CHAPTER

30 Instruction and Intervention Support

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
1 Core Instruction

Chapter Introduction
■■ Review the TE Wrap for features such as Activate Prior Knowledge, Addressing Misconceptions, and
Teach from Visuals.
Additional online resources available for this chapter include Biology Video Clips, Interactive Whiteboard
resources, and Visual Concepts.

Section Instruction Labs

30.1 ■■ Textbook Respiratory and Circulatory Functions

Animated Biology Build the Circulatory and Respiratory
■■

■■
Making and Using a Respirometer
Ventilation and Heart Rate (Probeware)
Systems, How You Breathe
Teaching Visuals Respiratory Organs and Tissues (Fig. 1.1),
Circulatory System (Fig. 1.3)
PowerPresentation and Notes 30.1

30.2 ■■ Textbook Respiration and Gas Exchange

That’s Amazing! Video Inquiry Turtle Breath
Video Lab Lung Capacity

Animated Biology Transport of Oxygen and Carbon

Dioxide
Teaching Visuals Gas Exchange (Fig. 2.2)
PowerPresentation and Notes 30.2

30.3 ■■ Textbook The Heart and Circulation

Animated Biology Heart Pumping Blood
■■

■■
Carbon Dioxide and Exercise
Stimuli and Heart Rate
Teaching Visuals Blood Flow in the Heart (Fig. 3.3) ■■ Monitoring EKG (Probeware)
PowerPresentation and Notes 30.3

30.4 ■■ Textbook Blood Vessels and Transport

PowerPresentation and Notes 30.4

30.5 ■■ Textbook Blood

Power Presentation and Notes 30.5
■■

■■
Determining Blood Type
QuickLab Blood Cells
Virtual Lab Blood Typing

30.6 ■■ Textbook Lymphatic System

Teaching Visuals Lymphatic System (Fig. 6.1)
PowerPresentation and Notes 30.6

850A Unit 9: Human Biology

Find all of your resources online at [Link] PREMIUM Content

2 Support and Intervention 3 Specialized Support

■■ Interactive Reader ■■ Vocabulary Practice Worksheet (English and Spanish)
Interactive Review Games ■■ Chapter Audio Files (English and Spanish)
Concept Map ■■ ELL Strategies
■■ Study Guide B (English and Spanish) ■■ Differentiated Instruction Inclusion, Below-Level, and
Section Self-Checks English Language Learners
■■ Assess and Reteach (TE Wrap) ■■ Study Guide A (English and Spanish)
■■ Section Reinforcement Worksheets (English and Spanish)
■■ Modified Lesson Plans for English Learners

Where do I find it? PRINT DVD online

Enrichment and Challenge Animated Biology ■ ■

Biology Video Clips ■ ■

■■ Data Analysis Practice Worksheet
Interactive Whiteboard resources ■ ■
WebQuest Asthma (30.2)
■■ Differentiated Instruction Pre-AP (TE Wrap) Labs ■ ■

■■ Pre-AP Activity Total Lung Capacity, Blood Groups PowerPresentations and PowerNotes ■ ■
Around the World
QuickLabs ■ ■ ■
■■ The Inside Story and Take It Further (TE Wrap)
WebLinks Teaching Visuals ■ ■

■■ Active Reading Worksheets Textbook ■ ■ ■

■■ Unit Project That’s Amazing! Video Inquiry ■ ■

Visual Concepts ■ ■

Assess and Reteach ■ ■ ■

Interactive Reader ■ ■ ■

Interactive Review ■ ■
Assessment
Study Guide B ■ ■
■■ Diagnostic Test (English and Spanish)
■■ Section Quizzes (English and Spanish) Virtual Investigations ■ ■

■■ Chapter Tests A and B (English and Spanish) Vocabulary Practice Worksheet ■ ■

■■ Extended Response Test (English and Spanish)
■■ Alternative Assessment (English and Spanish) Chapter Audio Files ■ ■

Online Assessment and Remediation Differentiated Instruction: Inclusion,

■ ■ ■
■■ ExamView Additional Banks Below-Level, and English Language Learners
Study Guide A ■ ■

Modified Lesson Plans for English Learners ■ ■

Section Reinforcement Worksheets ■ ■

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 850B

 CHAPTER

30 30 Respiratory

CHAPTER
and Circulatory
. Focus and Motivate Systems
What can take your breath 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory
away? Functions
Project the image of the x-rayed model
heart from Media Gallery, and have 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
students read the caption. Ask
• How do your heartbeat and breath- 30.3 The Heart and Circulation
ing rates change as you go from a
walk to a run? They increase. 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport
• In your experience, what factors
may have interfered, making your Data Analysis
breathing more difficult? being out FORMING A NULL HYPOTHESIS
of shape, asthma, allergies, respira-
tory infection, secondhand smoke, 30.5 Blood
pollution, chemical fumes, blow to
the solar plexus, disease 30.6 Lymphatic System

Biozine ONLINE BIOLOGY

[Link] [Link]

Students can access BioZine at ONLINE Labs

[Link] to learn about ■ Carbon Dioxide and Exercise
some of the latest biological ■ QuickLab Blood Cells
research. ■ Making and Using a Respirometer
■ Stimuli and Heart Rate

(t) ©Martin Dohrn/Royal College of Surgeons/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(t) ©Martin Dohrn/Royal College of Surgeons/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Monitoring EKG
In a Hurry?
■

■ Ventilation and Heart Rate

The critical material in this chapter is ■ Virtual Lab Blood Typing
found in Sections 2, 3, and 5. ■ Video Lab Lung Capacity
To focus on gas exchange, use
FIGURE 2.2 (Section 2). Use VIRTUAL Lab PREMIUM CONTENT

FIGURE 3.3 (Section 3) to teach

the pathway of blood flow through Blood Typing Do you know your blood
the heart. Section 1 is an overview type? Learn how to identify blood types and
of the respiratory and circulatory then work on your own to identify the
systems. Section 4 compares the blood types of several samples.
different types of blood vessels and
discusses the effects of lifestyle on the
circulatory system. Section 6 covers 850 Student Activity
Unit 9: Human Biology
the lymphatic system, which will lead
into the study of the immune system in
the following chapter. Purpose Model vocal cords to explore a Materials (per team)
Untitled-564 850 5/25/2011 2:43:15 PM
function of breathing not involved with gas • 3 different-sized boxes with lids
exchange.
• 3 equal-sized rubber bands
• scissors

850 Unit 9: Human Biology

 Activate Prior
Knowledge
Q What can take Have students think about how their chest
your breath away? feels after running or exercising strenu-
ously and then discuss their experiences.
This photograph shows a resin cast of
Students may say that they feel a tightness
the thousands of vessels that supply
in their chests, their hearts are beating
blood and air to your lungs. As you take
faster, and they need to catch their
breaths. Explain that these reactions are
a breath every three to five seconds, this
due to the body’s need for energy. Ask,
network takes in oxygen and expels
What process provides the body with
carbon dioxide. Pollution, disease, or
energy? cellular respiration Ask, What key
injury can damage this intricate network,
material is needed for cellular respiration?
literally taking your breath away.
oxygen Tell students that increased heart
and breathing rates are the body’s way of
getting oxygen to the parts of the body
that need more energy.

Preview Vocabulary
Greek and Latin Word Origins There
are numerous vocabulary words in this
chapter that have been adopted into
the English language either directly or
with a slight variation in spelling from
Greek or Latin.
trachea, Greek tracheia, “rough”
alveoli, Latin alveus, “hollow”
atrium, Latin atrium, “hall”
ventricle, Latin ventriculus, “belly”
lymph, Latin lympha, “spring water”
Academic Vocabulary In this chapter,
there are several familiar words that
RE ADING TOOLBOX This reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages. relate to the movement of particles in a
fluid:
USING LANGUAGE YOUR TURN
circulate, to move in or flow through
Recognizing Main Ideas A main idea is a statement Find the main idea in the paragraph below.
a circle or circuit
that tells you about the main point of a paragraph. It Cardiovascular diseases include high blood pressure,
summarizes what the paragraph is about. The main idea clogged and hardened arteries, heart attack, and stroke. transport, to carry from one place
is often, but not always, one of the first few sentences High blood pressure causes the heart to work harder to another
of a paragraph. than normal, weakening the heart. Clogged and hard- exchange, to give in return for some-
ened arteries raise blood pressure and can also lead to thing received
heart attack and stroke.
Blood is circulated and transported to
all parts of the body to allow for the
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 851 exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Introduce Have students cut out a rectangle Discuss Tell students that the vocal cords
Untitled-564 851 5/25/2011 2:43:19 PM
from each box lid. The openings should be the are two ligaments that are flexible enough to
same proportionally for each lid. Tell students vibrate and have enough elasticity that pitch Answers
to stretch a rubber band around the length can be varied as they are stretched. Ask, How
Cardiovascular diseases include high
of each box so that the band passes over the do you think the vocal cords produce sound?
blood pressure, clogged and hardened
cutout in the lid. Have students compare During exhalation, the force of the air from the
arteries, heart attack, and stroke.
the degrees to which the rubber bands are lungs rushes past the vocal cords, causing them
stretched. Then direct them to pluck each to vibrate, generating sound. Explain to students
rubber band and compare the sounds pro- that when they begin to speak or make sounds,
duced. Ask, Which rubber band produced the muscles in the throat stretch the vocal cords,
highest pitched sound when it vibrated? the allowing for different-pitched sounds. Usually
one that was stretched the most no sound is made when breathing, because the
throat muscles are relaxed.
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 851
 SECTION  30.1
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT The respiratory and circulatory systems bring
VOCABULARY
oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
Objectives circulatory system
respiratory system MAIN IDEAS
• Describe the respiratory system and trachea The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
its functions. lung
The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
• Describe the circulatory system and alveoli
The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
its functions. diaphragm
heart
artery
Section Resources vein
capillary
Connect to Your World
You have thousands of kilometers of blood vessels in your body and several hundred
Online Student Resources million tiny air sacs in your lungs. Blood circulates constantly through the vessels,
while air continually fills and empties from the tiny air sacs. Your heart keeps beating
Study Guide (English and Spanish)
> and your lungs keep working 24 hours a day, every day of your life. Even more
PowerNotes amazing, everything works without your having to think about it.
Reinforcement Worksheet
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader
Online Teacher Resources
PowerPresentation
Teacher Toolkit MAIN IDEA
The respiratory and circulatory systems work
Activate Prior Knowledge Remind together to maintain homeostasis.
students that they need a constant
supply of oxygen. Ask, What is it like to Every cell in your body needs nutrients and oxygen to function and needs to
hold your breath for any length of time? get rid of its waste products. The circulatory system is the body system that
difficult to fight the impulse to take a transports blood and other materials. It brings vital supplies to the cells and
gulp of air Tell students that breathing is carries away their wastes. The blood vessels of the circulatory system also keep
the result of the close coordination of oxygen-poor blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood. The respiratory
R E A D I N G TO O L B OX system is the body system in which gas exchange takes place. You can think of
the respiratory and circulatory systems.
your respiratory system as a major supply depot where the blood can pick up
TAKING NOTES
oxygen (O2) and deposit excess carbon dioxide (CO2). The lungs of the respi-
Use a supporting main ideas
strategy to help you remember ratory system are the only place in your body where gases in the blood are
. Teach the respiratory and circulatory
structures and their functions.
exchanged with gases from the atmosphere.
The respiratory and circulatory systems work closely together to maintain
respiratory system
homeostasis in the face of constant change. Every time you exercise, lie down
Take It Further –brings gases into and out of the body

nose, sinuses
to rest, or simply stand up, you change your needs for oxygen and nutrients.
As a result, your heart speeds up or slows down and you breathe faster or
The record for holding one’s breath, –warm and moisten air
slower, depending on your activity. This section gives you an overview of the
a state called apnea, is close to nine trachea major structures of the respiratory and circulatory systems and their func-
minutes. To achieve this, one has to slow tions. Sections 2 through 5 provide a closer look at the organs of each system,
the heartbeat considerably. Apnea leads how they work, and what can damage them.
to low levels of oxygen, which can
produce hypoxia. The body diverts A Apply When you stand up after lying down, why do your heart rate and breathing
rate increase?
oxygen from the hands and feet to vital
organs, usually causing a person to lose
consciousness. Differentiated
852 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Answers English Learners
Untitled-610 852 5/25/2011 5:30:03 PM

A Apply As activity level increases, the Have students create a chart to compare the
breathing and heart rates also increase in respiratory and circulatory systems. For each
order to provide enough energy. system, students should include boxes
labeled Functions, Organs, and Structures.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Compare/
Contrast Chart

852 Unit 9: Human Biology

 FIGURE 1.1 Respiratory Organs and Tissues
Vocabulary
Specialized structures move air into and out of the body. Greek and Latin Word Origins The
glottis, which is Greek for “tongue,”
is the opening of the trachea. The
bronchiole
sinus epiglottis is a triangular flap of cartilage
nose bronchus that covers the opening, the Greek
prefix epi- meaning “above.”
mouth
The word trachea in Greek translates as
epiglottis bronchiole “rough.” The reference is to its being a
trachea alveoli rough vessel when compared to the
smooth vessels that carry blood.

