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Listening
Section 1: Questions 1-7
Complete the table and the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Name of cruise Highlight cruise Noon cruise (1)…………………….Cruise

Price per person $16 (4)…………………… $25

(2)
Departure times 12.00 (6)……………………
…………………….

(3)
Included in the price (5)……………………. Coffee and (7)………………….
…………………….

8. Jetty No.2 is situated……………………

9. The commentary is in……………………
10. The lady recommends that they……………..

Section 2: Questions 11-14

Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Preparing for the interview

What to do How to do it

● Gather all documents e.g. copies of resume.

Step 1: Prepare things to take ● Choose (11)…………………….e.g. designs, drawings, written
work

● Check you have pen and paper

Step 2: Get more information ● Ask firm for a (12)…………….
● See profiles at Chamber of Commerce, library

● Contact (13)……………………of this or related firms

● Compare yourself with what is required
Step 3: Focus on you and the job
● Imagine likely questions and your answers
● Decide how to make up for any (14)……………….you lack

Questions 15-20
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

At the interview
Arrive no more than (15)…………………….before the time of the interview.
After you hear the question, you can (16)…………………….before you reply.
You can (17)……………………….if you don’t understand what they are asking you.
Wait for them to offer you the job before you say what (18)……………………..you want.
Learning from the experience will make you more (19)………………………in future interviews.
Pay attention to your (20)…………………… - it shows you have a positive attitude.

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 Section 3: Questions 21-23
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Effects of weather on mood

21. Phil and Stella’s goal is to………………………the hypothesis that weather has an effect on a person’s mood.
22. They expect to find that ‘good’ weather (weather which is……………………and……………………) has a positive effect on a person’s
mood.
23. Stella defines ‘effect on mood’ as a………………………..in the way a person feels.

Questions 24-27
What information was given by each writer?
Choose you answers from the box and write letters A-F next to questions 24-27.

A the benefits of moving to a warmer environment

B the type of weather with the worst effect on mood

C how past events affect attitudes to weather

D the important effect of stress on mood

E the importance effect of hours of sunshine on mood

F psychological problems due to having to cope with bad weather

24. Vickers……………
25. Whitebourne…………….
26. Haverton……………….
27. Stanfield

Questions 28-30
Choose THREE letters A-H.
Which THREE things do Phil and Stella still have to decide on?

A how to analyse their results

B their methods of presentation
C the design of their questionnaire
D the location of their survey
E weather variables to be measured
F the dates of their survey
G the size of their survey
H the source of data on weather variables

Section 3: Questions 31-35

Choose the correct letter A, B or C.

31. How long would terms be under the six-term system?

A six weeks B seven weeks C thirteen weeks

32. What would happen to the summer holiday?

A it would disappear B it would be shortened C it would be lengthened

33. How much was the average learning loss in the summer?
A two weeks B three weeks C seven weeks

34. In which subject was learning loss greatest among disadvantaged?

A maths B reading C writing

35. According to Marchmont’s research, in the six-term system pupils performed

A better than under the existing system
B worse than under the existing system
C the same as under the existing system

Questions 36-40
Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

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 The school terms that we use originated when many people worked in (36)………………………Also because of the heat it was difficult to
teach children in July and August before the invention (37)……………………. A different approach can be provided by the (38)
……………………… An important factor in the success of these is the small (39)…………………….. Also the element of (40)…………………….
is usually present which contributes greatly.

