60

5
jpiug;glf; fiy - Xu; gpd;etPdj;Jt Ma;T
- ,uj;jpdrghgjp gpNwk;FkhH

mwpKfk;
jpiug;glk; jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w xU fiy
tbtkhf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. etPd tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;g
tsu;r;rpfspd; nkhj;j cUtkhf ,e;j tbtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghuk;gupakhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;w fiy
tbtq;fshd Xtpak;> ehlfk;> rpw;gk;> ,d;Dk; gy.> vd;gtw;iwf;
fhl;bYk; NtWgl;l gy jdpj;Jt mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf
jpiug;glk;
,e;j fiy tbtk; fhzg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. jpiug;glk; vd;gij
nghJkf;fs;
Fwpg;gjw;F Mq;fpyj;jpy; gy;NtW gjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
kj;jpapy; fiy
tUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; \rpdpkh| (cinema) vd;gJ Kjd;ikahdJ.
tbtk; vd;w
\rpdpkh| (cinema) vd;w Mq;fpyg;gjk; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;J
jFjpapid
ngw;Wf; tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; mh;j;jk; 'mirT" vd;gjhFk;. ,Nj Nghy;
nfhz;l jpiug;glj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;WnkhU Mq;fpyg;gjkhf \%tp|
NghJk; (movie) fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J mirAk; glq;fs; (moving pictures)
mofpay; vd;w njhlhpd; RUf;f tbtkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghy;
nka;apa jpiug;glj;ij Fwpf;Fk; kw;WnkhU Mq;fpyg;gjkhf \gpypk;| (film)
yhsu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jpiug;glk; cUthf;fg;gLk; glr;RUSld;
xU rhuhu; njhlh;Gilajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpiug;glj;jpid Fwpf;f NkNy
mjid fiy Fwpg;gpl;l gy thh;j;ijfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;;> 'jpiug;glk;" vd;w
tbtkhf thh;j;ij mjpf GhpjiyAk; gad;ghl;bidAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf jpiug;glk; vd;w nrhy;Ny ,f;fl;Liu
KbahJ vd KOtJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jpiug;glk; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy;
thjpl> kw;W fiy tbtk; vd;w jFjpapid ngw;Wf; nfhz;l NghJk; mofpay;
nkhU rhuhu; nka;apayhsu;fspy; xU rhuhu; mjid fiy tbtkhf Vw;Wf;
,jid fiy nfhs;s KbahJ vd thjpl> kw;WnkhU rhuhu; ,jid fiy
tbtkhf tbtkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd thjpLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j ,U
Vw;Wf; rhuhupd; thjq;fSk; fiyf;Fupa gz;gpid jpiug;glq;fs; G+u;jj ; p
nfhs;syhk; nra;fpd;wjh? vd;w gpur;rpidapid ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf
vd
cs;sJ. jpiug;glk; xU fiy tbtkh? my;yJ ,y;iyah?
thjpLfpd;wdu;.
vd;w gpur;rpidapid ,f;fl;Liu jpiug;glKk; mjd; tifg;
gLj;jy;fSk;> jpiug;glKk; njhopy;El;gKk;> jpiug;glKk;
ö©õÈuÀ
 61
Nehf;fKk;> jpiug;glKk; ,urpfh;fSk; vd;w ghpkhzq;fspy;
Muha;tJld; gpd;etPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; ,g;gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

jpiug;glKk; tifg;gLj;jy;fSk;
jpiug;glq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jpiug;glq;fs;
fiyf;Fhpa gz;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sdth vd;w gpur;rpidapid
mZf KbAk; . nghJthf jpiug; g lq; f is gpd; t UkhW
tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. 1. nksd jpiug;glq;fs;> 2.
NgRk; jpiug;glq;fs;> 3. rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;glq;fs;> 4. fhl;^d;
jpiug;glq;fs; 5. Mtzj; jpiug;glq;fs;> 6. cstpay; rhh;
jpiug;glq;fs;> 7. FWe;jpiug;glq;fs;> 8. Mtz ehlfk;. rpj;jphpg;G
jpiug;glj;jpidNa (Feature Film or Narrative film or Fiction film)
nghJthf ehk; jpiug;glk; vd fUJfpNwhk;. ,JNt ngUk;
njhopy; Jiwahf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugy;ak; ngw;Wf; fhzg;
gLfpwJ. Vida jpiug;glq;fisf; fhl;bYk; mjpfk; muq;fj;Jld;
njhlh;Ggl;ljhf ,j;jpiug;gl tif fhzg;gLfpwJ. jpiug;glj;jpd;
Vida tiffs; mjpfk; njhiyf;fhl;rpAld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;glk; ,urpfh;fis kfpo;tpj;jy;
mth;fSf;F Gj;Jzh;r;rpapid Cl;Ljy;; vd;gtw;iwg; gpujhd
Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;L; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;glk; NgRk;
mJ $Wk; tplaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW tiffshf (genre) jpiug;glj;ij
jpiug;glj; Jiwia rhh;e;j mwpQh;fspdhy; gFj;J Nehf;fg; fhl;bYk;
gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd: mjpubjd;ik (action)> eifr;;Rit nksdj;
(comedy)> fhjy; (romance)> Gjph; (mystery)> Rarhpij (biography)> jpiug;glk;
mjPj fw;gid (fantasy)> Fw;wk; rhh;e;jit (flimnoir)> ghjhs mjpf
cyfk; rhh;ej ; it (gangster)> jpfpy; (horror)> csmtyk; (melodrama)> fiyf; Fhpa
,ir kw;Wk; ehlfk; rhh;e;jit (musical)> tpQ;Qhdk; Gidfij jd;ikapid
rhh;e;jit (science fiction)> kh;kk; (thriller)> Nghh; rhh;e;jit (war)> nfhz;Ls;sJ.