Take It Further
The act of yawning is commonly
thought to be an involuntary action that
lungs occurs when the brain stem detects a
bhspe-093001-002
300-100390-epshb
lack of oxygen and an excess of carbon
A Infer How do the structures in the lungs increase their surface area? dioxide in the body. The body responds
by opening the mouth wide and deeply
MAIN IDEA inhaling. Dogs, cats, rats, snakes, fish,
The respiratory system moves gases into and out birds, and humans all yawn. However,
of the blood. the exact cause of a yawn is unknown.
One theory is that the higher the level
The function of the respiratory system is to bring O2 into the body and to CONNECT TO of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin
expel CO2 and water vapor. The structures of this system bring the gases in
CELLULAR RESPIRATION and dopamine, in the brain, the more
close contact with the blood, which absorbs O2. The circulatory system then
You learned in Cells and Energy we yawn. Whereas the more opiate
carries O2 to all of the body’s cells and transports CO2 from the rest of the that eukaryotic cells require a neurotransmitters present, such as
body to the lungs, where it is exhaled. constant supply of oxygen to
produce ATP, which is the main endorphins, the less we yawn.
The specialized structures of the respiratory system are shown in FIGURE 1.1. energy source for cells.
The nose and mouth are the entry points to the system. When air enters the Some theorize that yawning may be
nose, mucus that lines the nasal passages warms and moistens the air. The as much a sociological response as a
mucus and tiny hairs called cilia help filter dust and pathogens from the air. At physiological one. People who observe
the back of the throat, a small piece of tissue, the epiglottis, regulates airflow the behavior of apes note when an ape
into the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) is a long structure yawns it seems to be communicating to
made of soft tissue reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage. It resembles the rest of its group the desire to do
the hose of a vacuum cleaner. When you swallow, the epiglottis closes the something different. Other apes may
entrance to the trachea to keep food or saliva from entering the airways. The respond by also yawning, which can
trachea divides into the two bronchi, with one branch going to each lung. result in the apes moving to a different
The lungs are the organs that absorb O2 from the air you inhale. Inside the location or engaging in different
lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches that resemble the behaviors.
limbs and twigs of a tree. The smallest branches, the bronchioles, end in
clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uh-ly). One air sac is called an
alveolus. The lungs have a huge number of alveoli—from 300 to 600 million.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 853

Answers
A Infer The millions of tiny alveoli
provide more surface area for gas
Hands-On Activity cover the opening of the trachea, thereby exchange to take place.
Untitled-610 853
Have students locate their voice box, or preventing food from entering the trachea.5/25/2011 5:30:06 PM

larynx, by placing their fingertips on the front Ask students to hum a note while pressing
of their throats while humming. Point out gently on the larynx with fingertips at the
that they should feel the vibrations caused by front of the throat. Ask, What did you notice
air passing over the vocal cords in the larynx. about the note you were humming? The
Next, have students place their palms gently pitch went down. Explain that when they
over their throats below their chins while pressed on the larynx, the effect was to
swallowing. Ask, What movement did you shorten the vocal cords, which changes the
feel? The larynx moved up and down. Explain pitch.
that the movement of the larynx when
swallowing food causes the epiglottis to

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 853

 Biology

. Teach continued
[Link]
PREMIUM CONTENT
Air inhaled. Air exhaled.
How You Breathe
TEACH FROM VISUALS

Figure 1.2 Describe the diagrams.

Muscles contract and Muscles and rib
Left diagram: Muscles of the rib cage rib cage expands. cage relax.
contract. This pulls the rib cage up and
out. At the same time, the diaphragm FIGURE 1.2 When you inhale,
contracts and flattens out. Ask, What is movements of the rib cage and
diaphragm produce lower pres-
the effect of these movements on the sure in the lungs, and air flows in. Diaphragm relaxes
Diaphragm flattens
chest cavity and lungs? The chest cavity When you exhale, rib cage and and moves downward. and rises.
increases in size. Air pressure is greater diaphragm movements produce
higher pressure in the lungs, and
outside the body than inside the chest; air flows out.
therefore, air flows into the lungs. This huge number of alveoli gives the lungs a massive surface area for absorb-
Right diagram: Diaphragm relaxes and ing O2 and releasing CO2 and water vapor. Lung tissue is spongy and elastic,
resumes its domelike shape. Muscles of which allows the lungs to expand and contract as you breathe. Lung mucus
the rib cage relax. This pulls the rib cage and cilia help trap and remove foreign materials and pathogens.
down and in. Ask, What is the effect of The mechanics of breathing involve the muscles of the rib cage and the
these movements on the chest cavity R E A D I N G TO O L B OX diaphragm, as FIGURE 1.2 shows. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle at
and lungs? The chest cavity decreases in the base of the rib cage. When you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract,
VOCABULARY
size; pressure is greater inside the chest, causing the rib cage to expand. The diaphragm then flattens and moves
The word diaphragm is based
forcing air out of the lungs. Point out that on the Latin diaphragma,
downward. The volume of your lungs increases, and the air pressure decreases,
the level of activity influences how much which means “midriff.” The falling below the air pressure outside your body. Gases move from areas of
the rib cage muscles have to work. At midriff extends from below greater pressure to areas of lower pressure, so air flows into the lungs.
the breast to the waist. The
rest, the diaphragm does most of the diaphragm is located in When you exhale, the rib cage muscles relax, and the rib cage becomes
work. this area. smaller. The diaphragm also relaxes, causing it to rise and regain its domelike
shape. Now the air pressure inside your lungs is greater than the air pressure
outside your body, so air flows out.
A Predict How might damaged alveoli affect the oxygen level in the blood?
History of Science
In 1628, William Harvey published An MAIN IDEA
Anatomical Study of the Motion of the
Heart and of the Blood in Animals. He The circulatory system moves blood to all parts
was the first person to demonstrate the of the body.
function of the heart and the complete
The function of the circulatory system is to transport O2 and nutrients to body
circulation of the blood. Harvey
cells and to carry oxygen-poor blood and CO2 back to the heart and lungs. To
performed animal dissections and Biology do its job, the system must keep blood constantly circulating.
experiments that confirmed that arteries [Link]
carry blood away from the heart, and The main parts of the circulatory system are the heart, the blood, and the
PREMIUM CONTENT
veins carry blood to the heart. When he blood vessels. The heart is a muscular pump, about the size of your fist, that
Build the Circulatory and
keeps the blood moving to every part of the body. The blood circulates
tied off an artery, he noticed that the Respiratory Systems
through a closed system—that is, blood in the circulatory system stays inside
bulge that resulted was always located
the vessels. The average adult body contains about 5 liters (more than 5 qt) of
between the heart and the blockage.
blood. On average, your blood circulates from your heart, throughout your
When he tied off a vein, the bulge was
body, and back to your heart about every 60 seconds.
always on the side farthest from the
heart.
854 Differentiated
Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Below Level
Untitled-610 854 5/25/2011 5:30:08 PM

Answers Model the role of air pressure in inhalation

and exhalation. Use a balloon and a clear-
A Predict Oxygen levels might plastic dish-detergent bottle with a flip-lid
decrease because alveoli are the main cap. While a volunteer squeezes the bottle,
sites of gas exchange in the body. insert the balloon into the bottle, pull the
open end of the balloon over the rim, and
screw the cap in place, flip-lid open. Tell the
volunteer to stop squeezing the bottle. When
the bottle is released, air pressure inside the
bottle decreases, and the balloon fills with air.

854 Unit 9: Human Biology

 The circulatory system has three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and
capillaries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to ONLINE Biology
the rest of the body. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood from the rest of [Link]
the body back to the heart. As illustrated in FIGURE 1.3, arteries carry oxygen-
rich blood (red) and veins carry oxygen-poor blood (blue). Blue is used for Have students view an interactive
heart
illustration purposes only. In your body, oxygen-poor blood is not actually animation on the circulatory and
blue but a darker red color. You can think of arteries and veins as a system of respiratory systems in the Animated
roads. Large arteries and veins are like major highways. Smaller arteries and Biology at [Link].
veins are like streets that route traffic through local neighborhoods.
Arteries and veins are connected by a system of capillaries. Capillaries are
the tiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cells of the body.
These vessels are so small that blood cells must move through them in single Science Trivia
file. The walls of these tiny blood vessels are only one cell thick. Materials can • The total length of all the capillaries
easily diffuse into and out of them. in an adult human is approximately
In addition to transporting vital supplies to the cells, the circulatory system 40,000 km (about 25,000 mi).
performs two other important functions that maintain homeostasis. • Blood vessels in a blue whale are so
• The circulatory system collects waste materials produced by digestion and wide that a full-grown trout could
cell metabolism, and delivers them to the liver and kidneys to be filtered swim through them.
out of the body. For example, muscle cell activity produces a waste product
known as urea. As blood moves past the muscle cells, urea is moved into
the bloodstream and carried to the kidneys to be excreted.
• The circulatory system helps maintain body temperature by distributing
the heat that cells produce in the muscles and internal organs. When you
are active, your organs and muscles produce more heat. The heart pumps FIGURE 1.3 The circulatory
Answers
harder, and the blood vessels dilate to bring excess heat to the skin, where it system is composed of the heart, A Infer Blood may not circulate
can escape. In cold weather, the blood vessels constrict to conserve heat. arteries carrying oxygen-rich efficiently in the body and would be
blood (red), veins carrying oxygen-
The heart, the blood vessels, and the blood are described in more detail in poor blood (blue), and capillaries.
less able to carry excess heat to the skin
Sections 3 through 5. or to keep arms and legs warm in cold
weather.
A Infer If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her ability to maintain a stable
body temperature be affected?

SELF-CHECK Online
[Link]
Assess and Reteach .
30.1
PREMIUM CONTENT
Formative Assessment Assess Use the Section Self-Check
CONNECT TO
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING or Section Quiz, both available at
SCIENCE AND [Link].
1. How do the respiratory and 4. Apply Why can’t you breathe TECHNOLOGY
circulatory systems help maintain through the mouth while you are 6. A mechanical ventilator Reteach List on the board the main
homeostasis in the body? swallowing food? What would breathes for a paralyzed structures of the respiratory and
2. List the main parts and functions of happen if you could do this? person. During inhalation, the circulatory systems. Have students
the respiratory system. 5. Infer Arteries and veins are equally machine forces air under tell you what to write for the function
3. Describe the basic parts and func- distributed throughout the body. pressure into the lungs. of each.
tions of the circulatory system. How does this arrangement help to During exhalation, the
maintain the functions of each cell? pressure drops and air moves
out of the lungs. How does
this machine compare with
natural breathing?

30.1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 855

1. Changes in activity level are matched by an 3. The heart is a muscular pump; arteries move 6. The machine’s pressure changes are the
Untitled-610 855 increase or decrease in heart and breathing blood from the heart; veins move blood to 5:30:10 PMopposite of natural breathing. During
5/25/2011
rates to maintain homeostasis. the heart; capillaries transport materials to inhalation, the machine creates positive
2. The nose and mouth are entry points; and from the larger blood vessels to supply pressure to push air into the lungs. In natural
epiglottis protects the trachea from the cells. breathing, the chest expands, creating lower
accidental blockage by food; trachea is the 4. Breathing is prevented by the epiglottis pressure. During exhalation, the machine
major airway to the lungs; lungs are paired closing off the trachea when you swallow. stops, pressure drops, and air flows out of
organs that absorb oxygen and exhale Otherwise, food could block the airway or the lungs. In natural breathing, the chest
carbon dioxide; bronchi and bronchioles are be inhaled into the lungs. relaxes, increasing pressure in the lungs, and
smaller airways; alveoli are main sites of gas 5. It allows the circulatory system to carry air flows out.
exchange. nutrients and oxygen to each cell and carry
away carbon dioxide and waste products to
maintain cell function.
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 855
 SECTION 30.2
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and
VOCABULARY
carbon dioxide.
Objectives red blood cell
hemoglobin MAIN IDEAS
• Summarize gas exchange in the lungs. emphysema Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Describe how respiratory diseases asthma
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
interfere with gas exchange.

Section Resources Connect to Your World

Nearly every winter, newspapers carry stories of people killed by carbon monoxide
>
Online Student Resources (CO) gas in their homes. This colorless, odorless gas escapes from leaks in furnaces
Study Guide (English and Spanish) that burn fossil fuels. What makes CO so deadly? Your body readily absorbs it into
the blood, which means less O2 is absorbed. Within a short time, your cells become
PowerNotes oxygen starved. You must quickly get to an area where you can breathe fresh air.
Reinforcement Worksheet
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader
Online Teacher Resources
PowerPresentation MAIN IDEA
Teacher Toolkit Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Recall that the cells in your body carry out cellular respiration, which requires
Activate Prior Knowledge Have O2 and produces CO2 as a waste product. Thus, every cell in the body needs
students visualize a crowded bus stop O2 and must get rid of CO2. However, the alveoli and their capillaries are the
and what happens when an empty bus only places where gas exchange with the atmosphere occurs. The lungs bring
pulls up. Ask in a steady supply of O2 and expel excess CO2. Gas exchange in the lungs is
• How does the concentration of based on three principles:
people at a crowded bus stop • O2 and CO2 are carried by the blood.
compare to an almost empty bus? FIGURE 2.1 This micrograph • Gases move by diffusion—that is, they move from an area of higher con-
high concentration; low concentration shows a bronchiole and several centration to an area of lower concentration.
alveoli. Alveoli walls are about one
• When the bus doors open, how do cell thick, which allows O2 and • The lining of the alveoli must be moist to help gases diffuse.
the people respond? move from an CO2 to diffuse easily across them.
area of high to low concentration (colored SEM; magnification 1503)
Diffusion of O2 and CO2
• What scientific term could you use In the alveoli, the respiratory and circulatory systems come together in the
to describe this action? diffusion process of gas exchange. When you inhale, air flows from the bronchi to the
bronchioles and finally to the alveoli. A cross-section of a bronchiole and

©Photo Insolite Realite/Photo Researchers, Inc.