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 Reading
Glaciers

A Besides the earth’s oceans, glacier ice D Besides the extraordinary rivers of ice,
is the largest source of water on earth. A glacial erosion creates other unique
glacier is a massive stream or sheet of physical features in the landscape such
ice that moves underneath itself under as horns, fjords, hanging valleys, and
the influence of gravity. Some glaciers cirques. Most of these landforms do not
travel down mountains or valleys, while become visible until after a glacier has
others spread across a large expanse of receded. Many are created by moraines,
land. Heavily glaciated regions such as which occur at the sides and front of a
Greenland and Antarctica are called glacier. Moraines are formed when
continental glaciers. These two ice sheets material is picked up along the way and
encompass more than 95 percent of the deposited in a new location. When many
earth's glacial ice. The Greenland ice alpine glaciers occur on the same
sheet is almost 10,000 feet thick in some mountain, these moraines can create a
areas, and the weight of this glacier is so horn. The Matterhorn, in the Swiss Alps,
heavy that much of the region has been is one of the most famous horns. Fjords,
depressed below sea level. Smaller which are very common in Norway, are
glaciers that occur at higher elevations coastal valleys that fill with ocean water
are called alpine or valley glaciers. during a glacial retreat. Hanging valleys
Another way of classifying glaciers is in occur when two or more glacial valleys
terms of their internal temperature. In intersect at varying elevations. It is
temperate glaciers, the ice within the common for waterfalls to connect the
glacier is near its melting point. Polar higher and lower hanging valleys, such
glaciers, in contrast, always maintain as in Yosemite National Park. A cirque is
temperatures far below melting. a large bowl-shaped valley that forms at
the front of a glacier. Cirques often have
a lip on their down slope that is deep
B The majority of the earth’s glaciers are enough to hold small lakes when the ice
located near the poles, though glaciers melts away.
exist on all continents, including Africa
and Oceania. The reason glaciers are
generally formed in high alpine regions is E Glacier movement and shape shifting
that they require cold temperatures typically occur over hundreds of years.
throughout the year. In these areas While presently about 10 percent of the
where there is little opportunity for earth’s land is covered with glaciers, it is
summer ablation (loss of mass), snow believed that during the last Ice Age
changes to compacted fin and then glaciers covered approximately 32
crystallized ice. During periods in which percent of the earth’s surface. In the
melting and evaporation exceed the past century, most glaciers have been
amount of snowfall, glaciers will retreat retreating rather than flowing forward. It
rather than progress. While glaciers rely is unknown whether this glacial activity is
heavily on snowfall, other climactic due to human impact or natural causes,
conditions including freezing rain, but by studying glacier movement, and
avalanches, and wind, contribute to their comparing climate and agricultural
growth. One year of below average profiles over hundreds of years,
precipitation can stunt the growth of a glaciologists can begin to understand
glacier tremendously. With the rare environmental issues such as global
exception of surging glaciers, a common warming.
glacier flows about 10 inches per day in
the summer and 5 inches per day in the
winter. The fastest glacial surge on
record occurred in 1953, when the Kutiah
Glacier in Pakistan grew more than 12
kilometers in three months.

C The weight and pressure of ice

accumulation causes glacier movement.
Glaciers move out from under
themselves, via plastic deformation and

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 basal slippage. First, the internal flow of
ice crystals begins to spread outward and
downward from the thickened snow pack
also known as the zone of accumulation.
Next, the ice along the ground surface
begins to slip in the same direction.
Seasonal thawing at the base of the
glacier helps to facilitate this slippage.
The middle of a glacier moves faster
than the sides and bottom because there
is no rock to cause friction. The upper
part of a glacier rides on the ice below.
As a glacier moves it carves out a U-
shaped valley similar to a riverbed, but
with much steeper walls and a flatter
bottom.

Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E. Choose the most suitable heading for each para-graph from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-viii) on your Answer Sheet. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

List of Headings
i Glacial Continents
ii Formation and Growth of Glaciers
iii Glacial Movement
iv Glaciers in the Last Ice Age
v Glaciers Through the Years
vi Types of Glaciers
vii Glacial Effects on Landscape
viii Glaciers in National Parks

1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E

Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? In boxes 6-10 on your Answer Sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage.

FALSE if the statement contradicts the passage.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.

6 Glaciers exist only near the north and south poles.

7 Glaciers are formed by a combination of snow and other weather conditions.
8 Glaciers normally move at a rate of about 5 to 10 inches a day.
9 All parts of the glacier move at the same speed.
10 During the last Ice Age, average temperatures were much lower than they were during previous Ice Ages.

Questions 11-15
Match each definition below with the term it defines. Write the letter of the term, A-H, on your Answer Sheet. There are more terms
than definitions, so you will not use them all.