rhfrk; (adventure) ,d;Dk; gy. rpdpkhTk; njhopy;El;gKk>; jpiug; Vnddpy;
glKk; Nehf;fKk;> jpiug;glKk; ,urpfh;fSk; vd;w jiyg; mJ NgRk;
Gf;fspy; rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;glNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjd; fhuzkhf jpiug; glj;ij
Vida jpiug;gl tiffis Kjypy; ehk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;JNthk;. fhl;bYk;
,urpfh;fspd;
jpiug;glj;jpd; tuyhw;W hPjpahd tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy;
fw;gid
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; nksd glq;fisAk; NgRk; glq;fisAk; jpwDf;F
xg;gpl;L jpiug;glj;jpd; fiyj; jd;ik gw;wpa gpur;rpidfis mjpf Ntiy
Nehf;FNthk;. &Nlhy;g; mud;N`kpd; (Rudolf Arnheim) fUj;Jg;gb> nfhLf;Fk;
NgRk; jpiug; g lj; i j fhl; b Yk; nksdj; j piug; g lk; mjpf
fiyf;Fhpa jd;ikapid nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy;> mJ NgRk;
jpiug;glj;ij fhl;bYk; ,urpfh;fspd; fw;gid jpwDf;F mjpf
Ntiy nfhLf;Fk; mNjNtis ,aw;if nghUspy; ,Ue;J
2019
62
mjpf NtWghl;bid nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
nksdj;jpiug;glk;> fWg;G nts;is NgRk; jpiug;glk; kw;Wk;
jw;Nghija th;zj;jpiug;glk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;bYk; Nkyhd
jhFk;. mud;N`kpd; fUj;Jg;gb fWg;G - nts;isj; jpiug;glk;
th;zj; jpiug;glj;ijf; fhl;bYk; mjpf NtWghl;bidf; fhl;b
epw;gjd; fhuzkhf jw;Nghija th;zj;jpiug;glj;ijf; fhl;bYk;
fWg;G - nts;is jpiug;glk; mjpfk; fiyf;Fhpa gz;Gfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU fWg;G nts;is nksdj;
jpiug;glk; Kg;ghpkhz epiyapy; ,Ue;J ,Ughpkhz epiyf;F
nghUs;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk; nfhz;L tUjy;> nghUs;fs;
kw;Wk; epfo;Tfis khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fjy;> tiuaiwaw;w
Gyf;fhl;rpg; gug;gpid xU tiuaiwf;Fs; nfhz;L tUjy;>
xypfs; jtph;f;fg;gLjy;> Gyf;fhl;rpapNyNa nghUs;fisAk;
epfo;TfisAk; toq;Fjy; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; %yk; fiyf;Fhpa
jd;ikapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ vd mud;N`k; tpsf;FtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mud;N`kpd; fUj;Jg;gb cs;sij cs;sthW
fhl;Ltjd; fhuzkhf th;zj;jpiug;glKk; NgRk; fWg;G -
nts;is jpiug;glKk; ,urpfh;fis fw;gidj;jpwd; mw;wth;fshf
khw;Wtjd; fhuzkhf mofpay;hPjpahf fWg;G - nts;is
nksdj; jpiug;glj;jpidf; fhl;bYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,of;fpd;wd.
rpj;jphpg;Gj; jpiug;glj;jpw;F mLj;jjhf Kf;fpak; ngWk;
jpiug;gl tifahf fhl;^d; jpiug;glq;fs; (Animated Films)
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 'fw;gidj;jpwd;" kw;Wk; ',aw;ifg;nghUis
khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jjy;" vd;w fiyf;Fhpa gz;Gfis mjpfk;
,j; j piug; g l tif cs; s lf; f pAs; s J. ,j; j piug; g lq; f is
cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gKk; ,j;jpiug;glq;fspd; fijapid
ghuk;ghpa Gjpa ghpkhzj;jpy; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk; cUtq;fs;
,jpfhr Guhz kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; ajhh;j;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J mjpfk; NtWgl;ljhf
fijfs;> njhopy;El;ghPjpahf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;
tPurhfr glj; i jf; fhl; b Yk; vy; i yaw; w fw; g idfis jpiug; g lk;
fijfs;> nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ghuk;ghpa ,jpfhr Guhz fijfs;> tPurhfr
ehl;Lg;Gw fijfs;> ehl;Lg;Gw fijfs; capNuhl;lkhd tifapy; fhl;^d;
fijfs; jpiug;glq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfk; rpWth;fis ikakhf
capNuhl;lkhd
nfhz;ljhf ,j;jpiug;glq;fs; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tifapy;
fw;gidf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;> ,aw;ifg; nghUspy;
fhl;^d; jpiug;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mjpfsT njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd
glq;fspy;
,j;jpiug; glq;fis fiyg;nghUshf khw;Wfpd;wd vdyhk;.
fhl;lg;
gLfpd;wd. mLj;J jpiug;gl tifaPlb ; y; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; jpiug;gl
tifahf Mtz jpiug;glq;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (documentary
film or non-fiction film) fw;gid ,y;yhJ cyfpd; epfo;Tfis
cs;sij cs;sthW tpghpf;Fk; glq;fs; vd;W ,it miof;fg;
ö©õÈuÀ
 63
gl;lhYk; ,tw;wpYk; fw;gidapd; gq;F fhzg;gLtjhf jpiug;gl
tpkrh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh; (ghh;rk; 2007: 38-39). cz;ikapy;
Mtzj;jpiug;glKk; rpj;jphpg;G glKk; xd;wpy; ,Ue;J xd;W
Kw;wpYk; tpyfpait vd;W $wKbahJ. ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fs;
xU tplak; njhlh;ghf cz;ikahd jfty;fis ju Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.
