fry ot 98 uP Lmelunl Osgenisilion in Ariel issue - Te tea qr at cals wah common oaigin » Commun fundion > Stmilor shape alongustth tritercellular subétanes (mateix). * The term issue wins coined by © Tissue level 4 ongantsation was fost seen in Coelerfsata. Antal Tissues ——— 1 +2 1+ Epttheléal [Link] 2 Masealas, 4. ee Tissue “Tissue “Teswe maaue 4. Ebithedal issue Ht These oe Jound at joee surfaces , efthes inside- bedy fluid O31 pulcide- environment. # Cals ome compaclly packed wilh [ttle fafercellulay metaic. # Funclion: “Tt paovides a severing te some body pols. FF Te ts ah tuo types simple chithelium ancl compound ebithelium . cells. «Composed gh a single foyer. | enlesie inn one loyes | calls. | © Lines the body cavities, | 6 py protective fundtion clucts and tubes. against chemical and mechanical tresses © Cover dy akin, moist | Suiface f buccal covily, phasyny, ines lining of duals |g salivay gland + fsancxdt'e det 4nem © On the basis fi slouctural agratention ( (modification) of cells , Sfmble epitheltal is ¢ ‘tise types, sbimple Epithelial Tissue 4 shquormous Cubotdal | Coluonnar | + Fiatlenedt calls | + cube- like celly FA Tall and stender calls * Found - jyas op - 4 Duct p glands, \* Lining qf stanach blood vescels 5 Aubules pot ep and intestine. alveoli tbh om. | + Fundllen = Foon a A shecorslion and + secsidion and Aliposin basen | absexptin. abseiption. + Te 4 columnar om cuboidal cells bear cilia on thet suy they aie called ciltated epflhelial. ace \ eFuncion- Pove onucus ina specific direction, *Found- Bxonchioles and. fellofian tiles. HE q columnar ot cuberdal galls get spectalisedl ba secaélion , they axe called gientael oprtheltuna. 4 Unicelluloy eng. goblet cells q gut. + Mallicallalar- e.g, walevay gland.2. Puscle “Kssue Tissue » # Muscle play an ‘aélve stole in all movements ¢, the body # These aie long, cylindaical spbses|conpesed $ ‘tayo fibvtls) - - So Thee adlien adjust ‘the body 4p the changes & envivoninerit » d Pluscle Pssut > : sbReldtal muscle somath rauscle Cardiac muscle a, \4 »° : Ss S Ss s- . » at Noluitos # Frvchuatony 4 Tavolurtas » * Closed altached te ® Blcocl vessels y Stomach, | ° Only founel Hm » skeletal bres. intestine contain i - heast ~ * sStavated | umsterited # sehiated. = © Commurtétion punclien = at Jusion boivd op = Plasma membrane = | allow cells to covitvad oS a unit, =o : ms 3 Newel “Tesut m® ft Tt exerts quedest eoritiol ove, sltrnulf. caves | Denby mdf Aen & the antt of newial system which Ne = ane exeflable cells? Ga © = = - Newiogl 7 euvioglea ~ > Made sor. memal “hese * Peiutect and support newsmye. 78 Connective “issue vonnective “Ussug # — Aoct aberndart amd wiclely distibited . het function is Winking and Supposing alhey tise wes fongens- # Except bleed, cells af all comnedling Visgues Secnede ibsies gf styuctiaal pasterns called collagen oy elastin. ‘ “These cells also seenete modified polysaccharicles. Apes —l) Loose comnechive tissue (i) Dense connective issue ' (i) cbpecralised connective Hssut (i) hoose commedtive tissue (rt and fibses age tesely awengect) Asteolas, tissue Adipose Wssuee « Puesert beneath the skin. « Bemealh the skin . sSubbost epithelium + ghtne ta Mats. Pape Fibre Gllagen fibses (rey fibre, (ii) Dense connechve fissue 4 Fibses and giao blasts one commonly packed im #. 4 can be dense regular oA dense tnegular. 