©Photo Insolite Realite/Photo Researchers, Inc.

several alveoli is shown in FIGURE 2.1. Each alveolus is about the size of a grain
of sand, but all of the alveoli together give the lungs a surface area of about 100
. Teach bronchiole
square meters. Without this huge area for gas exchange, the lungs would be
alveoli
unable to extract enough O2 from the air to keep you alive.
TEACH FROM VISUALS A complex network of capillaries surrounds and penetrates the alveoli, as
shown in FIGURE 2.2. Blood entering these capillaries contains a lower concen-
Figure 2.1 Direct students’ attention tration of O2 than does the air in the alveoli. As a result, the O2 diffuses from
to the numerous alveoli surrounding an area of high concentration in the alveoli to an area of low concentration in
the single bronchiole. Remind students
that the lungs contain more than Differentiated
856 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
300–600 million alveoli. If the surface
of the lungs were laid out flat, it would
cover a tennis court. Ask, Why are a
Below Level • oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide
Untitled-613 856
To help students review the movement of (alveoli) 5/25/2011 5:34:40 PM
large number of alveoli an advantage?
The alveoli provide a tremendous oxygen from the environment to the lungs • carbon dioxide (bronchioles, bronchi,
surface area for gas exchange, which and the movement of carbon dioxide from trachea)
allows a constant, adequate supply of the lungs to the environment, have them • exhalation (nose and mouth)
oxygen to get to the body cells. draw a cycle diagram and then annotate it
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Cycle Diagram;
with notes, including the following:
Combination Notes
• inhalation (nose and mouth)
• air containing oxygen (trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles)

856 Unit 9: Human Biology

 FIGURE 2.2 Gas Exchange in the Alveoli
Diffusion of gases into and out of the alveoli TEACH FROM VISUALS
maintains O2 and CO2 homeostasis.
Figure 2.2 Refer students to the diagram
ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGE showing gas exchange in the lungs. Ask,
Why does oxygen diffuse from the
capillary alveolus into the capillary? Why does
alveolus
carbon dioxide diffuse in the opposite
direction? Oxygen concentration is higher
CO2 diffuses
in the alveolus than in the capillary; carbon
into alveolus. CO2 dioxide concentration is greater in the cap-
illary than in the alveolus.

O2 O2 diffuses
into blood.
The Inside Story
Garrett A. Morgan was the son of former
capillaries
slaves whose formal education never went
beyond elementary school. With hard
A Predict How might a sudden rise in CO2 in the blood
affect the gas exchange process?
work and an inventive mind, he went on
to become an inventor and businessman.
In 1914, Morgan invented the gas mask.
the capillaries. The blood in the capillaries contain red blood cells, a type of The mask consisted of a hood with two
cell that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to all of the body’s cells. attached tubes. One tube extended to
In red blood cells, most of the O2 molecules bind to an iron-rich protein the ground and was plugged with an
called hemoglobin (HEE-muh-GLOH-bihn). Each molecule of hemoglobin absorbent material that filtered the
binds with four O2 molecules. The iron in hemoglobin is what gives blood its inhaled air. Exhaled air was released
reddish color. Blood becomes bright red only when it absorbs oxygen. The through the second tube.
blood leaving the alveoli carries almost three times the amount of O2 that it
had coming into the lungs.
A ma T���’� z ing ! In 1916, an explosion in an under-
ground tunnel below Lake Erie trapped 32
In contrast, CO2 concentrations are higher in the blood than in the alveoli. men in debris, dust, and smoke. Morgan
Video Inquiry
As a result, CO2 diffuses into the alveoli. The higher concentration of CO2 in [Link] and some volunteers used his gas mask to
the blood is due to the fact that every cell produces CO2 and water as waste
PREMIUM CONTENT rescue the men. Morgan’s gas mask was
products. The CO2 and water combine in the blood to form the compound
Turtle Breath refined for use by the U.S. Army during
carbonic acid. The more carbonic acid there is in the blood, the more acidic
World War I and saved hundreds of
the blood becomes. When carbonic acid diffuses into the alveoli, the com-
American soldiers.
pound separates into CO2 and water, which are exhaled.

Gas Exchange and the Nervous System

Gas exchange is so critical to the body that it is an autonomic function CONNECT TO
regulated by the medulla and pons in the brain stem. These centers monitor NERVOUS SYSTEM Answers
dissolved gases in the blood, particularly CO2 concentrations. As you become As you read in Nervous and A Predict The rate of gas exchange
more active, CO2 levels increase and the blood becomes more acidic. Sensors Endocrine Systems, the brain
stem is located at the base of
would increase to bring more oxygen
in the respiratory and circulatory systems signal this change to the brain stem.
the brain. The brain stem is into the alveoli.
The medulla sends messages through the nervous and endocrine systems that involved in regulating breathing
stimulate the diaphragm and rib cage muscles to work harder. The medulla and other autonomic functions B Analyze Being surrounded by
regulates how often and how deeply you breathe based on your activity. that help maintain homeostasis. capillaries and only one cell thick allows
B Analyze How does the alveoli’s structure relate to the function of gas exchange? for easy diffusion between the alveoli
and capillaries.
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 857

Pre-AP
Untitled-613 857 5/25/2011 5:34:43 PM
Have students make a concept map to compare
the functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and
nervous systems in gas exchange. To get students
started, have them consider these questions:
• How is breathing initiated?
• How is respiration rate regulated?
• Which system is responsible for delivering
oxygen to cells?
• How does exercise affect the function of
each system?
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Concept Map
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 857
 MAIN IDEA
. Teach continued Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
FIGURE 2.3 Healthy lung tissue Damage to the respiratory system makes gas exchange more difficult, which in
is free of any deposits. When a
ONLINE Biology person smokes for several years,
turn affects every cell in the body. Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory
black tar deposits first invade diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema. Tobacco smoke contains more
[Link]
and then choke the tissue, and than 4800 chemicals that can paralyze cilia, damage alveoli, and cause genetic
greatly reduce gas exchange. mutations leading to cancer. In FIGURE 2.3, you can see the effects of smoking
To have students learn more about (LM; magnification 2503)
on lung tissue. When a person smokes for several years, the lung
the causes of asthma, have them
tissue is slowly coated by tars and other chemicals. Eventually, the
do the WebQuest for this chapter
tissue becomes almost solid black. The sooner people stop smok-
at [Link]. Healthy lung tissue ing, the sooner such damage to the lungs can be reversed.
Emphysema (ehm-fih-SEE-muh) is a lung disorder caused
mainly by smoking. Over time, many alveoli are destroyed. This
Integrating process gradually reduces the surface area for gas exchange, and
not enough oxygen can enter the blood. People with advanced
Medical Science emphysema must use supplemental oxygen, but eventually their
The rewards for quitting smoking are lungs fail. At present, this disease has no cure. The best way to
immediate. After the last cigarette, the prevent emphysema is to refrain from smoking.
Smoker’s lung tissue
following happens to the body: Asthma (AZ-muh) causes the bronchioles to constrict due to
20 minutes after: Blood pressure, heart

(t) ©Dachez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) ©Kent Wood/Photo Researchers, Inc.

muscle spasms. This condition makes it hard to move air in and
rate, body temperature drop to normal. out of the lungs. A person having a severe asthma attack can die
8 hours after: Carbon monoxide and from lack of oxygen. Attacks may be triggered by allergies, stress,
oxygen levels in blood return to normal. exposure to smoke and chemicals, or exercise. The attacks can be
24 hours after: Chance of heart attack relieved by drugs that relax the bronchioles.
decreases. Web Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that causes the lungs to produce a
48 hours after: Nerve endings start to thick, sticky mucus. This mucus blocks the airways and allows microorgan-
[Link]
regrow. isms to thrive in the lungs. People with CF have frequent, sometimes fatal,
PREMIUM CONTENT
72 hours after: Bronchial tubes relax, and lung infections. Treatments focus on preventing the mucus from building up.
lung volume increases. Asthma
A Synthesize How does smoking affect gas exchange?
2 weeks to 3 months after: Circulation
improves, walking is easier, and lung
function increases up to 30 percent.
1 to 9 months after: Cilia in lungs begin SELF-CHECK Online
to heal, reducing infection. [Link]
5 years after: Lung cancer death rate for
a former average smoker drops almost 30.2 Formative Assessment
PREMIUM CONTENT

CONNECT TO
as low as the rate of a nonsmoker. REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING
FORENSIC SCIENCE
1. Explain how diffusion allows gases to 3. Synthesize Explain how your
Answers move into and out of the alveoli of breathing rate would change if your
5. When police find a body in
a lake or river, they must
the lungs. Use the term red blood blood became more acidic. determine if the person was
A Synthesize Chemicals from tobacco
cell in your explanation. 4. Apply People poisoned by CO are drowned or was killed in
smoke damage alveoli, reducing surface often given 100 percent O2 in a room
2. In what ways can respiratory diseases some other way and then
area and decreasing the lungs’ ability to reduce the level of O2 in the blood? with two to three times normal thrown into the water. How
absorb oxygen and expel carbon atmospheric pressure. Explain why would examining the lungs
dioxide. more oxygen would enter their blood of the person help them to
under these conditions. solve the mystery?

. Assess and Reteach

858 30.2
Unit 9: FORMATIVE
Human Biology ASSESSMENT
1. As carbon dioxide concentration increases and heart rates to bring more oxygen into
Assess Use the Section Self-Check in the capillaries, the gas diffuses into the
Untitled-613 858 the body and expel carbon dioxide faster. 5/25/2011 5:34:48 PM

or Section Quiz, both available at alveoli. As oxygen concentration increases 4. First, 100 percent oxygen gas makes far
­[Link]. in the alveoli, the gas diffuses into the more oxygen available in the lungs for
capillaries, where oxygen molecules bind diffusion. Second, the more pressure a gas
Reteach Assign students to groups of to hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
four. Have each group make a word- is under, the more of it dissolves in fluid.
search puzzle using words related to the 2. Respiratory diseases can damage the As a result, more oxygen would be forced
content of this section. Distribute the alveoli, constrict airways to prevent into the blood.
puzzles to the other groups to solve. airflow, and block airways with mucus. 5. People who die by drowning always have
3. When carbon dioxide levels increase and water in their lungs. People can hold their
carbonic acid forms in the blood, the breath underwater for a few minutes, but
nervous system signals the circulatory and then begin breathing again, inhaling water
respiratory systems to increase breathing instead of air.
858 Unit 9: Human Biology
 SECTION  30.3
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
Plan and Prepare .
VOCABULARY
KEY CONCEPT The heart is a muscular pump that moves the
blood through two pathways.
atrium
ventricle
Objectives
MAIN IDEAS
valve • Describe the structure and function
The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.
pacemaker of the heart.
The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
pulmonary circulation • Contrast pulmonary and systemic
systemic circulation circulation.
Connect to Your World
> Lub-dub, lub-dub. This is the sound of your heart beating. The lub sound occurs
when the valves between the upper and lower chambers of the heart snap shut.
Section Resources
The dub sound is made by valves closing the two arteries that carry blood out Online Student Resources
of the heart. If a valve does not close properly and allows blood to leak backward, Study Guide (English and Spanish)
the sound of the heart changes. A heart with a leaky valve might sound like this:
Lub-dub-shhh, lub-dub-shhh. The sounds your heart makes can tell a physician a
PowerNotes
great deal about how it is performing. Reinforcement Worksheet
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader
Online Teacher Resources
MAIN IDEA
PowerPresentation
The tissues and structures of the heart make it Teacher Toolkit
an efficient pump.
Each day your heart beats about 100,000 times, circulating blood through Activate Prior Knowledge Explain to
nearly 96,000 kilometers of blood vessels—roughly one-quarter of the distance students that there are two types of
to the moon. Over 70 years, your heart will beat about 2.5 billion times. How circulatory systems—open and closed.
can it keep going? One reason is that cardiac muscle tissue, unlike skeletal Explain that in an open circulatory
muscle tissue, can work continuously without system, the heart would pump blood
FIGURE 3.1 HEART CHAMBERS AND VALVES becoming tired. Also, the structures of the heart or a nutrient fluid into body cavities,
make this organ an efficient pump. directly to cells. In a closed circulatory
system, the heart pumps blood through
aortic valve Structures of the Heart a continuous system of vessels in close
The largest structures in your heart are the four contact with cells. Ask, Why is a closed
left atrium chambers. As shown in FIGURE 3.1, the two smaller system required for vertebrates, such as
pulmonary chambers are the right atrium and left atrium humans? The large size of the organisms
valve (plural, atria), and the two larger chambers are
mitral valve requires a more efficient way to
the right and left ventricles. The ventricles are
transport materials to and from cells.
separated by the septum, a thick wall of tissue.
right atrium
The heart valves are flaps of tissue that prevent
left blood from flowing backward. They open when
tricuspid valve ventricle the atria or ventricles contract, and close when
the atria or ventricles relax.
Teach .
After blood fills a chamber, the cardiac muscle
right ventricle septum contracts and pumps the blood out of the cham- TEACH FROM VISUALS
ber. The heart is an amazingly powerful pump.
Figure 3.1 Have students compare the
thicknesses of the walls of the atria and
Differentiated Instruction Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 859
ventricles. Ask, How can the muscle layer
in the chamber walls provide a clue as
English Learners Below Level to which chamber of the heart pumps
Untitled-615 859
Suggest students use word squares for the Have students use the PLAN strategy to
5/25/2011 5:36:41 PM
blood with the most force? left ventricle,
structures discussed in this section. The organize the material in this section: because its muscular walls are thicker
vocabulary term is placed at the center of a • Predict what each subsection covers,
2 3 2 matrix. The first two cells should include focusing on the main ideas.
a definition and characteristics. For the third
square, have students include the system • Locate key vocabulary.
involved, and, for the fourth, describe what • Add details and definitions while reading.
might happen if the structure malfunctioned. • Note how the text supports the main ideas.
Teacher Toolkit, Section D, Frayer Model Teacher Toolkit, Section C, PLAN

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 859

 The reason has to do with the small size of the heart, which allows the strong
. Teach continued cardiac muscles to exert a great deal of force on the chamber. The combination
of small size and large force results in a powerful pumping action. The heart is
also an efficient, self-regulating pump. It can respond to signals from the
SA node nervous system to change the speed and force of its pumping action. For
Integrating (pacemaker) example, if you increase your level of activity, your heart will pump faster.