xU tplak; my;yJ gpur;rpid njhlh;ghf ghh;itahsh;fSf;F
mwpTWj; j y; > fw; W f; nfhLj; j y; kw; W k; nghJ kf; f Sf; F
tpopg;Gzh;tpid Vw;gLj;jy; vd;w Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf
,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghh;itahsh;fis xU epfo;rr ; p njhlh;ghf
J}z; l f; $ ba Mw; w iy ,j; j piug; g lk; nfhz; b Uf; F k; ;
,j;jpiug;glj;jpd; newpahsh; epfo;r;rpfisAk; ghj;jpuq;fisAk;
cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. khwhf ele;j tplaq;fis kPzL ; k; epfo;jj; pf;
fhl;l Kw;gLthh;. xU epfo;Tld; ,ay;ghfNt rk;ge;jg;gl;l
kdpjh; f isAk; epfo; T fisAk; ,t; t if jpiug; g lq; f s;
nfhz; b Uf; F k; . kpf Fiwe; j sT jhahhpg; G r; nrytpidf;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; ,t;tifj; jpiug;glq;fs; kdpj mtyk;>
r%f mtyk;> ,aw;if mdh;j;jk;> ,aw;if epfo;T> tpyq;F
tho;fi ; f Kiwfs;> ,d;Dk; gy tplaq;fis cs;slf;fq;fshff;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cs;sij cs;sthW fhl;Ljy; vd;w Nehf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;ljhf Mtzg; glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J 'fiy
vd;gJ Nghyr; nra;jy;" vd;w fUj;jpid Qhgfg;gLj;Jk; mNj fiyf;Fhpa
Ntis njhopy;El;gKk; newpahshpd; jpwikAk; mjpf fiyj;Jt Kf;fpa
jd;ikapid ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; gz;Gfshd
rpy Mtzg;glq;fs; xU rpy fUj;Jf;fis gpur;rhug;gLj;Jk; 'fw;gid
Nehf;fj;JlDk; mwpTWj;Jk; Nehf;FlDk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jpwd;" kw;Wk;
Mtzg; glj; j pd; ,j; j ifa gz; G fs; fiyapd; Kf; f pa ',aw;ifg;
gz;Gfshd 'fiy czh;r;rpfis jd;dpay;ghf ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghUspy;
jd;ik" kw;Wk; 'fiyapd; Nehf;fkw;w jd;ik" vd;gtw;iw khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jy;"
ghjpf;fpd;wJ. fiyf;Fhpa Kf;fpa gz;Gfshd 'fw;gid jpwd;"
vd;gd
kw;Wk; ',aw;ifg;nghUspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;" vd;gd
rpj;jphpg;G
rpj;jphpg;G jpiug;glj;ij fhl;bYk; Fiwe;jsNt Mtz glq;fspy;
jpiug; glj;ij
,lk;ngw tha;gG ; s;sJ. MapDk; jpiug;glq;fspy; ifahsg;gLk;
fhl;bYk;
cj;jpfSk; njhopy;El;gKk; newpahshpd; jpwikAk; xU Mtzg; Fiwe; jsNt
glj; j pid fiyg; nghUshf khw; w f; $ba jd; i kapid Mtz glq;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;. fspy; ,lk;ngw
mLj; j jhf> Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWk; jpiug; g l tifahf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
cstpay; rhh; jpiug;glq;fs; my;yJ Gweilj; jpiug;glq;fs;
(Experimental Films) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpj;jphpg;Gj; jpiug;glq;fs;>
Mtzj;jpiug; glq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;^d; jpiug;glq;fs; vd;w
tifaPl;Lf;Fs; tuhj jpiug;glq;fs; ,t;tifaPl;by; itj;J
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd. toikf;F khwhd tiffspy; ,t;tif
2019
64
jpiug;glq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd mjpf fiyj;Jt jd;ik
nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk; ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fs; toikf;F
khwhd fij nrhy;Yk; Kiwapidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. FwpaPLfs;
%yk; fij nrhy;Yk; ghq;F ,j;jpiug;glj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;.
Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> ,ir> fl;llf;fiy Nghd;w fiyfisg; NghyNt
,t;tif jpiug;glKk; fhzg;gLk;. rhpaypr (mftak; rhh;e;j
czh;Tfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;) $Wfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tbtkhf
,j;jpiug;glq;fs; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpugy;a ];ghdpa
Xtpauhd ry;tNlhh; lhyp (salvadordali) kw;Wk; ];ghdpa jpiug;gl
jahhpg;ghsh; Y}ap];gDty; (Luis Bunuel) ,ize;J \\xU md;lY}
rpad; eha;|| (An Andalusian dog (1929) vd;w ,t;tif jpiug;glj;jpid
jahhpj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cs;slf;fj;jpYk; tbtj;jpYk;
gy Gjpa kw;Wk; GJikahd tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;
,j;jifa jpiug;glq;fs;> fiyapid kw;WnkhU ghpkhzj;jpw;F
,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ vdyhk;. mjpf fiyf;Fhpa gz;Gfis
,j;jpiug;glq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj
cz;ikahFk;.
