maintain your system
properly. Knowing the ongoing needs of your system and taking action to meet those needs will
enhance public health protection, improve system reliability and reduce the cost of maintaining your
PW system.

4. How will a preventive maintenance program guide help?

A guide can provide a schedule of routine Operation and Maintenance (O&M) tasks for PW systems.
It will serve as a planning tool to help systems achieve and maintain performance and the design
conditions to meet treatment, conveyance, and supply targets.
A sample Preventive Maintenance list has been provided below. Preventative maintenance is site-
specific for each PW system and asset and will need be developed for each system on a case-by-case
basis.

Daily
– Read source water meter and record water production
– Measure and record chlorine residuals
– Inspect chlorinators for proper operation
– Conduct security checks
– Check and record water levels in storage tanks
– Inspect wellheads
– Record well pump run times and pump cycle starts

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

– Check for leaks and fix them immediately

– Make sure the heating and cooling systems are working

Weekly
– Check and record water levels in tanks
– Record the pumping rate for each well or source water pump
– Inspect booster pump stations
– Check water pressure in each well house and each pump house

Monthly
– Inspect pumps, motors and controls
– Take appropriate monthly water quality samples
– Check sump pumps, and well and pump house flood prevention or detection systems
– Read customers meters
– Read electric meter at pump house and record
– Submit chlorination reports

Quarterly
– Make sure fire hydrants are accessible
– Clean pump house and grounds
– Inspect and clean chlorine solution feed lines and solution tanks
– Calibrate chlorinators
– Inspect and test standby power generation systems
– Inspect storage tanks for sanitary deficiencies

Biannually
– Exercise half of all mainline valves
– Evaluate the water turnover of the stored water
– Operate all valves insides the well house, treatment plant, and pump house
– Check pressure relief valves
– Check and record static and pumping levels of each well
– Inspect chemical safety equipment and repair or replace as needed

Annually
– Flush the distribution system and exercise and check fire hydrant valves
– Conduct a water audit and leak detection program
– Prepare system for winter operations
– Check aesthetic water quality in storage tanks

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Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

– Perform preventive maintenance on well house, treatment plant and pump house
buildings
– Inspect, clean, and repair control panels in well house
– Overhaul chlorinators, including O-rings, check valves, and diaphragms
– Review your emergency response plan
– Review your water facilities inventory
– Review your coliform monitoring plan
– Check instrumentation for proper signal input/output
– Test each alarm
– Maintain air compressors

As needed
– Perform storage tank maintenance
– Inspect storage tanks for defects
– Clean storage tanks
– Contact an electrician to check running amps on well pumps
– Pressure tank supports
– Purchase a backup chlorinator
– Maintain a log of water line repairs
– Maintain physical protection of wellheads
– Overhaul control valves

Section 9 – Operation & Maintenance 3

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What is Asset Management?

Asset Management is the practice through which capital assets are inventoried, monitored, and
managed over time to ensure the longevity and sustained viability of the assets as components of an
effectively functioning system to increase reliability of the system.
Asset management is the management of the physical components of PW systems which can include
pipes, valves, tanks, pumps, motors, wells, hydrants, instrumentation and control components,
treatment facilities, and any other components that make up the system.
While asset management planning can also include human resources necessary for the proper
operation of the facility, this guide focuses on the ‘hard assets’ or infrastructure only. The assets that
make up a PW system generally have a fixed life cycle and lose value over time as the system ages
and deteriorates. Along with this deterioration, the risk of disruptions in service increases. As
physical system assets age and deteriorate, the cost of maintenance increases as there will be more
downtime associated with fixes.
Similarly, if sufficient revenues are not reserved and the system assets are not adequately
maintained, the utility may be faced with excessive costs that it cannot afford when system
components need to be replaced.
Proper asset management allows a utility to plan responsibly and make more informed decisions
about proactively managing aging assets on a schedule to ensure the long-term sustainability of the
entire system. For propose Asset Management, an inventory of assets needs to be created and
maintained in GIS.