4 Tt can 7 a q Wy _ + Collegen Jibsies are present 4 Febses and fibrobrast ede Tendon, fh lows, Hw parsaltel le ontented Ligament bundle qavnes dt} jerenly .“eT @] dbpecialisedd conneélive iss {a Cartil age «© Taterectlday material is solid and pliabte (movable) 5 s1esists combwssien | chondyoeyte ote enclosed \ Sl collagen oe chee. watthe i: . Tes a cavities within } _ coat Nix seestetect by them. j — Cartilage cell ~~ Chondrocyte) * Coslllage is paresert at in dip af nese outer can qeiels y Wembs , hands iat adult, bones oh vettlebeate colum- (> Bons @ Hosd andl non- pliable mmataty stich tn caletum salt. £ callogen fines © Ty paovide ctoualwiol fstome te badly. © Bone cells ( osteocytes ) oe preset ™ spaces called | © Bone marncw én some bees & dhe site ¢ petoduéll = # blood cells. <> Blood eo Flute emnedlve tissue, © Plate cistculaling qlee help & tremspovtedin 4 substan ces -Peewee Te LE a. silh wos % Tey one reddish -borown towestaial invertebrate (Annelicla). # flso Known aS Jaiends ef Jaamers be canse they fneseaqse the -pestility of Soil Uveinicemposting )« #% Also used as boi in game fishing - % Common ‘Indian eoilhuorims ore Pherelima and kumbaceus. Ifosphology # Body is divided into seqmnents ( L00- vas) called —mélamevison. F Dostsal. suface- Piel oloasal bleed vessel. Nentsial supact™ Genital opening is psreset. Antesion end ~ afoith and poirstrninm + + cover the moth plake a way in sock + Sensny Fret body segment — mivn ( buccal Segment >. Seq ment (14-16) = Clreedum, (dak band $ gqlemdular tissue), genital pose (séngle) C pose (pair) Fou, pans 4 spermathecal apertine ase Ventolol- lateral aides ay% segment - Female 10% segment - njale 9 HO Ry situated on i] ‘nferseg mental groove (5% 4094) GS BR, # Body has numerous minute postes — ep , bridliopocres, # In each bo segment 3- Shaped sclac i embedded which helps fn locomotion erce}t = fesity last , e¥ Fellur segmedt- enw ew mmm me www eS ETaTEAArAE> Setae Female Genital avin Apestiae we Np Lilet aie ‘Male Genital aperture Le elf iB (4-48) Sa % S, Poisons Mage 0-99 » © pvectt! ‘ = “Tonsverse qstoves S « oF anmali y Oxte F Ctideloy (} i r mm Ventral view “Doasal view [ Osaen Oagen eatune 4 Fun Furetion, t | A _ -| M vil, | 1-3 . Faxminal ‘mouth open in \ buccal cavity ° Hold food duxing ingeilin. | | Phasynx | = | ot pases get 4o gia. 3-4 © Te guind lhe soil andl | dlecaying leaves | my , ot © Walls ¢ stomach coutatn Calerferous glands © Calcite” help tn neutealising hur? act tm humus. S bh s ay ‘’ ~~ » i) y »~ ms — = re re =o) mg) =f) = _ o_ = at) —_Ry m0. [00 -Latestine # Pein. of shosil intestinal Cavcat Polaject on 26% segmet. ature of © Chaiacleristic } frifestine alter 0" except gs as is potesence a thee eanate Spittae | idnlheats later cerephegeat Cisculatory 2ysterm Dossal view Commissural vessel 28 ub neval vessel Lateral sesephageat vesset Ventsal vessel Anterior fe0p # Phewtlima exhibits a closed Nibe 4 citeulatory system - # Conteaclions Keeb bleed. cfsicaletling in one ~ diaedicon # Blood gland “exe psiesert on AI 5" gh segments 4 “@uoduce blosd coll and haemo globin fn plasma. Ret phayrgeal nephsiia Ty ef plhayrgeal nephnide A cy onephuida Forest of Futegementary nephaiela Septal aephacda ANebhaidial System in_cauhwoansWD) WN) )))) JJ) TH) ff (CEE (f {( Page ns. (01 H# Newous sbystem - Gamglia on verilsial paisted neve