mLj; J jpiug; g l tifaP l ; b y; Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWtJ
FWe;jpiug;glq;fshFk; (Short Films). xU gpur;rpidapid my;yJ
tplaj;jpid MokhfTk; EZf;fkhfTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; jpiug;gl
tifahf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpiug;glq;fs; 40 epkplq;fNsh
my;yJ mjw;F FiwthfNth jpiuaplg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nghJthf FWe;jpiug;glq;fspd; fUg;nghUs; mjpfk; GjpajhfTk;
nghJthf GJikahdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,urpfh;fis mjpfk; fth;e;jpOf;f
mjpf fiy
$ba Mw;wiy nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fs; Mr;rhpa
cj;jpfisAk;
jd;ikapidAk; vspik jd;ikapidAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
njhopy;El;g
nghJthf ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fs; Njrpa rh;tNjr jpiug;gl
cj;jpfisAk;
tpohf;fspd; NghJ jpiuaplg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;jsT jhahpg;Gr;
nfhz;ljhf
nrytpidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; ,t;tif jpiug;glq;fs;
FWe;jpiug;
glq;fs; fhzg; gy;NtW eyd;Ghp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhilahsh;fspd; epjpAjtp
gLtJld;> ngw; W cUthf; f g; g Lfpd; w d. tsh; e ; J tUk; jpwikahd
fl;likg;G fiyQh;fs; (newpahsh;fs;> ebfh;fs;> xspg;gjpthsh;fs;> ,d;Dk;
gz;GfspYk; gyh;) jkJ jpwikapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU fskhf ,t;tif
cs;slf; jpiug;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. vjph;fhyj;jpy;
fj;jpYk; ,j;jifa fiyQh;fs; kpfr;rpwe;j jpiug;glj; jahhpg;ghsh;fs;
GJikahd kw;Wk; jpiug;gl epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;why; fth;e;jpOf;ff; $ba
tplaq;fis tha;g;gpidg; ngWth;. nghJthf mjpf fiy cj;jpfisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. njhopy;El;g cj;jpfisAk; nfhz;ljhf FWe;jpiug;glq;fs;
fhzg;gLtJld;> fl;likg;G gz;GfspYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk;
GJikahd tplaq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J mjpfsT fiyj;Jt
gz;Gfis nfhz;l jpiug;gl tifahFk;.
ö©õÈuÀ
 65
mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tUk; jpiug;gl
tiffSs; xd;whf Mtz ehlfk; (document drama) vd;w jpiug;gl
tif fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J thndhyp njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk;
muq;fk; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. cz;ikahf epfo;e;j
epfo;TfisNah my;yJ tuyhw;W epfo;TfisNah ehlfk; Nghy;
epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lk; xU fiy tbtkhFk;. ,jpy; ehlfj; jd;ik
mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. xU epfo;rr; p vq;F eilngw;wNjh mq;NfNa
,j;jpiug;glk; ebfh;fis nfhz;L cUthf;fg;glyhk.; mjpf
ehlfj; jd;ik> rpW gFjpapid fhl;Ljy;> mjpf fw;gidj;
jpwDld; ,urpfh;fisf; fth;ej; pOf;Fk; jd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfs;
Mtz ehlfj;jpid xU fiy tbtkhf khw;Wfpd;wJ vd;gJld;
,j;jifa gz;Gfs; Mtz ehlfj;ij Mtzj; jpiug;glj;jpy;
,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; ehk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

jpiug;glKk; njhopy;El;gKk;
jpiug;glj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;ghf njhopy;El;gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU rpyh; njhopy;El;gk; jpiug;glj;jpid fiyahf khw;Wfpd;wJ
vd;Wk;> ,d;Dk; rpyh; njhopy;El;gk; jpiug;glj;ij fiyahf
khw;wtpy;iy vd;Wk; thjpLfpd;wdh;. ,J njhlh;ghd thjq;fisAk;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,dpf; fhz;Nghk;. jpiug;glk; mofpay; nghUs;
vd; w tifapy; mJ nfhz; b Uf; f Ntz; b a gz; G fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy vd;gJld; mJ Mw;w Ntz;ba gzpfisAk;
nra;tjpyi ; y vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L ];FWl;ldpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
]; F Wl; l d; jpiug; g lk; vd; g J 'fw; g idapd; FiwTgl; l
jd;ikapidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJ" vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; xU gilg;G
(];FWl;ld;> 1983:112). xU mofpay; nghUs; xU fiyQdpd; xU cau;e;j
KOikahd kw;Wk; RahjPdkhd fw;gid my;yJ Mf;fj; jpwd; fiyg;gilg;ghf
%yk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J xU fiyg; nghUs; my;yJ fUjg;gl
mofpay; nghUs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;. Ntz;L
];FWl;ldpd; fUj;Jg;gb xU jpiug;glk; ,j;jifa gz;Gfisf; khdhy; mJ
nfhz; b Uf; f tpy; i y. xU jpiug; g lj; j py; fw; g id rhu; e ; j ,aw;ifg;
jd;ikahdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,lk; nghUspy;
ngWk; fl;Gyd; rhu;ej ; > nrtpg;Gyd; rhu;ej
; gjpTr; nray;Kiwfs; ,Ue;J
kw;Wk; nghwpKiwfs; vd;gd me;j jpiug;glj;jpid xU fiy khw;wj;jpidg;
tbtkhff; fUJtjw;F jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd ,tu; thjpL ngw;wpUf;f
fpd;whu;. xU gilg;G xU cau;e;j fiyg;gilg;ghf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Ntz;Lkhdhy; mJ ,aw;ifg; nghUspy; ,Ue;J khw;wj;jpidg;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xU ,aw;ifg; nghUs; my;yJ
epfo;T> xU fiyQdpd; fw;gidj; jpwd; kw;Wk; Mf;fj; jpwd;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ
jhd; mJ fiyg; nghUs; vd;w jFjpapid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; 2019
66
vd ghuk;gupa mofpay; nka;apayhsu;fs; thjpl;ldh;. jpiug;glk;
,e;j epge;jidapidg; G+u;j;jp nra;aj; jtWtjhf ];FWl;ld;