11 a glacier formed on a mountain Terms

12 a glacier with temperatures well below freezing A fjord B alpine glacier
13 a glacier that moves very quickly C horn D polar glacier
14 a glacial valley formed near the ocean E temperate glacier F hanging valley
15 a glacial valley that looks like a bowl G cirque H surging glacier

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Turn up – to appear
Example: Those keys have been lost for a month. I am hoping that they turn up soon.

Irish Potato Famine

A In the ten years following the Irish potato famine owned 95 percent of the Irish land, which was
of 1845, over 750,000 Irish people died, including divided up into five-acre plots for the people to live
many of those who attempted to immigrate to and farm on. As the population of Ireland grew,
countries such as the United States and Canada. however, the plots were continuously subdivided
Prior to the potato blight, one of the main concerns into smaller parcels. Living conditions declined
in Ireland was overpopulation. In the early 1500s, dramatically, and families were forced to move to
the country’s population was estimated at less than less fertile land where almost nothing but the
three million, but by 1840 this number had nearly potato would grow.
tripled. The bountiful potato crop, which contains
almost all of the nutrients that a person needs for
survival, was largely to blame for the population E During this same period of colonization, the Penal
growth. However, within five years of the failed Laws were also instituted as a means of weakening
crop of 1845, the population of Ireland was reduced the Irish spirit. Under the Penal Laws, Irish
by a quarter. A number of factors contributed to the peasants were denied basic human rights, such as
plummet of the Irish population, namely the Irish the right to speak their own native language, seek
dependency on the potato crop, the British tenure certain kinds of employment, practice their faith,
system, and the inadequate relief efforts of the receive education, and own land. Despite the
English. famine that was devastating Ireland, the landlords
had little compassion or sympathy for tenants
unable to pay their rent. Approximately 500,000
B It is not known exactly how or when the potato Irish tenants were evicted by their landlords
was first introduced to Europe; however, the between 1845 and 1847. Many of these people also
general assumption is that it arrived on a Spanish had their homes burned down and were put in jail
ship sometime in the 1600s. For more than one for overdue rent.
hundred years, Europeans believed that potatoes
belonged to a botanical family of a poisonous
breed. It was not until Marie Antoinette wore potato F The majority of the British officials in the 1840s
blossoms in her hair in the mid-eighteenth century adopted the laissez-faire philosophy, which
that potatoes became a novelty. By the late 1700s, supported a policy of nonintervention in the Irish
the dietary value of the potato had been plight. Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel was an
discovered, and the monarchs of Europe ordered exception. He showed compassion toward the Irish
the vegetable to be widely planted. by making a move to repeal the Corn Laws, which
had been put in place to protect British grain
producers from the competition of foreign markets.
C By 1800, the vast majority of the Irish population For this hasty decision, Peel quickly lost the support
had become dependent on the potato as its primary of the British people and was forced to resign. The
staple. It wasn't uncommon for an Irish potato new Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, allowed
farmer to consume more than six pounds of assistant Charles Trevelyan to take complete
potatoes a day. Families stored potatoes for the control over all of the relief efforts in Ireland.
winter and even fed potatoes to their livestock. Trevelyan believed that the Irish situation should be
Because of this dependency, the unexpected potato left to Providence. Claiming that it would be
blight of 1845 devastated the Irish. Investigators at dangerous to let the Irish become dependent on
first suggested that the blight was caused by static other countries, he even took steps to close food
energy, smoke from railroad trains, or vapors from depots that were selling corn and to redirect
underground volcanoes; however, the root cause shipments of com that were already on their way to
was later discovered as an airborne fungus that Ireland. A few relief programs were eventually
traveled from Mexico. Not only did the disease implemented, such as soup kitchens and
destroy the potato crops, it also infected all of the workhouses; however, these were poorly run
potatoes in storage at the time. Their families were institutions that facilitated the spread of disease,