coad. # sGensoay system does nat have eyes but does posses Wont ailensities and to fect piibadtions. o Trey have chemosteceptor Which steak ‘le chemical dtmul. Repaodudive Osqan # Fosthucsim ts hermaphrodite. aE Two pairs qf testes (10-0) ae Vos gf esential goin prostatic duck. a shbennalhecar slecieve and gtose Spermatozoa dluxing copulation. F Ovasian Junnel psesent beneelh the ovaries — continues nto oviduct jee and open om female genital pre (19D. bpening s exchanging a fr Caccene # # Tuo wostms mate Geet afosing opp. gonadal Spermatop hoes (10-1) rests $2 with testes ) se (sate g aia 8 und ff ovidut Papstele ae ane nate genit pare. mature spoxn, ea cells and -mitaidive plud. ave deposited! Foslilisdion and development eceur within cacoon, tm soil. Apia. B weeks Each e@coon psreduce 2-20 haby wems with aa average qe Development is died.Pagean™ CockRoAcH * Colour - Plainly brown os black , Some are bainht ell aed green. A * Class- “Insecta Phyleem - Aaticpada # Mbixe- (fy 3 )enhes on (0-6-4-6 em. © Nocturnal omnivores. : commen — Pouiplandha # No ecommical tnpostance - coevnocl ” an bricame. Falefoon antennae — ‘\ Compound eyes ——e Head Paronotur- Tegmina ; LA lescthotae ————* Metathorar 3 ind wing bom en Pathovacte leg K! Abelome' . N_ = Anal cert fescthosiactt beg Habthosiacie leg is segmented in — head, thostax , abdomen. coveted by — Hard. chitenous exockelélon,. i Body t Body ty Exoskeleton hos hoidened plates called sclerites Ctorgites dostsaly and steynites ventiall soind bs osthaopodal anermbacrne. ip d x # HE Tosiax hove 3 pasts —Prothorax, messthoror, melathna # Each thoracic segment ber. a pa 4 walking legs.Pay no tos > » t Head - Fosmed by. 4uston sie segnest , show gut vc. > + Head capsule bear compound eyes. ® + Antennae - Anise jae membsianous socket which helps in ‘ monitosing the envisonmnenil- D + oath is biting and chewing type. y # loin Parts Ly <= << ’ ses ve) pe ast ae y hut ) if SF , — ws O~ . p Mandible Labstune. \ \ 6 2 OS 1 Hype phenynx , " Maxitle at jon ; p Wppes ip) tinea tp) ( tongue We) » » + Feast pain wings oases fer mesothorax — Fostewing (messthoser , tegina b+ gReeond wing anises from emélalhorax wm hendotings , . — , Hind wings Be ast used in plight » Used in peat # Abdomen in both Sand 2 consiets uv segenea. Females ey" stenum ~ boat shaped » togaher wilh ehand Q* steana spost nts betood on genital pouch, is quiterton. pars contains qonofories =p exmathecal paves , collaterat glands Moles te i i. dasa, * Genital poucy We in hind end abdomen , bounded by q* tage, stoma and 40" toga. * Tt contain dorsal anu, veilral male guilal poste , gonapophysts. © A hos and shu which is absent in fenals .fayene Anatom y Aliment meMLAN Car 4 anal t Cock sivach, Phaxyns a —— salivary esetwoty = salivany Glare (ston Jord) CHP Crspheges Grad my) Paovendicula Gsind \ (seenele cig Mg i Se (7 \\- Pleserdas FY, A oe aidgut Va (7 ' fahio® Mole HEC! coten (sie eroded ; * induct s Trew Rechist bb * Hendgut Gizzard zzard h 4 ave an outer layey ef thick’ innes culied . qHHy —chitinouy plate called teath - Foagut i lined by culile a At forming undlion 4 a it ) q - : ty and vwiclyui » 68 bind b ‘ '1 . ti ees callect # 4 qenetin 4 mi 1 A hindi - 00-150 ain It june ick gut q s tubules presen ™ uy q i caw e ‘geFagg one. 10S" Blond Cicely spon Ostia. . : + Open pe. ‘ Antoion actte . Hacraolymph (blood) és composed f (; TS Heo wouscles colouatess plasma ancl haemocytes (bloc ces), ie \ & Abwogenic heat- contuolted ty meu y . ; . 