fUJfpd;whu;. jpiug;glk; vd;gJ xU ,aw;ifg; nghUs; my;yJ
epfo;T vg;gb cs;sNjh mg;gbNa fl;Gyk; rhu;e;j kw;Wk;
nrtpg;Gyk; rhu;e;j fUtpfs; %yk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L vkf;F
fhl;lg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ,jid xU Nghyr; nra;jy; tbtkhf
ghu;ff; yhNk jtpu xU cau;ej ; fiy tbtkhf ghu;ff ; KbahJ
vd ];FWl;ld; thjpLfpd;whu;. jpiug;glk; mjd; cUthf;fj;jpy;
jpiug;glk; mjpfk; fl;Gyd; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gyd; rhu;e;j gjpTfspy;
mjd; jq;fpapUg;gJ mjd; mofpay; jd;ikfisg; ghjpf;Fk; vdf;
cUthf;fj;jpy;
fUJk; ];FWl;ld;> fl;Gyd; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gyd; rhu;e;j
mjpfk;
gjpTfis nfhz;bUg;gjd; %yk; xU jpiug;glk; xU fiyQdpd;
fl;Gyd;
Mf;fj;jpwd; kw;Wk; fw;gidj; jpwd; vd;gtw;iw KOikahf
rhu;e;j kw;Wk;
ntspg;gLj;j jtWfpwJ vd;Wk; thjpLfpd;whu;. NkYk; fl;Gyd;
nrtpg;Gyd;
rhu;e;j
rhu;ej
; kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gyd; rhu;ej; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhYk;>
gjpTfspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; xU jpiug;glj;jpid cUthf;f jkJ
jq;fpapUg;gJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;FtjhYk; ghuk;gupa Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy;
mjd; mofpay; xU jpiug;glk; fiyahff; fUjg;gLtjw;F jilfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd
jd;ikfisg; vd ];FWl;ld; fUJfpwhu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Xtpaj;jpid
ghjpf;Fk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; me;j Xtpak;; mjid tiue;j Xtpadpd;
Nehf;fk; mtdJ fw;gidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; mtdJ Mf;fj;jpwd;>
mtdJ RahjPd jd;ik> mtdJ Xtpag; ghzp> ,d;Dk; gy.>
vd midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa
gz;Gfis xU jpiug;glk; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;
jf;fJ. ];FWl;ld; xU rpwe;j jpiug;gl tpku;rfNuh> Nfhl;ghl;lhsNuh
my;y vd;w fUj;J mofpay; mwpQu;fspd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lhYk>;
jpiug;glk; xU fiy ,y;iy vd;w thjj;jpw;F xU rpwe;j
mbj;jsj;jpid mtu; toq;fpapUe;jhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nrh;fpIrd;];ild; (Sergi Eisenstein) jpiug;glj;jpid xU
fiyahff; fUjg;glf;$ba mstpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cila
gz;GfisAk;> $WfisAk; jdJ gilg;Gf;fspy; tpsf;fpapUe;jhu;.
xU jpiug;glj;jpid cUthf;Fk; vy;yh nrad;KiwfisAk;
cs; s lf; f pa vz; z f; f Uthd njhFg; G ‘Montage’1 gw; w pa
fUj;Jf;fSk;> tpsf;fq;fSk; ,tuJ gq;fspg;ghf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fl;Gyd; rhh;ej; fWg;G - nts;is kw;Wk; efUk; Gifg;glEl;gk;
vd;gtw;iw jpiug;glj;jpw;Fhpa rpwg;Gj; jd;ikahf fUJk;
mud;N`k;> jpiug;glj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ciuahly; jpiug;glj;jpd;

1 jpiug;gl cUthf;fk; (Montage)

xU jpiug;glj;jpd; cUthf;f $Wfshd njhpT nra;jy;> njhFj;jy; kw;Wk;
gphpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw xd;wpizj;J xU jpiug;glj;jpid mirAk; glkhf
khw;Wk; nray;Kiwapid ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
ö©õÈuÀ
 67
mofpay; jd;ikapid ghjpg;gjhf fUJfpd;whh;. mjhtJ>
ciuahly; fiyf;Fhpa fw;gidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Mf;fj;jpwd;
vd;gtw;iw Fiwj;J tpLfpd;wJ vd;gJ ,thpd; thjkhf cs;sJ.
jpiug;gl Gyf;fhl;rpf;Fk; rhjhuz Gyf;fhl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghl;il jpiug;glj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ciuahly; Fiwj;J
tpLtjd; fhuzkhf fiyQh;fspd; fw;gid jpwDf;Fk; ,urpfh;
fspd; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Fiwthd ,lNk fpilf;fpd;wJ
vd ghuk;ghpa jpiug;gl Nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fs; thjpLfpd;wdh;.
nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;rr ; pfis kpfTk; FWfpa J}uj;jpy; fhl;lf;
$ba El;gk;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; Kfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; czh;Tfis
njspthf fhl;lf;$ba jd;ik> kw;Wk; rhjhuz Gyf;fhl;rpapd;
vy;iyf;F mfg;glhj gytpjkhd $WfisAk; El;gq;fisAk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;lf;$ba Mw;wy; vd;gd jpiug;glj;jpd; rpwg;G
gz;Gfs; vd Ngyhghyh]; (BelaBalazs) Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. Nkw;
Fwpg;gpl;l tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd nre;newp
jpiug; g l Nfhl; g hl; l hsh; f spdhy; Kd; i tf; f g; g l; b Ug; g J
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jpiug;gl fiy Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghf %yk; - gpujp (original/
copy) vd;w gpur;rpid fiyg;nghUs; njhlh;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lJ. ghuk;ghpa mofpayhsh;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb>
vg;NghJk; %yk; (original) kpfTk; cah;e;jjhfTk; gpujp (copy)
mjid tpl juk; Fiwe;jjhfTk; fUjg;gl;L te;jJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
rpfphpah Fd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; %y xtpaq;fSf;F ,izahf fiyg;nghUs;
me;j %y xtpaq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; mr;rplg;gl;l njhlh;ghf
glq;fs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;js fhl;rpfs; me;j %y xtpaq;fSf;F fhzg;gl;L
te;j %yk;
vt;tifapYk; rkkhdjhf fUjg;gl KbahjJ. ,j;jifa xU
- gpujp vd;w
,Wf;fkhd #o;epiy jpiug;gl fiyapd; tUifapd; gpd;
NtWghl;bid