2. Why manage assets?

Successful asset management enables a PW system to maintain a desired level of service in the most
cost-effective manner. Generally, this allows utility managers to proactively rehabilitate or replace
system components on a continual basis rather than waiting to repair failing or damaged assets.
This approach will prevent considerably more expensive and disruptive operations. Asset
management is important for several reasons:
• Utility assets represent a major public or private investment
• Increased knowledge of the system allows better financial decisions, and can influence choices
when considering options to address various system challenges, e.g. meeting regulatory
requirements or upgrading system security
• Enables efficient and cost-effective operation of the system
• Reliable infrastructure promotes economic development
• Efficient system operation and maintenance is essential to public health and safety and
protection of water quality
• May provide greater access to financial assistance. Some funding sources give applicants extra
credit (higher priority ratings) for having an asset management plan or a capital improvement
plan.

Section 10 – Asset Management 1

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

3. What are the benefits of Asset Management?

Asset management that fully embraces established principles may have the following benefits:
• Optimizing maintenance costs for the asset life cycle
• Ensuring the long-term sustainability of the utility
• Identifying asset location, condition, and criticality
• Ensuring prolonged asset life through sound decision-making and focused operations and
management
• Promoting system reliability, resilience and sustainability
• Consistently meeting customer demands
• Setting realistic rates based on sound operational and financial planning
• Budgeting focused activities critical to sustained performance
• Meeting service expectations and regulatory requirements
• Reducing occurrences of and improving response to emergencies
• Reducing energy needs and costs
• Improving system security and safety of assets

Section 10 – Asset Management 2

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What are the main project implementation considerations in master planning for a PW
network?
• Develop Capital Investment Plan and Implementation Plan - any Master Plan should be
accompanied by a Capital Investment Plan and an Implementation Plan which include the
details of capital investment required and the components of the system that have to be
implemented, probably in phases, during the planning horizon of the Master Plan in order to
meet the targets of the water sector.
• The projects identified by the Master Plan should be implementable as per the resources
availability, i.e. budget, staff, etc.
• Implementation Plan should consider long-term sustainability and resilience.

2. How should the Capital Investment Plan and Implementation Plan be developed?
The Capital Investment Plan and Implementation Plan should be developed for 5-year intervals.

3. Do the Capital Investment Plan and Implementation Plan be monitored and

updated/revised?
The Capital Investment Plan and Implementation Plan should be closely monitored and
updated/revised, when necessary, during the implementation stages of the Master Plan.

Section 11 – Implementation 1
MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

1. What regulations should be followed for PW master planning?

PW master planning efforts need to address all current and future (planned) water regulations set
for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The policies and regulations are in line with the Vision 2030 goals
of:
• Providing continuous access to adequate quantities of safe potable water and access to waste
water connection and treatment
• Enhancing demand management across all uses
• Safeguarding and optimizing the use of water resources, while preserving the local
environment for the highest benefit of the Saudi society in this generation and the future
• Ensuring water sector competitiveness and positive contribution to the national economy
through promoting effective governance, private sector participation, localization of
capabilities and innovation
The most-up-to date regulations from applicable agencies need to be obtained and followed. The
future projects identified need to meet all the applicable regulations, including water quality and
water source protection requirements.
Water quality parameters as summarized in ‘Section 4 - Health and Safety’, are among the most
important criteria to consider when master planning for PW systems.
Regulations for water quality may be similar to the WHO guidelines, however when planning at any
time, should specific values be in place for the Kingdom, those will take precedence.

2. What are the agencies that establish policies and regulations?

In the KSA, the following agencies have various degrees of responsibilities for environmental, water
and wastewater regulations:
• Presidency of Meteorology and Environment
• Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture
• Saudi Standards, Quality and Metrology Organization
• Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME)

PME is the primary agency for general environmental law in the Kingdom. It sets performance
standards for direct discharge of wastewater to receiving waters. It also sets pre-treatment
guidelines for discharge to a central treatment facility.

Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA)

MEWA sets regulations and implementation procedures for municipal wastewater and treated
sewage effluent (TSE). MEWA also sets requirements for TSE reuse.
The following are the potential uses of TSE:
• Agriculture
• Industrial
• Aquifer recharge

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 1

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

• Municipal landscaping
• Fire fighting
• Recreation
• Fish aquaculture

Saudi Standards, Quality and Metrology Organization (SASO)

SASO sets the standards for bottled and non-bottled drinking water. The standards include physical,
biological and microbiological characteristics.

Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu (RCJY)

RCJY is an autonomous organization of the Saudi Arabian Government. The Commission is
responsible for developing new industrial cities in Jubail, Yanbu, Ras Al-Khair and Jazan. RCJY is
responsible for developing some water standards for the cities mainly for potable water.

Other Local Ordinances and Standards

Final designs of the water systems shall conform to all applicable general specifications of materials
for waterworks, general specifications for contracts, standard drawings and local ordinances where
the improvements are constructed.

3. What should the master plan cater for?

Master plans should cater for developing, operating and maintaining an environmentally sound,
economically efficient, PW treatment and distribution system, meeting all applicable water quality
standards, current and future needs of the customers and taking into account the future growth
plan for certain number of decades in master planning process, while taking into consideration the
needs of the cities at ultimate build-out. The master plan should take into account the measures to
ensure the quality and quantity of surficial aquifers that are to be protected to guarantee public
health and to conserve the public PW supply.

4. What are the World Health Organization (WHO) potable water standards?
The drinking water quality standards are a public health issue and have to be carefully set. WHO has
published standards with maximum allowable concentration in “Guidelines for Drinking-water
Quality, Fourth Edition, 2017”. Currently, the standards for the KSA are following these guidelines. If
the values change in the future, the more stringent parameters should be considered.
The WHO has established guideline values for the water quality parameters divided in different
groups of contaminants:
• Microbial
• Chemical (further broken into sub-groups)
– Inorganics
– Organics
– Pesticides
– Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 2

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Microbial Quality
E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample of water.
Immediate investigative action must be taken if E. coli are detected.
Although E. coli is the more precise indicator of faecal pollution, the count of thermotolerant
coliform bacteria is an acceptable alternative. If necessary, proper confirmatory tests must be
carried out. Total coliform bacteria are not acceptable as an indicator of the sanitary quality of water
supplies, particularly in tropical areas, where many bacteria of no sanitary significance occur in
almost all untreated supplies.
In the great majority of rural water supplies, especially in developing countries, faecal
contaminations are widespread. Especially under these conditions, medium-term targets for the
progressive improvement of water supplies should be set.

Chemical compounds
The guideline values for various chemical compounds that are of health concern in drinking water
are presented below. However, the government regulatory agencies presented in “Section 17 -
Policies and Regulations”, may have different guidance for chemical compounds. For planning
purposes, the more stringent values should be considered.

Inorganic Compounds
Health based
Element/ Symbol/ Normally found in fresh
guideline by the
substance formula water/surface water/ground water
WHO
Aluminium Al 0.2 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l (up to 0.3 mg/l in
Ammonia NH 4 No guideline
anaerobic waters)
Antimony Sb < 4 μg/l 0.005 mg/l
Arsenic As 0.01 mg/l
Asbestos No guideline
Barium Ba 0.3 mg/l
Berillium Be < 1 μg/l No guideline
Boron B < 1 mg/l 0.3 mg/l
Cadmium Cd < 1 μg/l 0.003 mg/l
Chloride Cl 250 mg/l
Chromium Cr+3, Cr+6 < 2 μg/l 0.05 mg/l
Colour Not mentioned
Copper Cu 2 mg/l
Cyanide CN- 0.07 mg/l
Dissolved oxygen O2 No guideline
Fluoride F < 1.5 mg/l (up to 10) 1.5 mg/l
Hardness mg/l CaCO 3 No guideline
Hydrogen sulfide H2S No guideline