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 dying from famine, but weakened farmers had tore apart families, and offered inadequate food
retained little of their agricultural skills to harvest supplies considering the extent of Ireland's
other crops. Those who did manage to grow things shortages.
such as oats, wheat, and barley relied on earnings
from these exported crops to keep their rented
homes. G Many of the effects of the Irish potato famine are
still evident today. Descendants of those who fled
Ireland during the 1840s are dispersed all over the
D While the potato blight generated mass world. Some of the homes that were evacuated by
starvation among the Irish, the people were held absentee land-lords still sit abandoned in the Irish
captive to their poverty by the British tenure hills. A number of Irish descendants still carry
system. Following the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, the animosity toward the British for not putting people
English had turned their focus to their colonial land before politics. The potato blight itself still plagues
holdings. British landowners realized that the best the Irish people during certain growing seasons
way to profit from these holdings was to extract the when weather conditions are favorable for the
resources and exports and charge expensive rents fungus to thrive.
Twiddle one’s thumb – not busy, not working
and taxes for people to live on the land. Under the
Example: Our department has gotten slow this season. All we are doing is twiddling our thumbs.
tenure system, Protestant landlords

Questions 16-20
The passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraphs contain the following information?

16 the position of the British government toward the potato famine

17 a description of the system of land ownership in Ireland
18 early European attitudes toward the potato
19 explanation of the lack of legal protection for Irish peasants
20 the importance of the potato in Irish society

Questions 21-28
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-L, from the box below. Write the correct letter in boxes 21-28 on your Answer
Sheet. There are more endings than sentences, so you won’t use them all.

Sentence Endings
A because they couldn’t pay the rent on their farms.
B because railroad trains caused air pollution.
C because potatoes were their main source of food.
D because Charles Trevelyan took over relief efforts.
E because they needed the profits to pay the rent.
F because they weren't well-managed.
G because there wasn’t enough land for the increasing population.
H because his efforts to help the Irish were unpopular among the British.
I because they believed that potatoes were poisonous.
J because the British instituted penal laws.
K because it was discovered that potatoes are full of nutrients.
L because Marie Antoinette used potato blossoms as decoration.

21 At first Europeans didn't eat potatoes

22 European monarchs encouraged potato growing
23 The potato blight was devastating to the Irish
24 Farmers who grew oats, wheat, and barley didn't eat these crops
25 Many Irish farmers lived on infertile plots
26 Many Irish farmers were arrested
27 Sir Robert Peel lost his position as prime minister
28 Soup kitchens and workhouses didn't relieve the suffering

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Twist someone around one’s finger – to influence someone easily
Example: He will do whatever she wants. It is amazing how she has him twisted around her little finger.

Anesthesiology

Since the beginning of time, man has sought The first use of anesthesia in the obstetric field
natural remedies for pain. Between 40 and 60 A.D., occurred in Scotland by Dr. James Simpson. Instead
Greek physician, Dioscorides traveled with the of ether, which he considered irritating to the eyes,
Roman armies, studying the medicinal properties of Simpson administered chloroform to reduce the
plants and minerals. His book, De materia medico, pain of childbirth. Simpson sprinkled chloroform on
written in five volumes and translated into at least a handkerchief and allowed laboring women to
seven languages, was the primary reference source inhale the fumes at their own discretion. In 1853,
for physicians for over sixteen centuries. The field Queen Victoria agreed to use chloroform during the
of anesthesiology which was once nothing more birth of her eighth child. Soon the use of chloroform
than a list of medicinal plants and makeshift during childbirth was both acceptable and
remedies, has grown into one of the most fashionable. However, as chloroform became a
important fields in medicine. more popular anesthetic, knowledge of its toxicity
surfaced, and it was soon obsolete.