jsh;e;Js;sJ vd ngQ;rkpd; thjpLfpd;whh;. jpiug;glf; fiy
jpiug;glk;
%yj;jpw;Fk; gpujpf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s ,ilntspapid ,y;yhky;
,y;yhky;
nra;Js;sJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. (ypr;Nr1994:204) xU nra;jpUg;gjhf
jpiug; g lj; j pd; %yg; g pujpf; F k; mjd; rhh; g py; cUthFk; ngQ;rkpd;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd gpujpfSf;Fk; fhnzhsp FWe;jl;Lf;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
(VCDs) ,ilNa NtWghl;bid fhzKbahJ. fiyg;nghUs;
njhlh;ghf fhzg;gl;L te;j %yk; - gpujp vd;w NtWghl;bid
jpiug;glk; ,y;yhky; nra;jpUg;gjhf ngQ;rkpd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
fiyg; nghUs; gw;wpa ghuk;ghpa Nehf;Ffs; kw;Wk; El;gq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;l Nehf;FfisAk; El;gq;fisAk;
jpiug;glf; fiy ,urpfh;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fpapUg;gij mjd;
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghf fUJk; ngQ;rkpd;> xU jpiug;glk; xU
,urpfUf;F ehk; thOk; cyfpid Gjpa Nehf;fpy; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
vk;khy; rhjhuzkhf ghh;ff
; Kbahj fhl;rpfis mjhtJ kpfTk;
2019
68
FWfpa J}uj;jpy; (Close up) nghUs;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk;
fhl;lf; $ba Mw;wiy ,J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. fhl;rpapd; efUk;
jd;ik kw;Wk; nghUl;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk; xU xOq;fpy;
njhFf;Fk; Kiw vd;gd ghuk;ghpa fiyfspy; fhzKbahj
El;gq;fshFk;. ,it jpiug;glj;jpid xU Gjpa ghpkhzj;jpy;
Nehf;ff;$ba epahaq;fisj; jUfpd;wd vd ngQ;rkpd; thjpL
fpd;whh;. jpiug;glj;jpy; cs;s El;gq;fisAk; cj;jpfisAk;
mofpay; nghUs; gw;wpa juhjuq;fspy; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; tsh;r;rp
ahfNt ghh;f;f Ntz;LNk jtpu tPo;r;rpahf ghh;f;ff; $lhJ vd
ngQ;rkpd; tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;.
jpiug;glj;jpid ghuk;ghpa mofpay; juhjuq;fspd; mbg;
jpiug; gilapy; Nehf;FtJk; kjpg;gPL nra;tJk; jpiug;glj;jpw;Fhpa
glj;jpid jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfis fz;lwptjw;F nghpJk; jilahf
ghuk; ghpa ,Uf;Fk; vd gy mofpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. jpiug;glj;jpd;
mofpay; vy;yh $WfisAk; 'njhFj;jy;" (Montage) vd;gJ xUtpjkhd
juhjuq;fspd; Mf;fj;jpwd; rhh;e;j nraw;ghL vd;Wk; ,J ghpkhw;wj; jd;ik
mbg;gilapy; apidAk; nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf fiyf;FhpajFjpapid
Nehf;FtJk; jpiug;glk; ngw;WtpLfpwJ vd Ird;];ild; thjpLfpd;whh;.
kjpg;gPL jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; fiyahdJ jdpg;gl;l fhl;rpfis glk;
nra;tJk; gpbg;gjpy; kl;Lk; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy khwhf jdpg;gl;l fhl;rpfspd;
jpiug; njhFg;gpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ vd Nghh;l;nty;Yk; njhk;rDk;
glj;jpw;Fhpa Fwpg;gpLtJ ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ (Nghh;ln ; ty; kw;Wk; njhk;rd;>
jdpj;Jtkhd 2001: 414). Fwpg;ghf jpiug;glj;jpw;Fhpa gpd;dzp ,irapid
gz;Gfis tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd njhFg;G epiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
fz;lwptjw;F fw;gidj; jpwidAk; khw;wj;jpidAk; jpiug;glk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
nghpJk; KbAk; vd Ird;];ild; ek;Gfpwhh;.
jilahf
Vida fiyfis tpl jpiug;glk; kpfTk; neUf;fkhf
,Uf;Fk; vd
gy mofpa ; Jld; njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sjhf Me;jpNu Ng]pd; (Andre Bazin)
ajhh;jj
yhsh;fs; fUJfpwhh;. jpiug;glf; fhl;rpfSld; $ba tifapy; ciuahliy
fUJfpd;wdh;. gjpT nra;jy; vd;gJ fiy tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s xU tsh;r;rp
gbepiyahf Ng]pd; fUJfpwhh;. ghuk;ghpakhf fhzf;$ba
ve;jnthU fiy tbtKk; ajhh;jj ; j;jpid jpiug;glk; mstpw;F
;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; vdf; $wKbahJ. Ng]pidg; nghWj;j tiuapy;
Vida fiyfSf;F ,y;yhj ,aYikahd 'fhy kw;Wk; ,l
mbg;gilapy; njhlh;rr ; pahd cyfpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy"
nfhz;bUf;Fk; xNu xU fiyahf jpiug;glk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jpiug;glk; vd;gJ xU gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwahFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Ng]pd;> ,r;nray;Kiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;
nghUs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w fhyk; Mfpait
xNu jd;ikapidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gij Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
Vida fiyfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nghUSf;Fk;
ö©õÈuÀ
 69
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Mdhy; jpiug;glf; fiyapy;
,j; j ifa NtWghL jtph; f ; f g; g LfpwJ. mjhtJ fhl; r pAk;
mjNdhL ,ize;j xypAk; (ciuahlYk;) ajhh;j;j cyfpy;
fhzg;gLtJ NghyNt jpiug;glj;jpYk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf lhtpd;]papd; ',uhg;Nghrd tpUe;J" vd;w
Xtpak; gpujpgypf; F k; epfo; T jpiug; g lkhfNth my; y J
fhnzhspahfNth cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkhdhy; me;j epfo;T
capNuhl;lkhf (live) ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w
fhyj;jpw;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w epfo;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa
NtWghL fhzKbahJ. ,j;jifa capNuhl;lkhd gz;gpid
jpiug;glj;jpidj; jtpu NtW Vida fiyfspy; fhzKbahJ.
