Forve System FORCE SYSTEM FORCES A force may be defined as the action of one body on another body which changes or tends to change the motion of the body acted on. Because of the inertia possessed by all material bodies, they react or oppose any force which acts on them (Newton's third law). Notel: Forces may be considered as localized ane vectors and they can not be defined unless all the following characteristics mentioned: Son © Magnitude, * Direction (sense and slope), * Location of any point on its line of action. Note2: The third characteristic shows that Line of if two forces have the same direction, they — will produce the same extemal effect on a P po P rigid body. This fact leads to the principle of transmissibility which states that the extemal effect of a force on a rigid body is independent of the point of application of the force along its line of action. System of Forces When several forces act in a given situation, they are called system of forces ot ‘force system. Force systems can be classified according to the arrangement of the lines of action of the forces of the system as follows’ uForve System * Collinear: All forces of the system have a common line of action. * Concurrent, Coplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are in the same plane and intersect at a common point. * Parallel, Coplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are parallel and lie in the same plane. + Nonconcurrent, Nonparallel, Coplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are in the same plane, but they are not all parallel and they do not intersect at a common point. * Concurrent, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are intersect at a common point, but they are not all in one plane, + Parallel, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are parallel and but they are not all in the same plane. + Nonconcurent, Nonparallel, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system do not alll intersect at a common point, they are not parallel, and they do not lie in the same plane. Resultant The resultant of a force system is the simplest force system which can replace the original system without changing its extemal effect on a rigid body. The resultant of a force system can be: * asingle force, a pair of parallel forces having the same magnitudes but opposite sense (called a couple), ot * a force and a couple. If the resultant is a force and a couple, the force will not be parallel to the plane containing the couple. 2Forve System COMPOSITION AND RESOLUTION OF FORCES The process of replacing a force system by its resultant is called composition. The resultant of a pair of concurrent forces can be determined by means of the parallelogram law The angle the resultant makes with either force can be determined by the Jaw of sines, for example: ROR sina sin oD) The process of replacing a force by its components is called resolution. A component of a force is any one of two or more forces having the given forces as a resultant, So the term "component' is used to mean either one of two coplanar concurrent forces or any one of three noncoplanar concurrent forces having the given force as a resultant 13Forve System RESULTANT OF THE FORCE SYSTEM a) Resultant of concurrent, coplanar forces The resultant of concurrent, coplanar forces is force only, while as we will be seeing later, the resultant of noncurrent forces is force or moment or both. Example 1: The serew in Figure (a) is subjected to two forces, Fy and Fy. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. MH r= 190% o Solution: By parallelogram, the resultant F¢ is: =2126N =213N Applying the law of sines to determine 4, 150 __2126 = sing = 52 inti") ae od Sind ~ sin 15" 226 0-398" Tox @ i Thus, the direction g of Fe, measured from the horizontal, is b= 39.8° + 15.0° =54.8° “4Force System Example 2: Resolve the horizontal 600-1b force in Figure (a) into components acting along wand v axes and determine the magnitude of these components. o » Solution: Applying the law of sines, F600 sin 120° ~ sin30” 600 sin30" sin30° 1039 Ib = F,= 600 Ib Note: The result for F,, shows that sometimes a component can have a greater magnitude than the resultant. : Determine the magnitude of the Components force F in Figure (a) and the magnitude of the resultant force Fg if Fr is directed along the positive y- Example axis ¥ r 08, 4 for Soe o » © Solution: The magnitude of Fy and F can be determined by applying the law of sines, 15Force System E 200 F=245 Ib sino? sind Fr 200 Fy 273 Ib sin 75° sin 45° Example 4: It is required that the resultant force acting on the eyebolt in Figure {a) be directed along the positive x-axis and that F; has a minimum magnitude. Determine this magnitude, the angle 8, and the corresponding resultant force amon Solution: The magnitude of F; is a minimum or the shortest length when its line of action is perpendicular to the line of action of Fg, that is, when, a= 90 Since the vector addition now forms a right triangle, the two unknown magnitudes can be obtained by trigonometry. Fx = 800 cos 60°=400 N Fy = 800 sin 60° =693 N 16, | FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM: F2-1, Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the serew eye and its direction measured dockwise from the x ax. ma #22. Two forces act on the hook. Determine the ‘magnitude of the resultant fore. FZ. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis, 0 Farce Srstom FE. Resolve the 3048 force into components along th ‘wand v axes and determine the magnitude ofeach of thes ‘components: so ns 2.5 The forse F ~ 450 acts on the frame, Resol ‘this force into components acting along members ABE am: [Link] determine the magnitude ofeach component. afer ne 2-6, force F's tohave a component along the w axis 0 F,=OKN, determine the magnitude of F and thy ‘magnitude ofits component F, along the w axis 7Forve System Rectangular Components PREETI 1 ecpsniculay) components ofa force are more useful than general oblique components. The force F, acting at point 0, has two components: © Horizontal component F.=Feos@ 3a) + Vertical component Fy=Fsind—«..(2-3b) where Instead of using the angle 0, however, the direction of F can also be defined using a small "slope" triangle. Since this triangle and the larger triangle are similar, the proportional length of the sides gives or ss(2-Sa) and or (25d) Resultant of Several Coplanar Forces 1 In determination of the resultant of several forces, (more than two forces), using the rectangular component is more convenient than using the parallelogram rule more than once. AR 18Forve System Consider three forces as shown in figure below. So the resultant of these coplanar forces may be determined by the following steps: 1. Resolve each force into x and y components 2, Add the respective using scalar algebra since they are collinear © rer TA RRR BD bee BB Bhs -8, 3. The resultant force is then computed by using Pythagorean Theorem, r-|Fiv Pe and the angle @, which specifies the direction of resultant, is determined from trigonometry: Pe and=— 19Force System Example 5: Determine the x and y components of F; and F; acting on the boom shown in Figure (a). Solution: F, is resolved into x and y components, Fi, = -200 sin30°= -100 N= 100 N +— F y= 200 coss0°=173 N= 173 N | The force Fy is resolved into its x and y components, fx 2 f,=20 12) 240 — 260 13 3 Similarly F, -20o[ 5) root ~ 13, Hence; Fa. = 240 N=240N— 100=100N | Fy 20Force System Example 6: The link in Figure (a) is subjected to two forces # and Fs. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. Solution: + FeeZFi —— Fre= 600 cos 30° — 400 sin45° =236,8 —> AD ry-ZK: Fy 600 sin30° + 400 costs =e! a0 B= oN ‘The resultant force has a magnitude of, = V236.8" +5822" e29N and its direction, a1