Medical Science The Heartbeat

The heartbeat consists of two contractions: the first takes place in the atria and
A defect in the heart can cause an
the second in the ventricles. The contractions occur partly because the cardiac
irregular heart rhythm, or arrhythmia.
muscle fibers of the chambers have a unique property. Whenever one fiber is
In some cases, the atrial and ventricular
stimulated to contract, all of the fibers contract at the same time.
contractions get badly out of sync. Any
uncoordinated contraction of muscle The first contraction of the heart begins in the right atrium at a signal from
AV node
fibers that prevents the smooth the sinoatrial (SA) node, shown in FIGURE 3.2. The SA node is known as the
contraction of a muscle is called heart’s pacemaker because the cells in this node generate an electrical signal
that starts the wave of contractions. Once the atria have contracted, the
fibrillation. With the contractions of FIGURE 3.2 An electrical signal electrical signal spreads through conducting fibers to the atrioventricular (AV)
the heart muscles out of phase, the from the SA node causes both
atria to contract. The AV node node, located in the wall of the right ventricle. The AV signal stimulates both
heart can no longer pump blood,
then picks up the signal and trans- ventricles to contract at the same time.
circulation stops, and brain death mits it to both ventricles, causing
occurs. By exposing the heart to a them to contract. If the SA node is seriously damaged by injury or disease, it can be replaced
strong electric shock, the heart can in with an artificial pacemaker that is implanted into the heart. This device, like
effect “reboot” and reestablish a the SA node, sends electrical signals to the muscle fibers of the atria.
normal rhythm. This process is called Blood Flow in the Heart
defibrillation. Biology
VIDEO C L I P Once you know the basic structures and actions of the heart, you can follow
An artificial pacemaker can be perma- [Link] how oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood flow through this organ. Study
nently implanted into the heart if a PREMIUM CONTENT FIGURE 3.3, which illustrates this pathway. Notice that blood always enters the
person’s SA node is damaged. This small, Heart Anatomy and Function
heart through an atrium and leaves the heart through a ventricle. The contrac-
battery-operated device helps the heart tions of the atria and then of the ventricles keep blood moving in this sequence.
maintain regular contractions. An 1 Oxygen-poor blood from the body enters the right atrium. The SA node
electrode is placed next to the heart signals the atria to contract, and blood flows into the right ventricle.
wall, and small electrical charges travel
2 When the AV node signals the ventricles to contract, blood is pumped
through a wire to the heart. Most
from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. This artery, which
pacemakers are demand pacemakers. R E A D I N G TO O L B OX goes to the lungs, is the only artery in the body that carries oxygen-poor
They have a sensing device that delivers
VOCABULARY blood. The blood enters the lungs, where CO2 and water vapor diffuse
impulses only when the SA node is not The word pulmonary comes into the alveoli and O2 diffuses into the blood.
properly transmitting on its own. from the Latin root pulmo,
Rate-responsive pacemakers are meaning “lung.” The suffix
3 Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein and
-ary means “belonging to or enters the left atrium. This is the only vein in the body that carries
capable of increasing the heart rate connected with.” Therefore, oxygen-rich blood. As the atria contract, blood is pumped into the left
during periods of exercise. pulmonary means something
ventricle, the largest chamber in the heart.
“belonging to or connected
with the lung.” 4 When the ventricles contract, blood is pumped from the left ventricle
into a large artery, the aorta, and is circulated to the rest of the body.

Answers After oxygen has been delivered to the cells, the oxygen-poor blood returns
through the veins to the heart, and the sequence begins again.
A Analyze The larger volume and more
A Analyze The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart. How is its size
muscle tissue exert enough force to related to its function?
propel blood throughout the body.
Differentiated
860 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Teach With Technology
Untitled-615 860 5/25/2011 5:36:43 PM
Display the electrocardiogram of a healthy
heart. A normal electrocardiogram shows
three waves. Explain that the first wave, called
the P wave, indicates the sinoatrial node
firing. The second wave, called the QRS wave,
indicates the atrioventricular node firing. The
third wave, called the T wave, represents
relaxation of the ventricles. For a probeware
lab on monitoring an EKG, go to Teacher
Resources at [Link].

860 Unit 9: Human Biology

 FIGURE 3.3 Blood Flow in the Heart Biology

Take It Further
[Link]
The structures of the heart keep oxygen-poor blood
PREMIUM CONTENT
separated from oxygen-rich blood.
Heart Pumping Blood Blood moves in the body from an area
of highest pressure when it leaves the
Oxygen-poor blood ventricles to an area of lowest pressure
when it empties into the atria. Blood
Oxygen-rich blood
pressure is determined by heart rate,
volume of blood, and resistance to the
flow of blood in the blood vessels. If
any of these factors increases, blood
pressure increases.

Science Trivia
• The first heartbeat in a human
embryo occurs about four to five
weeks after conception.
FROM BODY FROM LUNGS • The diameter of the aorta is almost
TO LUNGS TO BODY the same as that of the average
garden hose.
1 The right atrium 3 The left atrium receives • The heart can perform enough work
receives oxygen- oxygen-rich blood from in an hour to lift 3000 pounds (a
poor blood from the the lungs and pumps it
body and pumps it to the left ventricle.
small car) one foot off the ground.
to the right ventricle. • The leading cause of death in the
4 The left ventricle pumps United States is heart disease.
2 The right ventricle oxygen-rich blood to all
pumps oxygen-poor parts of the body.
blood to the lungs.

NORMAL HUMAN HEART

Answers
A Critical Viewing If the pulmonary
valve does not close properly, then
circulation to the lungs would be
affected the most.
©Custom Medical Stock Photo

©Custom Medical Stock Photo

A CRITICAL If the valves in the right ventricle do not close properly,

VIEWING where in the body might circulation be affected the most?

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 861

Pre-AP English learners

Untitled-615 861
Using the heart diagram at the center of Walk students through the cycle shown 5/25/2011
in 5:36:51 PM
FIGURE 3.3 as a guide, have students draw FIGURE 3.3, helping them visualize the steps
the cardiac cycle, a series of four diagrams shown. Have them think about what they
showing blood flow through the heart. would see, feel, and hear as the heart’s
Diagrams should show the position of the chambers contract and relax, and valves open
valves and the location and movement of and close.
blood in the four chambers. Tell students to
follow the list shown on the previous page. Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Cornell Notes

Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Cycle Diagram

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 861

 MAIN IDEA
. Teach continued The heart pumps blood through two main
pathways.
TEACH FROM VISUALS
Circulating blood follows two separate pathways that meet at the heart, as
Figure 3.4 Emphasize to students that shown in FIGURE 3.4. These pathways are called the pulmonary and systemic
the heart has its own supply of blood PULMONARY circulation. All of your blood travels through both of these pathways.
vessels that provide the heart with Pulmonary circulation (PUL-muh-nehr-ee) occurs only between the heart
nutrients and oxygen and remove and the lungs. The main function of this circulation is to carry oxygen-poor
wastes. The heart has arteries, veins, and blood to the lungs, where it picks up O2, expels excess CO2 and water, and
capillaries within the heart muscle. carries oxygen-rich blood back to the heart. Each lung is supplied by its own
pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Systemic circulation (sihs-STEHM-
ihk) occurs between the heart and the rest of the body, except for the lungs.
The main function of this circulation is to carry oxygen-rich blood to all cells
and transport oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation
Answers begins when blood leaves the left ventricle, the largest chamber of the heart.
A Infer Having two separate pathways The blood then circulates through the torso, arms, legs, and head, and then
SYSTEMIC
prevents the oxygen-poor blood of the returns to the heart.
pulmonary system from mixing with the As the body’s need for oxygen changes, sensors in the walls of major
oxygen-rich blood of the systemic arteries in the pulmonary and systemic pathways send information to the
system. medulla in the brain stem. The medulla coordinates this information with
signals from the respiratory system. Homeostasis is maintained by matching
heart rate and respiration rate with the oxygen needs of the body.
In extreme conditions, such as severe cold, the pulmonary and systemic
. Assess and Reteach circulation systems serve another vital function—making sure the body’s
brain, heart, and other major organs remain at a constant temperature. When
FIGURE 3.4 The circulatory the body is exposed for any length of time to a cold environment, blood vessels
Assess Use the Section Self-Check system has two general pathways.
to the arms and legs begin to constrict. The blood flow to the arms and legs is
Pulmonary circulation moves
or Section Quiz, both available at blood between the heart and the reduced in order to keep the torso and head warm. Once you reach a warmer
­[Link]. lungs. Systemic circulation moves environment, these blood vessels dilate and normal circulation resumes.
blood between the heart and the
Reteach Provide pairs of students with rest of the body. A Infer Why is it important to have two separate pathways for circulation?
a cross section of a heart, and red and
blue markers or colored pencils. Have
students draw arrows to show the
pathway of blood into, within, and out
of the heart, using blue for oxygen-poor SELF-CHECK Online
[Link]
blood and red for oxygen-rich blood.
Students should also label the heart’s 30.3 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

atria, valves, and ventricles. CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS
3. Predict Explain how leaky heart ANIMALS
1. What structures make the heart
an efficient pump? In your answer, valves might damage the heart 5. Unlike a human heart, an
describe the direction of blood flow over time. amphibian heart has two atria
into and out of the heart. 4. Predict How might a high fever but only a single ventricle.
affect a person’s heart and breathing How might living in a watery
2. Briefly describe the pulmonary
rates? Explain your answer. environment help reduce the
and systemic circulation pathways.
work that an amphibian heart
needs to do?

30.3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 862 Unit 9: Human Biology

1. Structures of an efficient pump: system of 2. Pulmonary circulation occurs only between 4. Students should be able to reason that a
chambers and valves, which keeps blood Untitled-615 862 the heart and the lungs. Systemic circula- high fever means the body is producing 5/25/2011 5:36:54 PM
flowing in one direction; cardiac muscle fibers tion occurs between the heart and the rest more heat. In order to maintain homeosta-
that contract together; ability to self-regulate. of the body. sis, the heart rate and breathing rate would
Blood enters the right atrium, which contracts 3. A leaky valve would allow blood to flow increase as the body attempted to get rid
at a signal by the SA node. Blood is then backward into an atrium or a ventricle. This of excess heat.
pushed into the right ventricle, which prevents the chambers of the heart from 5. Water helps to support body weight, so
contracts at a signal from the AV node. Blood emptying completely, which reduces the the heart would not have to work as hard
is pumped to the lungs. Blood returning from efficiency of the heart and makes it work against gravity to move the blood through-
the lungs enters the left atrium, which harder. Over time, the cardiac muscle may out the body.
contracts to push the blood into the left become weakened.
ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts,
blood is pumped to the rest of the body.
862 Unit 9: Human Biology
 G O n l i n e! Chapter Labs
Find these labs online at
[Link]

Making and Using a

Respirometer
Time 45 minutes
Purpose Determine whether lung
capacity changes with exercise
Overview Students will construct a
respirometer to measure lung capacity.

With
They will measure lung capacity at rest
and after exercise, and then construct
and analyze a graph of the data.

the Carbon Dioxide and Exercise

Time 45 minutes
Purpose Investigate how exercise
affects the amount of carbon dioxide
released from the lungs
Overview Students will measure their
output of carbon dioxide after perform-
ing exercises of increasing difficulty.
They will
• blow into a bromthymol solution when
at rest and after exercising
• add drops of sodium hydroxide
solution to the bromthymol, counting

Biology
VIDEO C L I P A T���’� z ing !
m a VIDEO INQUIRY
the number of drops required to turn
the solution yellow
Web
Web • prepare a graph of their results
Body’s Blood Usage Find Turtle Breath Asthma Learn what causes
out which parts of your
How can sea turtles hold their breaths asthma, what triggers an Stimuli and Heart Rate
(r) ©Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

body use the most blood. episode, and why people

for so long? Learn more about these Time 45 minutes
with asthma can still live
fascinating creatures, and analyze data
on their diving and breathing patterns healthy, active lives. Purpose Determine the effects of
to help answer this question. different stimuli on heart rate
Overview Students will design an
experiment that compares the effects
ONLINE BIOLOGY 863 of relaxing and exciting stimuli on
[Link] heart rate.

