PHYS2510 Term 1 2024/2025

Mathematical Methods Set 5

(Due-date: 29/11/2024 Fri.)

1. Prove that a 2×2 Hermitian matrix must have two different eigenvalues unless it is a multiple of
the identity matrix. [22 marks]
𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
(Hint: Let 𝑯 = [ ], where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are real numbers. Find its eigenvalues.)
𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑏

2. For two set of column vectors {𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝜆𝑖 ⃗⃗𝑦⃗𝑖 and 𝑨† ⃗⃗𝑦⃗𝑖 =

⃗⃗⃗𝑖 } (𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛), it is given that 𝑨𝑥
⃗⃗⃗𝑖 } and {𝑦
𝑥𝑖 , where 𝑨 is a square matrix. Suppose {𝜆𝑖 } (𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛) are n distinct eigenvalues. Prove
𝜆𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗
that:
(i) 𝑥𝑖 is an eigenvector of 𝑨† 𝑨 with eigenvalue 𝜆𝑖 2 . [4 marks]
⃗⃗⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗𝑦⃗𝑖 is an eigenvector of 𝑨𝑨† with eigenvalue 𝜆𝑖 2 . [4 marks]
(iii) 𝜆𝑖 2 is real. [6 marks]
(iv) {𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗𝑖 and ⃗⃗⃗𝑖 are two sets of orthogonal vectors. [6 marks]
} {𝑦 }

3. Suppose 𝑨 be a 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix that has n eigenvalues {𝜆𝑖 } (𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛). Let

∞
1 𝒌
𝑩=∑ 𝑨 .
𝑘!
𝑘=0

Show that 𝑩 has the same eigenvectors as 𝑨 and find the corresponding eigenvalues in terms of

𝜆𝑖 . Note that 𝑨𝟎 = 𝑰 is just an identity matrix. [18 marks]

Note: ∞
𝑥
1 𝑘
For any number 𝑥, 𝑒 = ∑ 𝑥
𝑘!
𝑘=0
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