Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryote Eukaryote
- No nucleus - Nucleus (except red blood)
- No membrane bound organelles - Membrane bound organelles
- Small and simple - More complex
- All unicellular - Unicellular or multicellular
- Binary fission - Mitosis
Light microscope
TEM
- Electrons into fine beam
- 2D image
- Thin specimen
- Goes through specimen
SEM
- Electron beam scans specimen
- 3D image
- Not thin
- Bounces off specimen
Osmosis
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane across the concentration gradient to achieve equilibrium.
Hypotonic vs Hypertonic
- Hypertonic is more solute concentration on the outside (water goes out)
- Hypotonic is less solute concentration on the outside (water goes in)
SA:V
- Smaller cell means larger SA:V ratio and more efficient diffusion
- Optimum cell function
- Always relate to size (x,y-axis on graph)
Stages in Photosynthesis
1. Light dependent (photolysis)
- Occurs in grana of chloroplasts (thylakoid membrane)
- Absorption of energy from sun via chlorophyll in thylakoid membrane
- H2O is broken into H (for next stage) and O (released), ATP is formed
2. Light independent (carbon fixation)
- Occurs in stroma (liquid)
- CO2 and H combined to form glucose (uses ATP)
- Glucose can then be stored for aerobic respiration or used as nutrients by plant
Stages in Aerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis
- From the glucose, 1 chain of 6 carbon is broken down into 2 chains of 3 carbon (pyruvic acid)
- Makes 2 ATP
2. Krebs Cycle
- Uses oxygen
- Pyruvate enters mitochondria converted into acetyl-CoA degraded into CO2+water+36ATP
Stages in Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Breakdown of glucose to form ethanol and carbon - 1 molecule of glucose is broken into 2 ATP and 2
dioxide molecules of lactic acid
- 2 molecules of ATP produced
Verbs
- Explain: cause and effect
- Compare: put in table
- Justify: Define, at least 2 reasons to support, judgement
- Construct/Draw
- Outline: list
- Describe: features and characteristics
- Determine: find out
- Calculate: (microscope magnification)
- Identify: name
- Classify: put in group
Skills
Graph: title, variables on right axis, curve of best fit, even units, labels
Analysing a graph/describing trends:
- Identify relationship
- Identify trend
- Engage in x and y-axis
- Link explanation to data
Application based questions: e.g., Wet mount
1. Prepare microscope, switch on light
2. Prepare thin onion specimen
3. Dye with iodine for better visibility
4. Drop cover slip at 45o angle to avoid bubbles
5. Hold in place with stage clips
6. Adjust with course and fine knobs until image is clear
Drawing scaled/labelled diagrams: e.g., fluid mosaic, onion cell epidermis
Benefits/limitations of models:
- Name at least 2 of each
- Refer to example