Ventilation and Heart Rate Video Lab  Lung Capacity

Untitled-741 863 5/26/2011 11:01:02 AM Determining Blood Type
(Probeware Lab) Time 30–40 minutes
Time 30 minutes
Time 45 minutes Purpose Measure lung capacity and predict
Purpose Determine the blood type of
Purpose Investigate the effect of altering the how exercise affects lung capacity
unknown simulated blood samples
levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the rate Overview Students mix simulated
at which the heart beats QuickLab  Blood Cells blood samples with simulated antisera
and look for physical changes in the
Time 20 minutes
Monitoring EKG (Probeware Lab) mixtures.
Purpose Observe characteristics of different
Time 45 minutes types of blood cells
Purpose Make a five-second graphical record-
ing of a heart’s electrical events
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 863
 SECTION  30.4
30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT The circulatory system transports materials
VOCABULARY
throughout the body.
Objectives blood pressure
systolic pressure MAIN IDEAS
• Describe the structures and func- diastolic pressure Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.
tions of different blood vessels.
Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.
• Differentiate between systolic and
diastolic blood pressure.
• Describe the effect of lifestyle on Connect to Your World
the circulatory system. > The last time you visited a doctor, you may have had your blood pressure measured.
You can feel the pulsing of the blood under the cuff on your arm. Your blood

Section Resources pressure indicates how hard your heart is working. We’ve come a long way in our
understanding of blood flow. In the 1600s, most scientists thought that the lungs
were responsible for the movement of blood. William Harvey, court physician to the
Online Student Resources
king of England, changed this perception with his studies. Harvey’s work on circula-
Study Guide (English and Spanish) tion is regarded as one of the greatest advances in the history of medicine.
PowerNotes
Reinforcement Worksheet MAIN IDEA
Section Self-Check Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to
Interactive Reader all parts of the body.
Online Teacher Resources As you read in Section 1, the circulatory system includes three types of blood
PowerPresentation vessels—arteries, veins, and capillaries—that act as transportation networks
Teacher Toolkit for the blood. Each of the three vessels has its own structure and function, as
illustrated in FIGURE 4.1.
Activate Prior Knowledge Discuss how Arteries
different types of roads, streets, and Arteries need to be strong and flexible because the blood they carry from the
R E A D I N G TO O L B OX
highways handle different types of heart is under great pressure. An artery’s thick wall is composed of three layers.
traffic. Ask, How is traffic on a highway TAKING NOTES The innermost layer consists of endothelium coated with a protein that prevents
different from that on an unpaved road? A two-column chart can help
blood from clotting. The middle layer is a thick band of smooth muscle and
you organize your notes about
Highways handle more cars at faster different blood vessels and elastic fibers. The outer layer consists of connective tissue and elastic fibers. The
speeds; unpaved roads handle fewer at circulatory pathways. elastic fibers allow the arterial walls to expand and contract to help move blood
slower speeds. Compare this to the arteries - Thicker, more through the arteries. Arterioles, or smaller arteries, contain the same three
different types of blood vessels that muscular
than veins
layers, but the outer and middle layers are much thinner.
transport blood. - Blood under
greater
pressure
Veins
The structures of veins reflect the fact that blood is under much less pressure
when it is returning to the heart. Veins have larger diameters and thinner walls
. Teach than do arteries and contain valves that prevent blood from flowing back-
wards. Veins do not have a thick layer that expands and contracts to keep
blood moving. Instead, they need the activity of skeletal muscles to help
Vocabulary maintain circulation. For example, as you walk, skeletal muscles in your legs
push against the veins. The valves open, and blood moves toward the heart. If
Greek and Latin Word Origins The you sit for too long, the lack of exercise makes it harder for the blood to move
word artery derives from the ancient upward. Venules are small veins that join larger veins to capillaries.
Greek arte-ria-, which means “windpipe.”
The word originally applied to any vessel
coming from the chest cavity. This Differentiated
864 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
included arteries, veins, and bronchial
tubes such as the trachea. The vessels Teach With Technology
Untitled-614 864 5/25/2011 5:35:18 PM
examined were in cadavers and Set up microscopes with prepared slides of an
appeared empty. Hence they were artery, a vein, and a capillary. Have students
assumed to carry air. take turns viewing the slides and comparing
the images with the descriptions of the blood
vessels in this section.

864 Unit 9: Human Biology

 FIGURE 4.1 Three Types of Blood Vessels
Science Trivia
Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood to every cell.
The coloration of the lips is due to
endothelium
valve
the great number of capillaries found
beneath the skin. The capillaries are full
smooth muscle of oxygenated blood, which gives the
connective tissue lips their reddish color. If a person is
anemic or has lost a great deal of
blood, the lips would be quite pale.
ARTERY VEIN Lips may appear blue in extreme cold
CAPILLARIES when capillaries constrict and the
blood loses oxygen.

arteriole venule

A Analyze Explain why arteries do not need valves to keep blood

moving in one direction.
Take It Further
Use the following table to discuss the
Capillaries normal ranges of pulse rate and blood
Capillary walls are made of epithelium, but they contain no muscle cells or pressure.
elastic fibers. The thinness of capillary walls allows materials to diffuse into and
out of the blood quickly and easily. In areas of high metabolic activity, such as Normal Ranges for Pulse Rate and Blood
CONNECT TO Pressure by Age Group
the lungs, kidneys, and liver, capillaries form dense networks called capillary
beds. These beds move a great deal of blood into and out of these organs. DIFFERENTIATED CELLS Age Pulse Rate Blood Pressure
In Human Systems and Group (per minute)
Circulation and Blood Pressure Homeostasis, you learned that
Infant 129 to 150 not measured
epithelial cells line most organs
Blood pressure is the force with which blood pushes against the wall of an and structures in the body. These 2–6 yr 90 to 120 80/75 to 110/75
artery. A healthy resting blood pressure for a young adult is around 120/70 cells provide a protective layer
mm Hg (read as “120 over 70 millimeters of mercury”). The top, and higher, that helps each organ or Children 85 to 100 75/40 to 120/75
structure to do its job.
number is known as the systolic pressure (sih-STAHL-ihk). This is the amount Teenagers 70 to 100 85/45 to 130/89
of pressure on the walls of an artery when the left ventricle contracts to pump Adults 60 to 100 100/50 to 119/79
blood through the body. The bottom, and lower, number is known as the
Source: University of Nebraska Medical Center
diastolic pressure (dy-uh-STAHL-
VISUAL VOCAB
ihk). This is the pressure in the artery
when the left ventricle relaxes. Systolic pressure occurs when the left Ask, Why is the pulse rate generally
ventricle contracts. Diastolic pressure higher in infants and children than in
Blood pressure depends on how
elastic and unblocked the arteries are
occurs when the ventricle relaxes. You
can write these numbers as a fraction in
which systolic pressure is always on top.
Biology
VIDEO C L I P adults? The rate of cellular respiration
in infants and children is higher due to
and on the strength of the heart
[Link] growth. The heart beats faster to supply
contraction. The less elastic the
arteries and the more blockages that
120 systolic = numerator PREMIUM CONTENT tissues with adequate amounts of blood.
reduce blood flow, the harder the 70 diastolic = denominator Blood and Blood Vessels
heart must pump. As a result, blood
pressure rises. Blood pressure also
rises naturally with activity, stress, and strong emotions, but it should drop
again with rest. If the pressure remains high, there could be a problem in the
Answers
circulatory system. A Analyze Blood in arteries is under
great pressure, which keeps it moving in
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 865
one direction, and arteries have
muscular walls that contract and relax
to move blood.
Hands-On Activity Pre-AP
Untitled-614 865 5/25/2011 5:35:21 PM
Show students how to feel a person’s pulse Have students compare the valve structure in
by gently pressing on the outside of the veins, as shown in FIGURE 4.1, to the structure
person’s wrist with the middle and index of the valves in the heart, shown in F­ IGURE 3.3
fingers. Have pairs of students determine in Section 3. From an engineering point of
each other’s pulse rate. Using a watch with a view, have students evaluate the structures for
second hand, have them count the number the functions performed.
of beats in 15 seconds and multiply that
number by 4 to determine the number of Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Quick-Write
beats per minute. Ask, What are you feeling
with your fingers when you feel a person’s
pulse? expansion and relaxation of the blood
vessel as blood is pumped through
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 865
 People with permanently high blood pressure have a condition called
. Teach continued
Biology
VIDEO C L I P hypertension, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. A heart attack occurs
when the arteries to the heart muscle are damaged or blocked. A stroke can
[Link]
occur when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. Most people can lower their
Take It Further PREMIUM CONTENT

Circulatory System Health

blood pressure through weight loss, proper diet, and exercise. If these rem-
edies fail, people can use medications to reduce blood pressure.
An arterial stent can be used to hold
an artery open, allowing blood to flow A Infer Why do you think that blood moving from the heart to the lungs must be
carried by an artery and not by a vein?
through it. It consists of a small wire-
mesh tube that is inserted into a
blocked artery, and then expanded. This MAIN IDEA
opens the artery, restoring adequate Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.
blood flow.
Lifestyle choices strongly influence the health of your circulatory system.
artery wall
Smoking, lack of exercise, excessive weight, long-term stress, and a diet low in
plaque fruits and vegetables but high in saturated fats are all linked to an increased risk
of developing circulatory diseases. These diseases mainly affect the heart and
Answers the arteries. For example, in arteriosclerosis (ahr-teer-ee-oh-skluh-ROH-
A Infer Two reasons: an artery has sihs), the artery walls become thick and inflexible. In atherosclerosis (ath-uh-
a thick wall that can withstand the roh-skluh-ROH-sihs), blood flow is partially or fully blocked by sticky mate-
pressure, and only arteries carry blood rial, called plaque, that collects on the walls of the arteries, as FIGURE 4.2 shows.
away from the heart. High blood pressure is often the only warning sign of these problems.
Both diseases can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or kidney damage. Some
B Provide Examples Poor diet can lead
blocked arteries supplying the heart muscle can be opened using a surgical
to blocked arteries as plaque builds up technique known as a balloon angioplasty (AN-jee-uh-plas-tee). A device is
on their walls; smoking and lack of threaded into the artery and then inflated so that it squeezes the obstruction
exercise can make artery walls thicker against the artery wall. If this procedure does not work, bypass surgery may be
and less flexible. necessary. In this operation, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the
body (usually the leg) is attached to the artery on either side of the blockage.
FIGURE 4.2 This micrograph Blood can then bypass the obstruction.
clearly shows fatty deposits, called
. Assess and Reteach plaque, building up on an artery
wall. If such deposits block blood
To reduce the risk of circulatory diseases, physicians urge people to not
smoke, to maintain a healthy weight, and to exercise regularly. Medications

©ISM/Phototake
flow, they can cause a heart attack
or stroke. (LM; magnification 253)
can also help reduce the risks of heart disease.
Assess Use the Section Self-Check B Provide Examples How can lifestyle choices affect the function of the arteries?
or Section Quiz, both available at
­[Link].
SELF-CHECK Online
Reteach Have students come to the [Link]
board to map out the movement of a
blood cell as it picks up oxygen, delivers
30.4 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

it, and then returns for more. REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

3. Infer People who smoke often have ARTHROPODS

1. How do the structures of arteries,
veins, and capillaries relate to their cold hands and feet. What might 5. The hard exoskeleton of an
functions? explain this condition in terms of arthropod exerts pressure
blood flow? on the animal’s circulatory
2. How can lifestyle choices help
4. Apply Explain why narrowing of the system. In what way does
reduce the risk of heart disease?
arteries decreases blood flow but the exoskeleton serve the
increases blood pressure. same function as the heart
does in mammals?

866 30.4
Unit 9:FORMATIVE
Human Biology ASSESSMENT
1. Arteries: elastic, muscular structure helps 3. Smoking can constrict blood vessels,
them carry blood under great pressure and
Untitled-614 866 reducing circulation to the hands and feet, 5/25/2011 5:35:24 PM
keep it moving; veins: under less pressure, which would make them feel cold.
are thinner, have valves to keep blood 4. A narrow artery restricts the amount of
moving in one direction; capillaries: small blood that can pass through the artery.
size, thin walls, allow materials to move The narrower the opening, the more force
into and out of these vessels. is needed to push the blood through,
2. Good diet, proper weight, exercise, resulting in high blood pressure.
reduced stress, and not smoking can keep 5. Like a mammal’s heart, the exoskeleton
the heart and blood vessels healthy, acts like an external “pump” to keep fluid
preventing high blood pressure and moving throughout the body.
damage to arteries.

