Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Education is a discipline concerned with techniques of teaching and

learning in schools or school-like contexts as opposed to other nonformal and

informal socializing approaches. Education can be defined as the transmission of

a society's values and acquired knowledge. In this sense, it corresponds to what

social scientists refer to as socialization or enculturation. Education is intended to

help them acquire a culture, shape their behavior in adulthood, and orient them

toward their future place in society.

As stipulated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section 1

that: “The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.”
This stated

quality education that a child requires. Because of their physical, mental, and

emotional disabilities, they should all be treated fairly and provided specific

requirements. In connection with this, the Department of Education (DepEd) uses

explicit instruction to teach pupils in a straightforward, systematic manner.

Teachers that employ explicit instruction make lessons crystal apparent. They

demonstrate to children how to begin and complete a task. They also provide

plenty of feedback and opportunities for practice.

Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character qualities

is known as education. There are numerous arguments over its specific

definition, such as which goals it seeks to achieve. Another question is if part of

the essence of education is that the student improves. Some scholars emphasize

the importance of critical thinking in distinguishing between education and

indoctrination. These disputes have an impact on how to identify, measure, and

improve educational formats. The phrase can also refer to educated people's

mental moods and traits. It can also refer to the academic field of education

research.

Furthermore, public school teachers encourage and organize social

studies to enable young people make informed and reasoned decisions for the

public benefit as citizens of a culturally varied, democratic society in an

interdependent globe. Teachers that employ explicit instruction in Social Studies

make their courses very apparent. They demonstrate to children how to begin

and complete a task. They also provide plenty of feedback and opportunities for

practice.

The Department of Education (DepEd) operates as a learning institution to

safeguard and promote Filipinos' right to a free and adequate basic

education. Egalitarian, culturally grounded, and comprehensive, allowing

individuals to fulfill their full potential and contribute effectively to the nation's

development. According to DepEd Order 35, .s2016, In line with the

implementation of Republic Act No. 10533, or the Enhanced basic Education Act

of 2013, the Department of Education (DepEd) issues the enclosed policy on the

Learning Action Cell (LAC) as a K to 12 Basic Education Program School-Based

Continuing Professional Development Strategy for the Improvement of Teaching

and Learning which stated that:

 “Through this policy, the DepEd fully supports the continuing professional
development of its teaching personnel based on the principle of lifelong
learning and DepEd’s commitment to the development of teachers
potential aimed towards their success in the profession. This can be done
through the school-based LAC, which primarily functions as a professional
learning community for teachers that will help them improve practice and
learner achievement.

In connection of our topic in education, explicit instruction ensure that

students have a clear understanding of why they are learning something, it

explains clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt to students.

It involves direct explanation. Concepts are clearly explained and skills are

clearly modeled, without vagueness or ambiguity. The teacher's language is

concise, specific, and related to the objective.

The value of studying social studies is that it provides pupils with a grasp

of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events

around the world, how they came to be, and can draw conclusions about how the

rest of the world works. Students study about government, political beliefs, the

country's economy and resources, and other topics in social studies classes.

Students develop political skills by examining and criticizing existing systems and

imagining the future of their community. Through Explicit Instruction the student

will fully understand the lesson and what the teacher is being taught. It will help

the students and also the citizens who wants to change the world and respect the

history.

Furthermore, Explicit Instruction in teaching learning strategies in social

studies aims the promotion of civic competence- the knowledge, intellectual

processes, and democratic dispositions required of students to be active and

engaged participants in public life. The social studies discipline and subject is a

vital aspect of education for students in their academic careers as well as the

years that follow as they establish their roles as adult in a democratic society and

global world. The study of social studies provides students basic skills and

knowledge to continue to learn, make informed decisions, positively participate in

society, and achieve personal goals of interest. Social studies has the ability to

expose students to common biases and multiple perspectives from an early age

preparing them for the reality that waits for them after high school, including

diversity and dishonesty.

The research was conducted if Explicit Instruction really effective to

students in Grade 10 Student at Morong National High School. The teachers that

employ explicit instruction make lessons crystal apparent. They demonstrate to

students how to begin and complete a task, leaving no room for confusion.