Ng]pdpd; fUj;Jg;gb> Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ
jpiug;glk; ajhh;j;jj;jpid mjpfkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk; fiyahf
tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,q;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU tpk;gkhf
my;yhky; xU Fwpfhl;bahf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ajhh;j;j ajhh;j;j
cyfpw;Fk; jpiug;gl tpk;gq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;gpid cyfpw;Fk;
fhuz fhhpahP j papyhd njhlh; g hf Nehf; f Ntz; L k; vd jpiug;gl
Ng]pd; tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU jpiug;glj;jpy; tpk;gq;
rpq;fk; vd;gJ tPuk;> Neh;ik kw;Wk; typik vd;w nkhj;j fSf;Fk;
cUtj;jpd; Fwpfhl;bahf ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,t;tifapy; ,ilapyhd
njhlh;gpid
jpiug;glk; vd;gJ ajhh;jj ; j;jpd; tpk;gj;jpid mg;gbNa ntspg;
fhuz fhhpa
gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij fhl;bYk; ajhh;jj ; j;jpid FwpaPLfs; %yk;
hPjpapyhd
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ vdf; nfhs;syhk;. jpiug;glj;jpy; ,j;jifa
njhlh;ghf
jd;ikapid tpsf;Ftjw;F Ng]pd; Mtzj; jpiug;glq;fis
Nehf;f
cjhuzkhff; fhl;LtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vt;thwhapDk; jpiug; Ntz;Lk; vd
glj;jpw;Nf chpa rpwg;gpay;Gfs; jpiug;glj;ij xU cah;e;j Ng]pd;
fiy tbtkhf khw;Wfpd;wd vd Ng]pd; fUJfpd;whh;. tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;.
Nghh;ln ; ty; jpiug;glj;jpid xU fiyahf fUjp jpiug;glj;jpd;
tbtthjPf; $WfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Ffpd;whh;. jpiug;glj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; xOq;FKiwfs; (rhythm) kw;Wk; jpiug;gl cUthf;f
njhopEl;g Kiwfs; (graphicplay) Mfpatw;iw mwpifepiy
mDgtkhf fUjp> mth; jpiug; g lj; j pid gFg; g ha; T f; F
cl; g Lj; j papUe; j hh; . ,j; j ifa mZFKiw jpiug; g lj; j pd;
cs;slf;fj;jpidf; fhl;bYk; tbtthjf; $WfSf;F (tbt
thjpfspd; fiy gw;wpa Nehf;F Nghy;) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fp
apUe;jJ. (Nghh;l;nty; kw;Wk; njhk;rd; 2004:49) ,j;jifa
mZFKiw 'Gjpajhf ghh;jj ; y;" vd;w vz;zf;fUtpid mwpKfg;
gLj;jpapUe;jJ (defamiliarization). ,Nj fUj;jpid mNlhNdh
kw;Wk; #rd; Nghd;wth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2019
70
jpiug;glKk; Nehf;fKk;
jpiug;glk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mJ
fiyah my;yJ fiyapy;iyah vd;w tplak; ,q;F Ma;Tf;Fl;
fiy gw;wpa gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fiy gw;wpa goik thj rpe;jidg; Nghf;fpidf;
goik thj nfhz;ltuhd Nuh[u; ];FWl;ld; (Roger Scruton) 'jpiug;glk; xU
rpe;jidg; fiy" vd;gij fiyg; nghUs; gw;wpa ghuk;gupa tiutpyf;fzq;fs;>
Nghf;fpidf; tpsf;fq;fs;> gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
nfhz;ltuhd kWf;fpd;whu;. ,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb jpiug;glk; vd;gJ xU juk;
Nuh[u; Fiwe;j ntFrd fiy tbtk;2 my;yJ rhjhuz kf;fs; fiy
];FWl;ld; tbtkhFk;3 (mass art or popular art). ,J mofpay; rhu;ej
; epge;jid
(Roger Scruton) fis KOikahfg; G+u;j;jp nra;atpy;iy vd;gJld; mofpay;
'jpiug;glk; my;yJ fiyf;Fupa jd;ikfis nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vdTk;
xU fiy" thjpLfpd;whu;. ,tupd; fUj;Jgb jpiug;glk; vd;gJ 'fw;gid
vd;gij rhu;e;j ehlfk; vd;w Nghu;itapy; ,lk;ngWk; kdpju;fspd;
fiyg;
mbg; g il czu; T fis %yjdkhff; nfhz; l ghupa xU
nghUs; gw;wpa
re;ijahFk;" (];FWl;ld;> 1981:86).