866 Unit 9: Human Biology

 D ATA A N A LY S I S
Forming a Null PREMIUM CONTENT
[Link]
D ata A n a ly s i s

Hypothesis Create animated charts and

graphs using Smart Grapher. Introduce
The null hypothesis is often the oppo-
When scientists investigate some type of phenomenon, such as when they are trying to site of what the experimenter expects
determine the cause of a disease, they often need to rule out variables that may or may to find. It is put forward to allow the
not be important. This is especially helpful when many factors might play some role in the data to contradict it. This approach gives
phenomenon, as is often the case, in the causes of disease. investigators somewhere to start, given
a wide field of unknown variables. Ask
The formation of a null hypothesis is useful during these types of
investigations. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference • From the example given, does
among study groups for the independent variable being tested. The null rejection of the null hypothesis
hypothesis is always stated in the negative: one variable does not have mean that aging causes heart
an effect on the other variable. The null hypothesis is accepted or disease? No, it only means that aging
rejected based on the data. If the investigation shows that the one and heart disease may be related.
variable does affect the other, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the How they are related would have to
investigation shows that the one variable does not affect the other, be a subject of further study.
then the null hypothesis is accepted. • If the data support the null hypoth-
esis and it is accepted, does that
Model mean that the null hypothesis is
A scientist investigates the rate of death from heart disease among
true? No, it only means that there is
not sufficient evidence against it.
different age groups. The null hypothesis for this investigation would
be, “There is no difference in the rate of death from heart disease
among different age groups.” Consider the results listed below for the
rate of death from heart disease per 100,000 people. Discuss
Exercise is an important factor
• Rate for ages 55–64 is 246.9
in preventing heart disease.
In actual clinical trials, an alternative
• Rate for ages 65–74 is 635.1 hypothesis is set up along with the null
• Rate for ages 75–84 is 1725.7 hypothesis. For example, a null hypothe-
In this case, the null hypothesis would be rejected because there is an obvious difference
sis (H0) may state “The new drug has no
in the rate of death due to heart disease among different age groups. As people get older,
effects different from those of the drug
the rate of death increases.
currently in use.” An alternative hypo-
thesis (H1) might be “The two drugs have
Practice Form a Null Hypothesis different effects.” Ask
GRAPH 1. RATES OF ASTHMA BY AGE GROUP
The graph at right shows the results of an investigation about • If the data do not support H0 and it
80 is rejected, does that mean that H1 is
differences in the rate of asthma based on age.
true? No, rejecting the null hypothe-
per 1,000 people

60
Rate of asthma

1. Hypothesize Form a null hypothesis for this investigation.

sis merely suggests that H1 may be
2. Evaluate Explain whether you accept or reject the null 40 true.
hypothesis, based on the data. • What are some possible reasons for
20
rejecting the alternative hypothesis?
©Paul Barton/Corbis

0 One reason might be that there are

<18 18–44 45–64 65+
Source: National Health Interview Survey, too many possible variables that
Age (years)
National Center for Health Statistics were not taken into account, or that
the different results recorded may
be caused by a factor unrelated to
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 867 the new drug.
80 Online Student Resources, Data
Rate per 1,000 population

Untitled-54 867
Answers 60 6/23/2011 1:15:12 PM
Analysis Practice
1. Answers may include any of the following: 2. Students should be able to cite the data
40
There is no difference in the rates of that would make them reject or accept
asthma among different age groups. The their null hypothesis.
20
rates of asthma do not decline as people
age. People over age 18 do not have higher 0
Male Female
rates of asthma than do people under Gender
age 18.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 867

 SECTION  30.5
30.5 Blood
. Plan and Prepare
VOCABULARY
KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports
materials.
Objectives platelet
plasma MAIN IDEAS
• List the main components of blood. ABO blood group Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma.
• Describe the functions of platelets Rh factor
Platelets and different types of blood cells have different functions.
and different types of blood cells. white blood cells

Section Resources Connect to Your World

The adult human body contains about 5 liters (more than 5 qt) of blood. This fluid
>
Online Student Resources supplies your organs with gases and nutrients, helps you keep warm or cool off, and
Study Guide (English and Spanish) gets rid of waste products from your cells. Blood also has other components that
help fight infections and control bleeding from damaged blood vessels. How can one
PowerNotes substance accomplish all of these functions?
Reinforcement Worksheet
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader
MAIN IDEA
Online Teacher Resources
Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell
PowerPresentation
Teacher Toolkit
fragments, and plasma.
When you look at blood with the naked eye, it appears to be a single sub-
Activate Prior Knowledge Tell students stance. Whole blood is actually a sticky mixture of cells, cell fragments, and
that crabs have blue blood, earthworms fluid, along with particles of fat, other nutrients, and dissolved gases. If you
have green, starfish have yellow, and put blood in a test tube and spin it in a centrifuge, it will separate into two
humans have red. Ask, What gives blood main parts, as shown in FIGURE 5.1. At the bottom, a reddish-brown band
contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Platelets are cell
its color? its components Tell students
fragments, produced in bone marrow, that help in blood clotting.
the hemoglobin, a red pigment found in
red blood cells, gives human blood its At the top of the tube is plasma, a clear pale-yellow fluid that makes up
color. about 55 percent of the blood. Plasma is roughly 90 percent water. Many types
of molecules dissolve in plasma and can be transported throughout the body.
These molecules include amino acids, glucose, hormones, vitamins, salts, and
plasma waste products.
. Teach Why is plasma important? The concentration of molecules dissolved in
plasma determines which substances will diffuse into and out of the blood that
moves through the capillaries. The movement of water, gases, nutrients, and
Science Trivia red blood cells,
white blood cells,
ions between the capillaries and the cells plays a critical role in maintaining
homeostasis. For instance, as the concentration of glucose increases in the
and platelets
• Blood travels 60,000 miles (96,540 km) capillaries, it moves outward to an area of lower concentration and eventually
per day throughout the body. enters the cells.
• Blood makes up 7–10 percent of a FIGURE 5.1 Whole blood Plasma proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, and immune proteins also

©Yoav Levy/Phototake

©Yoav Levy/Phototake
person’s body weight. is composed of several parts help maintain homeostasis. Albumin, the same substance as in egg white, is
that help to fight infections,
• A newborn has about a cup of blood. control bleeding, and transport
the most abundant plasma protein. Its main role is to stabilize blood volume
• There are one billion red blood cells gases, nutrients, waste products, so that fluid in the blood does not leak out of the vessels. Fibrinogen is a
in two to three drops of blood. and hormones. clotting factor that works with platelets to stop the bleeding after an injury.

• A pint of blood is equivalent to a

pound, so people lose a pound Differentiated
868 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
when they donate blood.
• Adult mosquitoes feed on flower English Learners • An arrow from the center states, “It is a
nectar but mosquito eggs need Untitled-611 868
Have students create a concept map with mixture of . . .” ending in a square, “cells, 5/25/2011 5:32:09 PM

protein to grow, so female mosqui- these features: fluid, fat particles, nutrients, dissolved
toes suck blood to get the protein. gases.”
• The central circle states, “Blood is a complex
tissue that transports materials.” • Another arrow from the center states,
“has two components” with two squares,
• Arrows show direction and verbs or phrases “platelets” and “plasma.”
label them. At the end of each, in a square,
is a property or component of blood. Have students complete the concept map.
• Other concepts are placed in smaller Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Concept Map
squares with more arrows and verbs or
phrases.

868 Unit 9: Human Biology

 A group of specialized proteins made by the immune system fights infection
or attacks foreign materials in the blood. You will learn more about these The Inside Story
proteins in the chapter on the immune system and disease. Charles Richard Drew pioneered a
A Predict What do you think might happen to your blood if you become method for preserving blood to be
dehydrated? stored for transfusions. He separated
out blood plasma, which was dehy-
MAIN IDEA drated, then reconstituted the blood
components when needed. It was Drew
Platelets and different types of blood platelet who organized Blood for Britain during
cells have different functions. red blood cell
World War II. He initiated the use of
Blood contains red blood cells, several types of white blood
bloodmobiles to bank blood and
cells, and platelets, as the photograph in FIGURE 5.2 shows. plasma. This saved the lives of many
These three blood components are manufactured mostly in the suffering from war wounds.
bone marrow. Each one has a specialized shape and function. As director of the American Red
Cross blood bank he recruited 100,000
Red Blood Cells people to donate blood for American
Red blood cells make up 40 to 45 percent of all cells in the troops. However, he resigned from that
blood. Mature red blood cells are shaped like an inner tube position when the U.S. military insisted
with a solid center. They are produced from stem cells in bone that the blood be segregated according
marrow. As these cells mature, they gradually fill with hemo- white blood cell
to the donor’s race. He argued, correctly,
globin and lose their nuclei and other organelles. Without
that blood has no race. Drew feared the
nuclei, they cannot undergo cell division. Red blood cells
FIGURE 5.2 Red blood cells trans- policy would lead to needless deaths if
circulate through the body for about 120 days before they begin to degrade. port gases, white blood cells soldiers and sailors went untreated as
Degraded cells are carried to the liver and spleen, which break up the cells defend the body against patho-
gens and foreign materials, and doctors waited for racially typed blood.
and recycle them.
platelets help seal wounds. (colored
The most important function of red blood cells is to transport O2 to the SEM; magnification 3,4003)
cells and carry CO2 away from them. As you read in Section 3, O2 binds to the
hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to all cells. When blood is
returning to the heart, it picks up CO2 and carries it to the lungs.
Answers
(t) ©Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) ©Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(t) ©Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) ©Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc.

If red blood cells are damaged or misshapen, they cannot transport O2

effectively. In sickle cell disease, for example, red blood cells are distorted into
crescent shapes, as shown in FIGURE 5.3. They transport less O2, last only 10 to sickle cells A Predict Students should reason that
20 days, and tend to clump in blood vessels. This genetic disorder is most because the blood contains so much
commonly found in people of African descent. water, being dehydrated would make
the blood thicker and less able to move
ABO Blood Group and Rh Factors through the smaller vessels of the
Red blood cells have surface protein markers that define your blood type. circulatory system. Less water in the
Blood type is very important when people give or receive blood for transfu- blood would also mean that materials
sions. If you receive blood with a protein marker different from your own, could not diffuse into or out of the
your immune system will attack the foreign blood cells, causing them to blood as easily, affecting homeostasis.
clump. The clumped blood can block vital blood vessels and result in death.
FIGURE 5.3 Sickle cell anemia
Protein markers exist for about 26 different blood types. The most com- is an inherited blood disease in
mon markers are A and B, which produce four blood types: A, B, AB, and O, which hemoglobin proteins clump
also known as the ABO blood group. Type O has no protein marker and can together. This causes red blood
cells to stiffen and curl into a
be donated to a person with any other blood type. Type AB blood has both crescent shape. (colored SEM;
protein markers and can accept any type of blood. People with Type A and magnification 2,7503)
Type B blood can receive only their own blood type or type O blood.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 869

Below Level
Untitled-611 869
Components of Blood 5/25/2011 5:32:12 PM
Have students make a two-column notes
chart similar to the one on the right. Tell Blood Component Function
students to fill in the chart as they read this Plasma
section, including as much detail as possible.
Red blood cells
Encourage students to write the functions of
the blood components in their own words. White blood cells
When they have completed their charts, Platelets
allow students to compare their charts and
add to them or correct them. Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Two-Column
Notes

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 869

 QUICK LAB O B S E RV I N G
. Teach continued
Blood Cells MATERIALS
In this lab, you will examine different types of blood cells • slide of blood cells
ONLINE Biology under the microscope. • microscope
[Link] PROBLEM What are the different characteristics of blood cells?
PROCEDURE
Students can do a virtual lab on 1. Examine the slide under low power and high power on the
blood typing. See the virtual lab for microscope. Identify a red blood cell, a white blood cell, and a
this chapter at [Link]. platelet. Notice the proportion of each type of cell on your slide.
2. Draw each type of cell and label its structures.
ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE
QUICK LAB 1. Explain What is the general shape of a red blood cell? How is
this shape related to the function of a red blood cell?
Time 20 minutes 2. Infer Based on the proportion of each type of cell on your slide,
which type of cell is the most numerous in the blood of a healthy
person? Which is least numerous?
Purpose Observe characteristics of
different types of blood cells.
Another blood protein, known as the Rh factor, is also critical in making a
Lab Management successful transfusion. People either are Rh positive (Rh+) and have this
protein or are Rh negative (Rh–) and do not have it. Anyone can receive
CONNECT TO
• It may be helpful to students to Rh– blood without harm. However, if you are Rh– and receive Rh+ blood, your
have references of the slides. A good GENETICS immune system will make proteins that cause the Rh+ blood cells to swell and
college-level anatomy and physiology In Extending Mendelian burst. As a result, blood must be matched for both the ABO group and the Rh
Genetics, you read about
textbook should have micrographs the alleles that produce the group. The possible ABO/Rh blood combinations are shown in FIGURE 5.4.
of different blood cells for students different phenotypes in the
to study. ABO blood group.
FIGURE 5.4 ABO Rh BLOOD COMBINATIONS
Safety Caution students to handle the BLOOD TYPE CAN DONATE TO CAN RECEIVE FROM
glass slides carefully. Remind them to A A, AB A, O
wipe down the eyepieces with alcohol
B AB, B B, O
wipes after using them.
VIRTUAL Lab AB AB A, B, AB, O

Answers [Link]
PREMIUM CONTENT
O A, B, AB, O O

Analyze and Conclude Rh FACTOR CAN DONATE TO CAN RECEIVE FROM

Blood Typing
1. The shape of a red blood cell is Rh+ factor Rh+ Rh+, Rh–
round with a concave center on each Rh– factor Rh+, Rh– Rh–
side (biconcave).The concave shape
on both sides provides more surface
area for carrying gas molecules. White Blood Cells
White blood cells, which contain no hemoglobin, are cells that defend the
2. Red blood cells are the most body against infection and that remove foreign material and dead cells.
numerous (about 4.8–5.4 million per Different kinds of white blood cells defend the body in different ways. Some
cubic millimeter), and white blood surround and ingest microorganisms. Others produce proteins that act to
cells are the least numerous (the ratio destroy pathogens. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells are not limited to
is about 1 white blood cell to every the circulatory system. Some of these cells are able to pass through capillary
700 red blood cells).