Many of the early pain relievers were based on

myth and did little to relieve the suffering of an ill After World War II, numerous developments were
or injured person. The mandragora (now known as made in the field of anesthetics. Surgical
the mandrake plant) was one of the first plants to procedures that had been unthinkable were being
be used as an anesthetic. Due to the apparent per-formed with little or no pain felt by the patient.
screaming that the plant made as it was pulled Rather than physicians or nurses who administered
from the ground, people in the Middle Ages pain relief as part of their profession,
believed that the person who removed the anesthesiologists became specialists in suppressing
mandrake from the earth would either die or go consciousness and alleviating pain.
insane. This superstition may have resulted because Anesthesiologists today are classified as
the split root of the mandrake resembled the perioperative physicians, meaning they take care of
human form. In order to pull the root from the a patient before, during, and after surgical
ground, the plant collector would loosen it and tie procedures. It takes over eight years of schooling
the stem to an animal. It was believed that the and four years of residency until an anesthesiologist
safest time to uproot a mandrake was in the is prepared to practice in the United States. These
moonlight, and the best animal to use was a black experts are trained to administer three different
dog. In his manual, Dioscorides suggested boiling types of anesthetics: general, local, and regional.
the root with wine and having a man drink the General anesthetic is used to put a patient into a
potion to remove sensation before cutting his flesh temporary state of unconsciousness. Local
or burning his skin. Opium and Indian hemp were anesthetic is used only at the affected site and
later used to induce sleep before a painful causes a loss of sensation. Regional anesthetic is
procedure or to relieve the pain of an illness. Other used to block the sensation and possibly the
remedies such as cocaine did more harm to the movement of a larger portion of the body. As well
patient than good as people died from their as controlling the levels of pain for the patient
addictions. President Ulysses S. Grant became before and throughout an operation,
addicted to cocaine before he died of throat cancer anesthesiologists are responsible for monitoring and
in 1885. controlling the patient’s vital functions during the
procedure and assessing the medical needs in the
post-operative room.
The modern field of anesthetics dates to the
incident when nitrous oxide (more commonly
known as laughing gas) was accidentally The number of anesthesiologists in the United
discovered. Humphrey Davy, the inventor of the States has more than doubled since the 1970s, as
miner’s lamp, discovered that inhaling the toxic has the improvement and success of operative care.

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 compound caused a strange euphoria, followed by In addition, complications from anesthesiology have
fits of laughter, tears, and sometimes declined dramatically. Over 40 million anesthetics
unconsciousness. U.S. dentist, Horace Wells, was are administered in the United States each year,
the first on record to experiment with laughing gas, with only 1 in 250,000 causing death.
which he used in 1844 to relieve pain during a
tooth extraction. Two years later, Dr. William
Morton created the first anesthetic machine. This
apparatus was a simple glass globe containing an
ether-soaked sponge. Morton considered ether a
good alternative to nitrous oxide because the
numbing effect lasted considerably longer. His
apparatus allowed the patient to inhale vapors
whenever the pain became unbearable. In 1846,
during a trial experiment in Boston, a tumor was
successfully removed from a man’s jaw area while
he was anesthetized with Morton’s machine.

Questions 29-34
Do the following statements agree with the information in Passage 3? In boxes 29-34 on your Answer Sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage.

FALSE if the statement contradicts the passage.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.

29 Dioscorides’ book, De materia medica, fell out of use after 60 A.D.

30 Mandragora was used as an anesthetic during the Middle Ages.
31 Nitrous oxide can cause the user to both laugh and cry.
32 During the second half of the 19th century, most dentists used anesthesia.
33 Anesthesiologists in the United States are required to have 12 years of education and training.
34 There are fewer anesthesiologists in the United States now than there were 40 years ago.

Questions 35-40
Match each fact about anesthesia with the type of anesthetic that it refers to. There are more types of anesthetics listed than facts, so
you won’t use them all. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 35-40 on your Answer Sheet.

Types of Anesthetic

A general anesthetic B local anesthetic C regional anesthetic D chloroform

E ether F nitrous oxide G opium H mandrake

35 used by sprinkling on a handkerchief

36 used on only one specific part of the body
37 used by boiling with wine
38 used first during a dental procedure
39 used to stop feeling over a larger area of the body
40 used in the first anesthetic machine

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Thank You for being part of WINGS FAMILY
Writing

Task 1: The two graphs show the main sources of energy in the USA in the 1980s and the 1990s.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the changes which occurred.

Write at least 150 words.

NP NP
HP
HP
OIL OIL

Coal
Coal

NG NG

Task 2: Nowadays, education overseas has become more accessible and growing numbers of people send their offspring to study in
other countries. However, this trend has its detractors.

Write your opinion about this.

Write at least 250 words.

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10