4 Chambers Blood flow aor posterir 40 ant exfor. k hier * least tie aleng amid donsal tine thorax ard abdomen. Resprrat st Sabino Ajstem Tsinchia — Spistacles —+ “Blachioles (10 pates> Ceomy 0, 40 atl posts) (opening is stequleded (exchange ? Pe & done by sphinetas) by sthnple diffusion). Excaatray item * Besslion © dome by Malphigian Tubules deve by (unedl by. qlondllas crliaded cel e Le absosbh caitstogenous wastes and convest dhem dato uate acicl — exeaeled by htndqut thet why they axe Kmown as USN Cotelice * Neplsocytes » Jat body» ustecose gland oles help in excrefion. . + only tn malesFase mento Neavous shysten Badu © Thconsists sh a sesies of qued qanglia- g ® Bain iS slebsreserted by supaa-oesophageal gules 3% lo Toray Neswous system is spstead thasughou the é! body» go it can suvive fo one-week 2 | withord heact. i JO Aderen Q © Compound 8 Cye consist 2o00 hexagonal ommalrcia- Tts wisi is omosate viston with monte sensitivity las steroluhon, commen in might Cnocturnal vision). e Othe Senge ostgans — aaitennae, eyes, maxillau polps, Labsal polps. anal cerci, efz, (last seqment) . Rebaodu alive By stem. (4-68) Testis Phatiie Gnd TY Sbrrall Hbules ——L seminal oo 7 ; v Vesicle Lng fubules Vas cldherena Anal coved 3 \ Bi itn Caudal styl a style hae Venbal phettomere THN lator Peeudohonis Ejjacelitory cluct # Bom each testic , a thin Vos di Pence avits eb Which, open tm ‘ eyeulatony cluct by Seminal vesiele 4 . open mm ‘male gonopore ep meer rTARARTVIVVISTIITTALLAAALPye neve 4 A anushstoom shabed gland is paesentl tay 6% 9 abdemninel seqreend (acessory slehsioduative ongen)- © sbhains cvie slosied nm semninal vesicle glade én bundles called — spetmalophores. : (6) © sSpermathe ea i : Common ovidast (Vegi ST ollatenat Gland aan. Genrtal chambey ~ Vestieulum _/Genital Pouch Gonapophyses * Each oy is fovrnedl of qelow ef 8 ovartan tubules (ovariotes), © Ovidut then i “vagina, which opens fa genital chamber. =F shperms oste Aaanchered Anviough —sperraelophostes. w called 0 Fentilised eggs ome encased tm cabsule wv They ave dropped fm a coack ost cstevices where humidity % high. © On an average. erate psloduce 9-10 oathecae » each containing min 16 “eggs © Devdopmect ic pom? ma abolous & Nynph que by “moulting caboul 45 Wrneg te reath adult foun # Next to last -nymphal slage has wing pacts bat oaly adult wings.FRoGS & Amphibia Cteme Ctive ta bith land and wale? © PoéKilotherrns (cold - blooded) 8 Camoflage - Ability te change colou — mimicry. 4 Common fi Rana tigaina « ° They take shelter. in peak summer and weiter. SSummey sleep- cestivelion Ninf es sleep - héberndlion @ Beneficial because they eat insect amd prstect eAeP- = Plaintain ecological balance - Ts legs aie used as foot im some countares. wo * Colour- Olive queen wilh daxk spots (dorsal side), pale -ycllow (veil). © Ploist skin. clue fe patesence eh mucus. © Never dink wot but absorbs if totough skin. © They have only head and teunk. © Pan + mostails ote pelesent — above mouth. * Eyes ave bulged, covered by mielilaiug membrane, Tr place of eat, micinbacnour lyr pamura ane pslesenit: © Fosielinbs and Hindlémbs — help ia suiraming rudking , ele. Cir aigit) (¢ aligit) ° They exhibit stexual dimorphism = Males — vocal sacs, compulatey pad on s"digh a falob Oe preent , absent in femels,Page mae. 109 MAR sAnatow : ———- yo, Wem Lives. Gal Maddos Re bang tC _ Cesephagus po ive Fat bodies Unienany bladdes > 3 f= Clancat Apatune Cloaca Prigeslive System + Digestive system = Gut + Digustive Qland # Gat fs shostt because fxogs axe cesinivosies, © = Moith— Buccal Cavity —> Phonymx -—> Oesophaqus, (Biloved tongue) | © seeenttion gf some gland (tives , presen) as (Het Gashie futee) Me addeds im fist part f smal alestine Fatestine(cltiodenum). ’ Rectum o Chymes ( pastally digesttd Jeo) ae enters Vanen in éntestine bfx stomach . Lives Bile. -> Emulsify fat Pancieas > Pancsleatie ques + Carbohydrate anel proteins * Digested good axe absorbed by villi oy mierovitl?. ° Undigesteck fe passes oul ncrgh cloaca,e Tey excsiete trea yhence called mee Respisatongy Syst seca ta pisation = aquatic = by skty ~ By dlp fusion ul monary ( Buecopharyngeal) = Pn tanct - by Inns Excortosy vbystemn | usteotdlic. Ridneys—> ustetors ——>_ Ustfnary bladdex —> Cloaca. ° * composed of shudtaal < Jurdicnal tint aicphsien ov usilnizoous tucbutl 3 © olales — Ustinegenétal duel opens fn cloaca © Females - Uaetes and oviduct oben a seperately, in cloaca. Cieiculeitosy System @ Closed types blosd vascular system and lymphilic system bah ave nt { heasts Uisee vessels , blond) SCaymph s Aymph channel » Hmph andes) © Heat is S-chambered, cowed ty | dium Cobia s 4 verte) ° — devsal side = a triangular = ——> sornlis Vonos us Heath de studure ot RA. ventstal side — conus cdl evosus (vertvical ofen in it) Sosaleiese © Voxtal System eg. Mepahe Tosttal Renat portal Sih Comuy astegrees, 7 system vet, syst cre 7 + 4 bf Wer and, to Rickey] and intestine lower, ports© Blood s composed ¢ Plasma and cells (RBC ov eiMivocytey , WO Caleurne yey and pi e “ # RBCs aye Mucleated Plotelates y thstomabor vie, © kymph lacie pew psroteins and RBC. eo Te includes both mewtal system and endocaine system Glancl). Nowoug shystera Pi tuit ary Thyaoid c N Postcdh yao’ N 8 ‘ | ? t ‘ereniens Syd ie + Pineal ke sain & Coranial ewes sympathetic Prmeal body Spinal coad & veers) . eae > Pancsicabre islets spinal eves Posiasyonpsthelee. Adeynals, Go nods, © Borin is acbsed in a bony bev ~ Cotanivom Foote -beiain ‘Wid-botain + + Olpactory lobes » opite lob es Hinel-botatn 4 coxebellum , anedalla -eblongata pained contbsial wy 4 0% hewigpheses » unpoited Passed oul AMough foe magna diencephalon. poensory Ostqans Taste Smell Hearing Fost touch laste, Encaat “Th mpanuumn, eengery papillat) © buds) — epitheliwn| c Ape (sensery pap 2 See aT [with aterral eax] Cellular 99774900" a 4 Teay neeve ending Cast ‘ asigan 0 hearing as well as — balancing. Cequititien)yPayee yoer® (to -!2) ¢ Meforctaclive « obystern we vor a rat val ANNAN ANN [Pte ] © Ti consists palsy at ovoid tester, boundeel by double pe fi Af Using geil uct a> cloaca. cloacal opatuee Using Penitorcum — called «nicsoachiun. bladder % Gein bole ese jun Vas efeventia enters ir widney on 7 canal. Aneis side and open into bicitewrs * Then, vaiino- genital duct — Cloaca, Ovonies ane séluated neay kidmey, . ti © Oviduet opens in cloaca sepercdely. cm cece c, ee bladder #A female rmaluse) cam Tay 2500 4" coo ave at a time. # — Festilisation — external (in water) # Prevelopanerd - inclisiect - farol stage callecl tedlbole.. (an tam exphosis)