Setting of the Study

The research was conducted at Morong National High School, which is

located on Tomas Claudio Street in Brgy. Rizal, San Juan, Morong. Morong

National High School is located in the municipality of Morong in the province of

Rizal, Region IV-A-CALABARZON. It was founded on January 1, 1997. It is the

school with the most students in the town. Morong National High School is also

renowned as one of the best-performing schools in the Rizal Division. Figure 1

shows the vicinity map of Morong National High School.

 The goals and objectives of the schools are guided by the Department of

Education (DepEd) vision of dreaming of Filipinos who passionately love their

country and whose competencies and values enable them to realize their full

potential and contribute meaningfully to building nation. As a learner-centered

public institution, the Department of Education continuously improves itself to

better serve its stakeholders. Moreover, its mission is to protect and promote the

right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-based, and complete basic

education where students learn in a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe, and

motivating environment. Teachers facilitate learning and constantly nurture every

learner. Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution, ensure an

enabling and supportive environment for effective learning to happen. Family,

community, and other stakeholders are actively engaged and shared

responsibility for developing lifelong learners.

It also includes different activities that promote cognitive skills

development among students. Students participate in Population Education Quiz

Bee District Level to improve the knowledge of students on the historical period,

the school also promotes sustainable Enhancement Camp and Intervention

Camp, Its purpose is to close the learning gap for K-12 children in all elementary

and secondary schools across the country in math, English, social studies, and

scientific topics. The school also conducted special program in journalism, the

program aims to enrich the experiences, hone the journalistic skills and

competencies of student writers, and strengthen free and responsible journalism.

SPJ is designed to develop learner skills in mass communication, print, online,

and broadcast media. Recently, the said school ranked 2 nd in a program entitled

“Cooperative Quiz Bee” by the Municipality of Morong, Rizal. The Cooperative

"Koop" Quiz Bee is one of the activities prepared by the Cooperative

Development Authority (CDA) in every locality in the province of Rizal for the

celebration of "National Cooperative Month" in the month of October.

To
Cardona

ST. JEROME
PARISH CHURCH
Tomas Claudio Memorial
Elementary School

To Baras
 Figure 1
Vicinity Map of Morong National High School
Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Cognitive Load theory by Paas, F, & van

Merrienboer (2020). This is based on three assumptions: There are two separate

channels (auditory and visual) for processing information; there is limited channel

capacity; and that learning is an active process of filtering, selecting, organizing,

and integrating information.

The primary purpose of cognitive-load theory is to enhance learning of

difficult cognitive tasks by transferring current scientific understanding on how

cognitive structures and processes are structured into instructional design

principles. To accomplish this objective, cognitive-load researchers try to create

instructional management of cognitive load by developing approaches that

replace productive cognitive burden for unproductive cognitive load. This article

focuses on techniques for achieving instructional control by concentrating on the

learning task, the learner, and the learning environment. Understanding the

human brain architecture and other key principles employed by cognitive-load

theory is required to comprehend how these strategies function.

This theory is closely related to the present study in the sense that they

are both focusing on teaching methods. The way it works is that the educator

gives students clear, guided instructions from the front of the classroom or

lecture hall. This could serve as basis on how did Explicit Instruction will affect

the student academic performances. Learners nowadays are not interested in

learning the history. So, it is the teacher to make the student interested to listen

and acknowledge what does the lesson meant and how it will affect them.
 Conceptual Framework

This study used a conceptual model as shown in Figure 2 which

represents the effectiveness of explicit instruction on the academic performance

of grade 10 student in Araling Panlipunan at Morong National High School. The

framework was based on Coombs’ Systems Approach which comprises of input,

process, and output together with the feedback. The first frame contains the input

which includes the profile of the respondents of the study defined in terms of age,

sex, sibling position, number of children in the family, monthly family income,

parents’ educational attainment, and parents’ occupation. Likewise, it contains

data about the level of effectiveness of explicit instruction.