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 3

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Inorganic Compounds
Health based
Element/ Symbol/ Normally found in fresh
guideline by the
substance formula water/surface water/ground water
WHO
Iron Fe 0.5 - 50 mg/l No guideline
Lead Pb 0.01 mg/l
Manganese Mn 0.5 mg/l
Mercury Hg < 0.5 μg/l 0.001 mg/l
Molybdenum Mb < 0.01 mg/l 0.07 mg/l
Nickel Ni < 0.02 mg/l 0.02 mg/l
Nitrate and nitrite NO 3 , NO 2 50 mg/l total nitrogen
Turbidity Not mentioned
pH No guideline
Selenium Se << 0.01 mg/l 0.01 mg/l
Silver Ag 5 – 50 μg/l No guideline
Sodium Na < 20 mg/l 200 mg/l
Sulfate SO 4 500 mg/l
Inorganic tin Sn No guideline
TDS No guideline
Uranium U 1.4 mg/l
Zinc Zn 3 mg/l

Organic compounds
Health based
Group Substance Formula guideline by the
WHO
Chlorinated Carbon tetrachloride C Cl4 2 μg/l
alkanes
Dichloromethane C H2 Cl2 20 μg/l
1,1-Dichloroethane C2 H4 Cl2 No guideline
1,2-Dichloroethane Cl CH2 CH2 Cl 30 μg/l
1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3 C Cl3 2000 μg/l
Chlorinated 1,1-Dichloroethene C2 H2 Cl2 30 μg/l
ethenes
1,2-Dichloroethene C2 H2 Cl2 50 μg/l
Trichloroethene C2 H Cl3 70 μg/l
Tetrachloroethene C2 Cl4 40 μg/l
Aromatic Benzene C6 H6 10 μg/l
hydrocarbons
Toluene C7 H8 700 μg/l
Xylenes C8 H10 500 μg/l

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 4

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Organic compounds
Health based
Group Substance Formula guideline by the
WHO
Ethylbenzene C8 H10 300 μg/l
Styrene C8 H8 20 μg/l
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
C2 H3 N1 O5 P1 3 0.7 μg/l
(PAHs)
Chlorinated Monochlorobenzene (MCB) C6 H5 Cl 300 μg/l
benzenes
1,2-
Dichlorobenzene C6 H4 Cl2 1000 μg/l
(1,2-DCB)
1,3-
Dichlorobenzenes
Dichlorobenzene C6 H4 Cl2 No guideline
(DCBs)
(1,3-DCB)
1,4-
Dichlorobenzene C6 H4 Cl2 300 μg/l
(1,4-DCB)
Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) C6 H3 Cl3 20 μg/l
Miscellaneous Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) C22 H42 O4 80 μg/l
organic
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) C24 H38 O4 8 μg/l
constituents
Acrylamide C3 H5 N O 0.5 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin (ECH) C3 H5 Cl O 0.4 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) C4 Cl6 0.6 μg/l
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
C10 H12 N2 O8 200 μg/l
(EDTA)
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) N(CH2COOH)3 200 μg/l
Dialkyltins R2 Sn X2 No guideline
Organotins Tributil oxide
C24 H54 O Sn2 2 μg/l
(TBTO)