Differentiated
870 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
PRE-AP
Untitled-611 870 5/25/2011 5:32:13 PMU
Have students make the case for blood as a
fluid form of connective tissue. Give them
five minutes to write up their reasoning.
Remind students that tissue types were
introduced in the chapter on human systems
and homeostasis.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Quick-Write

870 Unit 9: Human Biology

 walls into the lymphatic system and attack pathogens in
the body’s tissues. For this reason, white blood cells are platelets TEACH FROM VISUALS
also considered part of the immune system.
fibrin FIGURE 5.5 Ask students to identify all
Platelets and Blood Clotting the elements of a forming blood clot.
Platelets are cell fragments that help form clots that Tell them that after bleeding stops, an
white blood cell
control bleeding. When you cut or tear a blood vessel, external clot dries out. Ask, What do
platelets quickly cluster around the wound. you call a dried clot on the surface of
Repairing injuries At the site of an injury, platelets form red blood cell the skin? a scab
spiky extensions that intertwine into a complex net. The
platelets then release proteins known as clotting factors,
which begin the process of repair. One of the factors
converts prothrombin, a plasma protein, into thrombin. Thrombin, in turn,
converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Sticky threads of fibrin form a web that traps
blood vessel
Answers
platelets and white blood cells, as the top photo shows in FIGURE 5.5. A Apply White blood cells would
The bottom photo shows how the tangle of fibrin, platelets, and blood
help prevent pathogens from infecting
cells has grown to form a plug, or clot, on the blood vessel. The clot seals
a wound.
the wound and prevents any further loss of blood. The steps in blood
clot
clotting are a good example of a positive feedback loop. The body increases
the rate of change in clotting until the wound is sealed. Once the injury
heals, other chemicals are released that dissolve the clot.
Assess and Reteach .
Blood clotting disorders Blood clots can also form inside blood vessels
and present serious risks to a person’s health. For example, clots that block FIGURE 5.5 The top photograph Assess Use the Section Self-Check
(t) ©Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cr) ©CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(t) ©Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cr) ©CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.

arteries to the heart or brain can cause a heart attack or stroke. Medications that shows platelets clustering at the or Section Quiz, both available at
site of a wound. Fibrin threads
thin the blood or dissolve clots can help prevent these circulatory problems. trap more cells until a plug, or
­[Link].
The inability to form clots can be equally serious. For example, hemophilia clot, forms (bottom) and stops Reteach Have students make a shop-
is a genetic disorder in which a key clotting factor is missing in the blood. For the bleeding from a blood vessel.
(colored SEMs; magnifications: platelets
ping list for all the components needed
people with hemophilia, even a minor cut can cause life-threatening bleeding. and fibrin 60003; clot 19003) to make blood. Tell them to justify their
As a result, they must guard against the slightest scrape or bruise. When expenditures.
injured, they must have the missing clotting factor injected into their blood to
help seal the wound.
A Apply Why might it be important for white blood cells to be part of a clot that
seals an injury?

SELF-CHECK Online
[Link]
30.5 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

1. List some of the substances dissolved 3. Apply What would happen if a CHEMISTRY
in plasma and describe how they person with type A Rh2 blood were 5. Water is the most abundant
help maintain homeostasis. transfused with type A Rh1 blood? component in human blood.
2. What are the primary roles of red 4. Infer Some people must take What characteristic of water
blood cells, white blood cells, and medications that interfere with allows glucose, hormones,
platelets? clotting factors. How might they and many other materials to
need to change their activities? dissolve into it?

30.5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 871

1. Amino acids, glucose, hormones, vitamins, 3. The immune system of the person receiving 5. Water is the universal solvent, which means
Untitled-611 871 salts, and waste products dissolve in plasma. the transfusion would attack the Rh1 blood
5/25/2011 5:32:16 PM that a great variety of materials can dissolve
These substances diffuse into and out of cells, causing them to swell and burst, which in it.
the blood to help the body maintain could result in a life-threatening condition.
homeostasis by regulating the amounts of 4. They should avoid heavy-contact sports or
fluid, nutrients, gases, and ions that the other activities where there is a high risk of
body requires for normal functioning. being injured, avoid surgical procedures, and
2. Red blood cells carry oxygen; white blood try not to get cut or bruised. They would
cells help defend the body against patho- be at risk for severe bleeding because they
gens and other foreign substances; platelets would not have the normal clotting factors.
help seal wounds and prevent blood loss
from torn or injured blood vessels.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 871

 SECTION  30.6
30.6 Lymphatic System
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT The lymphatic system provides another type of
VOCABULARY
circulation in the body.
Objectives lymphatic system
lymph MAIN IDEAS
• Describe the lymphatic system and node Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the circulatory system.
its relationship to the circulatory lymphocyte
The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.
system.
• Summarize the lymphatic system’s
function in the immune system. Connect to Your World
> Your body has two transport networks that circulate fluids. The first is the circulatory
Section Resources system, which brings gases and nutrients to every cell. The second is the lymphatic
system. While this system also helps to distribute nutrients, its main jobs are to
Online Student Resources absorb excess fluid, to fight disease, and to carry waste products away from the cells.
These two systems work so closely together that almost everywhere there are blood
Study Guide (English and Spanish)
vessels, there are also lymph vessels.
PowerNotes
Reinforcement Worksheet
MAIN IDEA
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader tonsils
Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to
Online Teacher Resources the circulatory system.
thymus
PowerPresentation The lymphatic system (lihm-FAT-ihk) consists of a complex network of
Teacher Toolkit organs, vessels, and nodes throughout the body, as shown in FIGURE 6.1. The
heart system collects excess fluid that leaks out of the blood capillaries into the area
between the cells. This fluid, called interstitial (ihn-tuhr-STIHSH-uhl) fluid,
Activate Prior Knowledge Find how brings nutrients to the cells and removes their wastes.
many students had their tonsils removed spleen
Although 90 percent of the fluid returns to the capillaries, up to 3 liters
when they were younger. Ask, What
(3 qt) per day remain outside the blood vessels. Without the lymphatic system,
problems were the tonsils causing?
your body would begin to swell as more fluid becomes trapped in your tissues.
Students may remember having diffi- lymph
The system prevents this problem through a two-step process:
culty breathing or swallowing. Tell nodes
students that tonsils are a collection of • It collects the fluid and filters it to remove dead cells and microorganisms.
lymph • It returns the cleaned fluid to the circulatory system.
lymphatic tissues. They surround the top vessels
of the throat and can cause problems Lymphatic circulation begins when the fluid between the cells enters the
for small children when the tissue lymphatic capillaries, where it becomes known as lymph. The lymph then
becomes swollen with infection. flows into larger vessels within the lymphatic system. Without a heart to pump
the fluid, the vessels rely on contractions of skeletal and smooth muscles to
circulate the lymph. One-way valves similar to those in veins keep the fluid
from flowing backwards.
. Teach From the vessels, lymph collects in small rounded structures called lymph
nodes. The nodes filter the lymph and trap bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cell
TEACH FROM VISUALS FIGURE 6.1 The lymphatic system fragments. Specialized immune cells ingest and destroy this organic material.
collects fluid that leaks from the Vessels then carry the lymph out of the nodes. In the last stage of the journey,
blood vessels and returns it to the the lymph returns to the circulatory system. Two large vessels, one on either
Figure 6.1 Point out the major features: heart. The spleen recycles old red
side of the body, enter veins located just under the collarbones. The lymph is
lymphatic vessels, organs, and lymph blood cells; white blood cells
mature in the thymus. returned to the blood and becomes part of the circulatory system again.
nodes. Tell students that lymph nodes are
found in groups near veins. Point out that
lymph returns to the bloodstream by way Differentiated
872 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
of the left and right subclavian veins, just
beneath the collarbones. Ask, Why does English Learners
interstitial fluid have to be returned to Untitled-609 872
Have students reinterpret the text describing
5/25/2011 5:28:54 PM

the circulatory system? to maintain blood lymphatic circulation as a cycle diagram.

volume and keep body tissues from Model how you read the text, looking for
swelling words that describe circulation. Have stu-
dents work in pairs, with one partner reading
the text and the other drawing the diagram.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Cycle Diagram

872 Unit 9: Human Biology

 When lymphatic tissues and nodes are damaged or removed,
lymph cannot drain normally from that area. The result is swelling as History of Science
fluid accumulates. The swelling can be controlled by exercise, pressure Florence Rena Sabin (1871–1953) was a
bandages or garments, and massage. These treatments exert pressure pioneering medical researcher in the
on the tissues and nodes to “push” lymph into the vessels. field of lymphatic system development.
A Predict How would sitting for a long time affect the lymphatic circulation? Sabin discovered that lymphatic vessels
arose from veins. She found that the
MAIN IDEA outer layer of cells on veins sprouted
buds, much like stems growing out of
The lymphatic system is a major part of the the branches of trees, proving that the
immune system. lymphatic system developed entirely
from existing vessels in the body.
Three structures in the lymphatic system—the tonsils, thymus, and
spleen—also function as part of the immune system. Each of these FIGURE 6.2 Doctors check your
lymph nodes during a routine
structures has specialized functions that help the body to defend itself. The physical examination. Enlarged or
tonsils are lymph nodes set in the back of the throat on either side. These lumpy nodes might indicate that
nodes help to filter out bacteria and viruses that have escaped the body’s outer
defenses. When too many pathogens collect in the tonsils, these nodes become
your body is fighting an infection. Answers
swollen and infected and may have to be removed. A Predict Lymphatic circulation
depends on the activity of skeletal
The thymus, located behind the breastbone, is important in developing
muscles to pump the fluid throughout
certain types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes (LIHM-fuh-syts).
the body. If someone sits too long,
These cells help the body fight pathogens, parasites, and other types of foreign
organisms. Some immature lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow to
lymph cannot move as efficiently, and
the thymus, where they develop the ability to recognize specific microorgan-
fluid may pool in the legs, causing
CONNECT TO
isms. Most of these cells leave the thymus and circulate through the lymphatic swelling.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
and circulatory systems to protect the body. B Predict Both systems would be
©Dynamics Graphics Group/Creatas/Alamy Images

©Dynamics Graphics Group/Creatas/Alamy Images

You will read more in Immune

The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. Its main job is to System and Disease about how impaired. The spleen cleans lymph and
filter and clean the lymph of cell fragments and abnormal tissue. This organ the body uses lymphocytes and produces white blood cells. Removing
other types of cells to fight it would mean that more debris might
also contains many lymphocytes and other white blood cells that destroy pathogens.
harmful bacteria and foreign organisms. accumulate in the lymph. Also, fewer
B Predict If the spleen is removed, how might the immune and lymphatic systems white blood cells would be produced,
be affected? reducing the effectiveness of the
immune system.
SELF-CHECK Online
[Link]
PREMIUM CONTENT
Assess and Reteach .
30.6 Formative Assessment CONNECT TO

REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING IMMUNOLOGY Assess Use the Section Self-Check
1. Describe the main organs and 3. Compare and Contrast How are the
5. Mononucleosis is a disease or Section Quiz, both available at
that causes the body to ­[Link].
functions of the lymphatic system. structures of an artery and a vein
greatly increase the number
2. Give three examples of organs that different from or similar to the Reteach Project on the board the
of lymphocytes circulating in
are part of both the immune and structure of a lymph vessel? image of FIGURE 6.1 from the Media
the blood and lymph. If you
lymphatic systems, and briefly 4. Infer The circulatory system of the felt the spleen and looked at Gallery. Have students use the image to
describe their functions. blood is a closed system. Is the the tonsils of someone with trace the movement of lymph from
lymphatic system a closed or an open mononucleosis, what might
system? Explain your answer.
tissues to the circulatory system.
you observe and why?

30.6 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 873

1. tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, 3. Lymph vessels are similar to veins, but not
Untitled-609 873 lymph vessels; main functions: collect arteries, because they have one-way valves
5/25/2011 5:28:57 PM
excess fluid and return it to the circulatory and rely on skeletal and smooth muscles
system, filter and clean lymph, protect the to keep lymphatic fluid circulating.
body from pathogens 4. Open system; interstitial fluid enters the
2. tonsils: help filter lymph and defend the vessels from outside the system.
body from disease; thymus: helps develop 5. The tonsils and spleen would probably be
lymphocytes; spleen: filters and cleans swollen and tender, indicating the body is
lymph and helps the body defend itself fighting a major infection.
against disease

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 873

Chapter review INTERACTIVE Review

30
[Link]

Summary

CHAPTER
PREMIUM CONTENT

INTERACTIVE Review Review Games • Concept Map • Section Self-Checks

[Link]
KEY CONCEPTS
Premium Content
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport
Encourage students to go to The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen The circulatory system transports materials through-
[Link] for a detailed and nutrients to the cells. These two systems work out the body. Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport
review of each section, including together to maintain homeostasis. The respiratory sys- blood to all the cells. The force with which blood
tem moves gases into and out of the blood. The circu- pushes against the wall of an artery is known as
visuals and vocabulary practice.
latory system transports blood to all parts of the body. blood pressure. The health of the circulatory system
can be supported or harmed by lifestyle choices.
Online Student Resources, Vocabulary
Practice Worksheet 30.5 Blood
inhale exhale
Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.
Blood is composed mainly of cells, platelets, and
plasma. Red blood cells transport gases, white blood
cells help fight diseases, and platelets help seal
wounds. Proteins in blood determine blood type and
Rh+ and Rh- factors. The ABO group is the most
commonly used of all the blood grouping systems.
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the
lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into
and out of the blood. Respiratory diseases such as
emphysema and asthma interfere with gas exchange.

30.3 The Heart and Circulation

The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood
through two pathways. The tissues and structures of 30.6 Lymphatic System
the heart make it an efficient pump and allow it to The lymphatic system provides another type of cir-
work continuously. The heartbeat consists of two culation in the body. The lymphatic system collects
contractions that move blood from the atria to the excess fluid between the cells, filters it, and returns it
ventricles. Blood circulates through the pulmonary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system is
and systemic pathways. also an important part of the immune system.

Reviewing Vocabulary
1. A capillary carries wastes away from RE ADING TOOLBOX SYNTHESIZE YOUR NOTES

cells to a vein. Venn Diagram Use a Venn diagram to help you compare Concept Map A concept map is a good way to organize
2. Blood moves from an atrium to a structures in the respiratory and circulatory systems. your notes on topics such as the components of blood.

©Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx/Photo Researchers, Inc.

ventricle in the heart. arteries veins
3. An artery is a blood vessel that blood
carries blood away from the heart.
• same three tissue is composed of
4. Pulmonary circulation occurs thicker, more layers thinner,
between the lungs and heart, muscular • part of closed with valves
system
whereas systemic circulation occurs red blood
platelets
between the heart and the rest of cells
the body.
5. Systolic pressure occurs when the
left ventricle contracts, whereas 874 Unit 9: Human Biology
diastolic pressure occurs when the
left ventricle relaxes.
6. Blood contains several components,
10. In someone with emphysema, the lungs
Untitled-606 874
must work harder to take in air from the
Reviewing Main Ideas 5/25/2011 5:16:48 PM

including platelets and plasma. 13. Sensors in the artery walls and heart monitor
atmosphere, so people must breathe more
7. The trachea is the main airway deeply, or “inflate” their lungs more. O2 and CO2 levels. As the need for O2 rises,
leading to the vessels of the lungs. the brain stem signals the heart and muscles
11. Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen
8. White blood cells called lymphocytes to red blood cells and gives blood its bright of the rib cage and diaphragm to work
circulate in lymph to help protect the red color. harder, increasing breathing and heart rates
body from microorganisms. to maintain O2 and CO2 levels.
12. Plasma is a fluid, composed mostly of water,
9. “Small hollow space” describes the that helps thin the blood and allows it to 14. Upon inhalation, the muscles of the rib cage
structure of the tiny air sacs known flow through the vessels more easily. and diaphragm contract, causing the rib cage
as alveoli. to expand, increasing the lungs’ volume. The
lower air pressure in the lungs allows air to
flow in. Upon exhalation, the muscles relax,
874 Unit 9: Human Biology
 chapter review

30 Review
CHAPTER

19. Arteries carry blood away from the

heart and are more muscular and
elastic than veins because the blood
CHAPTER VOCABULARY they carry is under great pressure.
Veins carry blood to the heart.
30.1 circulatory systems emphysema 30.5 platelet
respiratory systems asthma plasma
Because the blood is under much less
trachea 30.3 atrium ABO blood group pressure, veins have valves to keep
lung ventricle Rh factor blood from flowing backward.
alveoli valve white blood cells 20. Proper diet can prevent sticky
diaphragm pacemaker 30.6 lymphatic system buildup, called plaque, from collect-
heart pulmonary circulation lymph
artery systemic circulation
ing on artery walls. Exercise can
node
vein 30.4 blood pressure lymphocyte
strengthen the heart muscle and help
capillaries systolic pressure keep blood circulating well in the
30.2 red blood cell diastolic pressure body, particularly in the veins.
hemoglobin 21. Blood is composed mainly of plasma,
red blood cells, white blood cells,
Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing MAIN IDEAS and platelets. Red blood cells carry
Term Relationships 13. When you exercise, your need for O2 rises. How do your O2, white blood cells defend the
For each pair of terms below, write a sentence that respiratory and circulatory systems react to maintain body from microorganisms and
describes or explains a relationship between the two homeostasis in your body? foreign material, platelets aid in
terms. For example, oxygen, carbon dioxide: All cells use
14. Describe how the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage
sealing wounds, and plasma helps
oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. maintain blood volume and contains
help bring air into and out of the lungs.
1. vein, capillary many important substances that
15. Explain how, in normal respiration, CO2 and O2 are able diffuse into and out of the blood.
2. atrium, ventricle
to diffuse in opposite directions through the alveolar
3. artery, heart and capillary walls. 22. Platelets develop spiky extensions
4. systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation and release proteins to activate
16. How does damage to the alveoli from injury or disease
5. systolic pressure, diastolic pressure
affect the exchange of gases in the lungs? clotting factors, such as fibrin. Fibrin
6. platelet, plasma creates a sticky net that traps other
7. lung, trachea 17. Describe how the structures of the heart make it an platelets and white blood cells, which
efficient pump.
8. lymph, lymphocyte form a clot to seal the wound. When
18. Explain how the circulatory system keeps oxygen-poor the wound has healed, chemicals in
RE ADING TOOLBOX GREEK AND LATIN blood separate from oxygen-rich blood. the clot are activated to dissolve it.
WORD ORIGINS
For each term below, describe how its Latin or Greek
19. Compare the functions of arteries and veins. 23. If you ever need to give or receive
meaning relates to its definition. 20. Advice for maintaining a healthy circulatory system
blood in an emergency, knowing your
always includes proper diet and exercise. Explain what blood type can prevent an incompat-
9. Alveolus comes from the Latin term alveus, which means
“small hollow space.” impact these two factors can have on the arteries. ible mixing of blood types, which can
21. Describe the main components of blood and the
result in a life-threatening immune
10. Emphysema comes from the Greek term emphysan,
which means “to inflate.” function of each component. reaction.
11. Hemoglobin is a combination of the Greek term haima, 22. Explain what happens after a blood vessel is torn.
24. The lymphatic system is composed
which means “blood,” and the word globin, which refers of the tonsils, thymus, spleen, and
to a protein. 23. Why might it be important to know your blood type? lymph nodes and vessels. It provides
12. Plasma comes from the Greek term plassein, which 24. Explain what the lymphatic system is and why it is another type of circulatory system
means “to mold or spread thin.” considered part of the immune system. in the body. Its major function is to
collect fluid that leaks out of the
circulatory system and return it to
the heart to maintain blood volume
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 875 and fluid homeostasis. It also helps
defend the body against disease and
removes waste products and cell
Untitled-612 875
and the rib cage and lungs contract. As air 17. The heart is an efficient pump because of its
5/25/2011 5:33:54 PM fragments from interstitial fluid.
pressure in the lungs increases, air flows out. chamber and valve construction, its cardiac
15. In normal respiration, CO2 and O2 can diffuse muscle fibers, and its relatively small size.
in opposite directions due to their concen- Cardiac muscles can exert a large force on its
trations. There is more CO2 in the capillaries, small size.
so it diffuses into the alveolus. There is more 18. Separate chambers in the heart, separation
O2 in the alveolus, so it diffuses into the of arteries and veins, and a separate pulmo-
capillaries. nary circulation pathway keep oxygen-poor
16. When alveoli are damaged, the surface area blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood.
for gas exchange is reduced. A person would
have to breathe more deeply and rapidly to
maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 875
Chapter review
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking 25. Infer When people lift or push a heavy weight, their Analyzing Data Form a Null Hypothesis
25. When people lift or push a heavy veins often puff up and become visible under their skin. A scientist is investigating the relationship between age
weight, they are using their skeletal Why do you think this happens? and rates of smoking—light, medium, or heavy. Use the
muscles more than usual, which exerts 26. Synthesize A person who is exposed to high levels of graph below about age and smoking rates to answer the
next two questions about accepting or rejecting a null
greater pressure on the veins. This smoke during a fire may be taken to a hospital for a test
hypothesis
pressure causes the veins to expand to determine whether he or she has enough oxygen in
the blood. Would you test the blood from an artery or a
or puff out and become more visible. vein in this case? Explain your answer.
AGE GROUPS AND RATES OF SMOKING
26. You would test blood from an artery 40
27. Analyze In volcanic areas, certain depressions in the
in the arm, which would show how ground are filled with high levels of CO2. Animals 30

Percent
much oxygen has been absorbed from wandering into these areas die so quickly that they have 20
the lungs and pumped from the heart. no chance of getting out. Use your knowledge of
10
The only vein that could be tested is diffusion and circulation to explain why death might
occur so quickly. 0
the pulmonary vein, which would 16–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74
clearly show how much oxygen is 28. Apply If someone has a heavy weight on his or her
Heavy smoker Age (years)
being absorbed from the lungs. chest, explain why after a short time it becomes difficult
Medium smoker
to breathe, even though the person’s mouth and nose
27. If the atmosphere were filled with are not affected. Light smoker
CO2, it would be inhaled by the
animal. Diffusion would not take 29. Predict A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the
brain is interrupted. What immediate impact would this
place between the alveoli and event have on the brain cells? 33. Evaluate One null hypothesis for this investigation
capillaries because the CO2 concen- might be: “There is no relationship between age and
trations would be similar. The lack of Interpreting Visuals smoking rates.” Based on the data, would you accept or
oxygen circulating through the body Use the diagram of the heart to answer the next three reject this null hypothesis? Explain your answer.
would suffocate and kill the animal. questions.
to body 34. Apply Form another null hypothesis for this investiga-
28. The heavy weight would interfere tion based on age and smoking rates. Explain whether
the data would cause you to accept or reject your
with the movement of the rib cage from body hypothesis.
muscles and the diaphragm, making it
difficult for the rib cage to expand to lungs to lungs
and contract. Making Connections
35 . Write a Proposal Suppose you are asked to make an
29. The brain cells in the affected area from lungs from lungs
animated film about the journey of an oxygen molecule
would be starved of oxygen and from the time it is inhaled until it reaches a cell. Write a
nutrients and would quickly begin to left atrium proposal describing your concept for the film. Include in
cease functioning. right atrium your description the names of structures in the circula-
tory and respiratory systems, such as trachea, alveoli,
left ventricle atrium, ventricle, and so on.
Interpreting Visuals right ventricle 36. Synthesize The heart and lungs work very efficiently,
30. Oxygen-poor blood enters from the but they can be strengthened by exercise to work even
body into the right atrium and is from body to body better. For instance, the heart rate of an athlete at rest is
actually lower than the resting heart rate of a person
pumped to the right ventricle, where who does not regularly exercise. Why do you think this
30. Identify Describe the path of blood in the heart.
it travels to the lungs. Oxygen-rich is so? Use your knowledge of the muscular, circulatory,
blood returns from the lungs and 31. Infer Why does the heart need two openings leading and respiratory systems in your answer.
enters the left atrium, is pumped to into the right atrium?
the left ventricle, and from there is 32. Analyze Which chamber(s) and valve(s) do you think
pumped to the rest of the body. would be under the most stress from high blood
pressure? Explain.
31. The right atrium needs two openings
because blood returns from the
lower and upper body through two 876 Unit 9: Human Biology
separate veins.
32. The left ventricle and the aortic valve
would be under the most stress
from high blood pressure. The left
Analyzing Data
Untitled-612 876
34. Sample Answer: People over age 34 are
heavier smokers than are people age 34 or
5/25/2011 5:33:56 PM

ventricle contains the most blood, 33. Reject; the data clearly show there is a direct under. The null hypothesis would be
and the force exerted on it is larger relationship between age and whether a rejected; a lower percentage of people in
because it must pump blood to the person is a light, medium, or heavy smoker. the over-34 age groups are heavy smokers
rest of the body. The aortic valve and thus smoke more cigarettes than do
must seal the chamber to prevent most people who are younger.
blood from flowing backward. The
higher the pressure, the more stress
there would be on the muscle and
valve of the left ventricle.

876 Unit 9: Human Biology

 chapter review
❯ Standards-Based Assessment
TEST PREP & REMEDIATION
By Teacher Assignment
PREMIUM CONTENT
Standards-Based
Assessment
1. 4.
Blood Type Compatibility
1. B 4. C
Blood Type Can Receive Blood From 2. C 5. A
A A or O
3. B 6. B
B B or O
AB A, B, AB, O
O O

This chart shows compatibility between

different blood types. What would happen if a As shown above, gas exchange occurs between
person with type O blood received a blood the alveoli and the capillaries of the lungs.
transfusion of any other blood type? What process is this diagram illustrating?
A There would be no complications because any A circulation
blood type can be exchanged for another. B absorption
B Complications would result as the immune C diffusion
system attacks the foreign blood cells.
D exhalation
C A larger amount of the different blood type
would be needed to supply the missing protein. 5. At higher elevations, the air has a lower
D There would be complications only if type AB concentration of oxygen. What effect would
were given. living at higher elevations have on a person’s
lung capacity?
2. The circulatory and respiratory systems work A It would be larger to take in more oxygen.
together to provide cells with oxygen and
B It would be smaller because the lungs need
nutrients and remove waste products such as
less oxygen.
carbon dioxide. When you need more oxygen,
how does the circulatory system respond? C It would be larger because there is more carbon
dioxide.
A More blood is sent to the lungs and less to the
rest of the body. D It would be the same regardless of elevation.
B The blood vessels to the arms and legs
constrict to conserve oxygen. THINK THROUGH THE QUESTION
C The heart beats faster to match the rise in Think about what concentration means in this
breathing rate. context. At higher elevations, a standard breath of air
would contain less oxygen than would the same vol-
D Blood moves more slowly through the organs ume of air at lower elevations.
to carry away more wastes.

3. In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, 6. The circulatory system helps to maintain a
the intake of oxygen into the lungs must be stable body temperature as you exercise. Which
followed by statement best describes this process?
A an increase in blood pressure. A Heat produced by the muscles is absorbed by
B the exhalation of carbon dioxide. the surrounding blood, where it cools.
C a decrease in gas exchange. B Blood carries excess heat from the muscles to
D a decrease in blood flow. the skin, which allows heat to escape.
C The circulatory and lymphatic systems work
together to remove heat from the muscles.
D Excess heat from the muscles is transported to
the heart and lungs, where it cools.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory System 877

Untitled-607 877 Making Connections 36. Students should recall that the heart5/25/2011
is a 5:19:49 PM
muscle and that muscles can be conditioned
35. The proposal should include the complete to be stronger and to work more efficiently.
journey of the oxygen molecule from its When a muscle is conditioned, it expends
entry into the nose or mouth, down the less energy to do the same amount of work.
trachea through the lungs to the alveoli, Therefore, an athlete’s resting heart rate
binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, would be lower than an ordinary person’s,
journeying to the left atrium and ventricle because a stronger heart muscle requires less
of the heart, being pumped out of the heart energy to pump.
into a major artery, and from there to an
arteriole, to a capillary. It diffuses from the
capillary to a cell.

Chapter 30: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 877