Profile The
of second theframe refers to the process which pertains to the various
Respondents
stages were undertaken in the conduct of the study which includes the
 Sex
 Age development and validation of the questionnaire-checklist, administration and
 Sibling Position Development and Validation
 Number
retrieval of Children
of questionnaire checklist
of Questionnaire
and tabulation, analysis,Action
Checklist Plan to Enhance
and interpretation of the
in the family Effectiveness of Explicit
 Monthly
data. Family Administration and Retrieval Instruction on the Academic
Income of Questionnaire Checklist Performance of Grade 10
 Parents’ Educational Students in Araling
The last frame refersTabulation, Processing,
to the output which is and
on action plan toPanlipunan
enhance the
Attainment
Interpretation of Data
 Parents’ Occupation
effectiveness of explicit instruction on the academic performance of grade 10
Level of Effectiveness of
Explicitstudents
Instruction on thePanlipunan at Morong National High School. The arrow from
in Araling
Academic Performance of
Grade the 10 output
Students in to the input represents the action from the feedback as a
going back
Araling Panlipunan
 result of the study.
Visual
 Auditory
 Verbal

PROCESS
INPUT OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Figure 2
Conceptual Framework Showing the Effectiveness of Explicit Instruction
on the Academic Performance of Grade 10 students in Araling Panlipunan
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of explicit instruction on

the academic performance of grade 10 students in Araling Panlipunan at Morong

National High School, School Year 2023-2024.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following queries:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 sibling position;

1.4 number of children in the family;

1.5 monthly income;

1.6 parents’ educational attainment; and

1.7 parents’ occupation?

2. What is the extent of effects of explicit instruction on the academic

performance of grade ten students with respect to:

2.1 visual;

2.2 auditory; and

2.3 verbal;

3. Is there a significant difference on the perception of the respondents on

the extent of effects of explicit instruction with respect to the cited aspects

in terms of their profile?

4. What is the level of academic performance of the respondents on revealed

in their average grades in the second grading period?

 5. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of explicit instruction

and academic performances of the respondents?

6. What action plan maybe proposed to enhance the effectiveness of explicit

instruction on the academic performance of grade 10 students in Araling

Panlipunan?

Hypotheses of the Study

The study tested the following null hypotheses stating that:

1. There is no significant difference on the extent of effects of explicit

instruction and the level of academic performance of the respondents in

terms of age, sex, sibling position, number of children in the family,

monthly family income, parents’ educational attainment, and parents’

occupation.

2. There is no significant difference on the extent effects of explicit instruction

on the academic performance of the respondents with respect to the cited

aspects in terms of their profile.

Significance of the Study

The results and findings of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Curriculum Planners. The study findings will help curriculum planners

administer teaching strategies that might help improve different instruction

planning.
 School Administrators. The results of the study may encourage the

creation of a program that implements explicit instruction.

Teachers. This study will be beneficial for students because it will help

them design and provide appropriate explicit teaching for their students.

Students. The results of this study will help learners determine and

assess their ability and need in learning.

Parents. This study will help the parents to be able to help their children to

enhance their children’s cognitive skills and monitor the flow of their learning.

Future Researchers. This study will help to give reference about the

effectiveness of explicit instruction as a teaching tool for the future researchers

for their beginning stage of their study.

Scope and Limitation

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of explicit instruction on

the academic performance of grade 10 students in Araling Panlipunan at Morong

National High School during the School Year 2023-2024. The respondents of the

study were comprised of 100 grade 10 students of the said institution. The

respondents were described according to their age, sex, sibling position, number

of children in the family, monthly family income, parent’s educational attainment,

and parent’s occupation.

 Descriptive survey research design was used in the study and utilized a

researcher-made questionnaire checklist as the main instrument in gathering the

needed data.

Definition of Terms

For the clarity of purpose in the study, the following terms are defined

operationally.

Explicit Instruction. It pertains to a way to teach in a direct, structured

way. When teachers use explicit instruction, they make lessons crystal clear.

Academic Performance. It pertains to the students’ obtained academic

grade in a particular grading period.

Effectiveness. This refers to the level of effectiveness of explicit

instruction being used as a way to teach a student in Araling Panlipunan.

Monthly Family Income. Refers to the revenue, finances, money, or

benefits received from either mother or father labor for family every month.

Number of Children in the Family. This refers to the number of children

who are living at home and have the status of being a child.

Parents’ Educational Attainment. This refers to the highest degree of

education that the mother or father of the respondents has completed.

Parents’ Occupation. This refers to the mother or father’s work as a

means of earning a living.

 Sibling Position. This refers to respondent’s birth order. Whether the

respondents were born first, last or any order of number in the family.