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 5

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Pesticides
Health based guideline
Substance Formula
by the WHO
Alachlor C14 H20 Cl N O2 20 μg/l
Aldicarb C7 H14 N2 O4 S 10 μg/l
Aldrin and dieldrin C12 H8 Cl6/
0.03 μg/l
C12 H8 Cl6 O
Atrazine C8 H14 Cl N5 2 μg/l
Bentazone C10 H12 N2 O3 S 30 μg/l
Carbofuran C12 H15 N O3 5 μg/l
Chlordane C10 H6 Cl8 0.2 μg/l
Chlorotoluron C10 H13 Cl N2 O 30 μg/l
DDT C14 H9 Cl5 2 μg/l
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane C3 H5 Br2 Cl 1 μg/l
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-
C8 H6 Cl2 O3 30 μg/l
D)
1,2-Dichloropropane C3 H6 Cl2 No guideline
1,3-Dichloropropane C3 H6 Cl2 20 μg/l
1,3-Dichloropropene CH3 CHClCH2 Cl No guideline
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) Br CH2 CH2 Br No guideline
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide C10 H5 Cl7 0.03 μg/l
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) C10 H5 Cl7 O 1 μg/l
Isoproturon C12 H18 N2 O 9 μg/l
Lindane C6 H6 Cl6 2 μg/l
MCPA C9 H9 Cl O3 2 μg/l
Methoxychlor (C6H4OCH3)2CHCCl3 20 μg/l
Metolachlor C15 H22 Cl N O2 10 μg/l
Molinate C9 H17 N O S 6 μg/l
Pendimethalin C13 H19 O4 N3 20 μg/l
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) C6 H Cl5 O 9 μg/l
Permethrin C21 H20 Cl2 O3 20 μg/l
Propanil C9 H9 Cl2 N O 20 μg/l
Pyridate C19H23ClN2O2S 100 μg/l
Simazine C7 H12 Cl N5 2 μg/l
Trifluralin C13 H16 F3 N3 O4 20 μg/l

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 6

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Pesticides
Health based guideline
Substance Formula
by the WHO
Chlorophenoxy 2,4-DB C10 H10 Cl2 O3 90 μg/l
herbicides (excluding
Dichlorprop C9 H8 Cl2 03 100 μg/l
2,4-D and MCPA)
Fenoprop C9H7Cl3O3 9 μg/l
MCPB C11 H13 Cl O3 No guideline
Mecoprop C10H11ClO3 10 μg/l
2,4,5-T C8 H5 Cl3 O3 9 μg/l

Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Health
based
Group Substance Formula
guideline by
the WHO
Disinfectants Chloramines NHnCl(3-n), 3 mg/l
where
n = 0,
1 or 2
Chlorine Cl2 5 mg/l
Chlorine dioxide ClO2 No guideline
Iodine I2 No guideline
Disinfectant by- Bromate Br O3- 25 μg/l
products
Chlorate Cl O3- No guideline
Chlorite Cl O2- 200 μg/l
Chlorophenols 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP) C6 H5 Cl O No guideline
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4- C6 H4 Cl2 O No guideline
DCP)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol C6 H3 Cl3 O 200 μg/l
(2,4,6-TCP)
Formaldehyde HCHO 900 μg/l
MX (3-Chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy- C5 H3 Cl3 O3 No guideline
2(5H)-furanone)
Trihalomethanes Bromoform C H Br3 100 μg/l
Dibromochloromethane CH Br2 Cl 100 μg/l
Bromodichloromethane CH Br Cl2 60 μg/l
Chloroform CH Cl3 200 μg/l
Chlorinated Monochloroacetic acid C2 H3 Cl O2 No guideline
acetic acids
Dichloroacetic acid C2 H2 Cl2 O2 50 μg/l
Trichloroacetic acid C2 H Cl3 O2 100 μg/l

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 7

MEWA WATER & WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN
Master Plan Guidelines – Potable Water System Toolbox (PW)

Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Health
based
Group Substance Formula
guideline by
the WHO
Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) C 10 μg/l
Cl3 CH(OH)2
Chloroacetones C3 H5 O Cl No guideline
Halogenated Dichloroacetonitrile C2 H Cl2 N 90 μg/l
acetonitriles
Dibromoacetonitrile C2 H Br2 N 100 μg/l
Bromochloroacetonitrile CH Cl2 CN No guideline
Trichloroacetonitrile C2 Cl3 N 1 μg/l
Cyanogen chloride Cl CN 70 μg/l
Chloropicrin C Cl3 NO2 No guideline

Section 12 – Policies & Regulations 8