ghuk;gupa
tiutpyf; 2 ntFrd fiyfs; (mass arts) ,f;fiy tbtq;fs; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L
fzq;fs;> Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fiy tbtq;fs; njhopy;Jiw
tsu;;r;rpaile;j 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpw;gl;l r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngW
tpsf;fq;fs;>
fpd;wJ. kW cw;gj;jp vd;gJ ,jd; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;. fiyfis nghOJ
gz;Gfs; Nghf;F fiy vd;Wk;> fyhrhu njhopy;Jiw vd;Wk; miog;gu;. gpd;tUk;
vd;gtw;iw gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhff; nghJkf;fs; fiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (gp~h; 2001:
mbg;gil 415) mjpfsT nghJkf;fis ftu;e;jpOf;fpd;w jho;e;j Rit> jho;e;j czu;T
epiy kw;Wk; jho;e;j gFj;jwpT vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,f;fiyfs;>
ahff; nfhz;L
mjpfsT cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd
kWf;fpd;whu;. (massification). ,it mjpfsT nray;jpwd; mw;w jd;ikapy; ,urpfu;fis
itj;jpUg;gJld; (passiveness) ,yFthf fpilf;ff; $ba jd;ik mjpfsT
,urpfu;fspd; MjuT vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; ,yF kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
vd;w gz;GfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk.; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif El;gj;jpidAk;>
ghzpfisAk; njhlu;r;rpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik rhjhuz nkhop eilapy;
$Wtjdhy; 'miuj;j khit miuj;jy;"(formulaic) vd;w gz;gpidAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; RahjPd jd;ikapid ,oe;J tzpf Nehf;fpw;F
mbikahf ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik (loss of autonomy) vd;w gz;gpidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntFrd fiyfspy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
[duQ;rf tu;j;jfj; jpiug;glq;fs;
njhiyf;fhl;rp
tu;j;jf uPjpahd Gifg;glf; fiy
nghg; ,ir
thndhyp xypgug;G
fzpdp tPbNah tpisahl;Lf;fs;
eifr;Ritj; JZf;Ffs;
,izaj; jsq;fs;
[duQ;rf ,yf;fpaq;fs; (Mde;jtpfld;> FKjk;)

3. rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyfs; (popular arts) rhjhuz kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;w fiy ,yf;fpa tbtq;fis Fwpf;f nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
rpwg;ghf rhjhuz kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUf;Fk; Ez;fiyfshd
eldk;> ,ir> ehlfk; kw;Wk; [duQ;rf ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
ö©õÈuÀ ,jd; gpw;fhy tsh;r;rpahfNt ntFrd fiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 71
khf;]pr mofpayhsuhd jpNahNlhu; mNlhNdh (Theodor
Adorno) jpiug;glk; njhlu;ghd gy fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fpd;whu;.
,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb xU jpiug;glj;jpd; mofpay; jd;ik vd;gJ
nghwpKiw rhu;e;j kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; rhu;e;j ,ay;Gfspdhy;
ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,yhg Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy; (jhuhz;ik thj nghUshjhuk;)
fiyQDk; fiyg; nghUSk; xU gz;lkhff; fUjg;gLtjd;
fhuzkhfTk; ,yhgj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fiy
nghUl;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhfTk; fiyapd; cau;ej ;
jd;ikAk; fiyQu;fspd; RahjPd jd;ikAk; Nguhw;wy; nfhz;l
Kjyhspj;Jt rf;jpfSf;F Kd;dhy; fhzhky; Ngha; tpLfpd;wJ
vd;Wk;> fhd;bd; caupa mofpay; nghUSf;Fupa gz;ghff;
fUjg;gLk; fiyapd; 'Nehf;fkw;w jd;ik" Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpd;
tu;jj; f Nehf;fj;jpw;F tpiy Ngha;tpLfpd;wJ vd mNlhu;NdhTk;>
n`hu;ifkUk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. (mNlhu;Ndh kw;Wk; n`hu;ifkh;
2002;:127-128). ,j;jifa gz;Gfis jpiug;glk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjhy; mjid xU fiy vd miog;gjpy;
rpf;fy;fs; ,Ug;gjhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,UtUk; fUJfpd;wdu;.
mNlhu;Ndhtpd; fiy kw;Wk; jpiug;glk; gw;wpa Nehf;fhdJ
Muk;g fhy kw;Wk; nre;newpf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; kj;jpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
(];kpj; 2001:464). ngQ;rkpdpd;
fUj;Jg;gb
jpiug;glKk; ,urpfh;fSk; jpiug;glk;
,e;Nehf;fpd;gb> jpiug;glk; vd;gJ fiyah my;yJ fiy mofpay;
nghUis
,y;iyah vd;gJ ,urpfh;fspd; gy;NtW gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
my;yJ
,Ue;J Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngQ;rkpdpd; fUj;Jg;gb> jpiug;glk;
fiyg;
mofpay; nghUis my;yJ fiyg; nghUis rkaj;jpd; gpbapy;
nghUis
,Ue;J tpLtpj;Js;sJ. ngQ;rkpd; rkaj;jpd; xU gFjpahfNt
rkaj;jpd;
fiyapid fhz;fpd;whh;. rkaj;jpid kf;fs; gagf;jpAld; gpbapy; ,Ue;J
Nehf;Ftij Nghd;Nw fiyg; nghUs;fisAk; jpiug;gl fiy tpLtpj;
Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghf kf;fs; Nehf;fpdh;. jpiug;gl fiy Js;sJ.
Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghf r%fj;jpy; cah;epiy me;j];J ngw;w ngQ;rkpd;
xU rpyUk;> fiyapYk; mofpaypYk; Njh;r;rp ngw;w xU rpyUk; rkaj;jpd; xU
fiyg; nghUs;fisAk; fiyfisAk; mZff;$ba Mw;wiyg; gFjpahfNt
ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;. ,t;tifapy; fiyg; nghUs; mjpfhuj; fiyapid
jd;ikaw;w rhjhuz kf;fshy; mZfKbahjjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. fhz;fpd;whh;.
NkYk; vy;yhj; jug;G kf;fshYk; mZff;$ba fiyahf jpiug;
glf;fiy fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gij ngQ;rkpd; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
ngQ;rkpdpd; fUj;Jg;gb> jpiug;glk; vd;gJ fiyg;nghUl;fis
kd;dh;fs; my;yJ flTsh;fsplk; ,Ue;J rhjhuz kf;fsplk;
nfhz;L Nrh;j;jpUg;gjhff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. 2019
72
jpiug;glk; vd;gJ vy;yh jug;G kf;fspdhYk; mZff;$bajhf
cs;sJ vd;Wk; [dehaf jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; ngQ;rkpd;
jpiug;glk; $wpdhYk; ,j;jifa fUj;Jf;fs; tpkh;rdj;Jf;F mg;ghy;g ; l;lit
vd;gJ my;y. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU rpdpkh muq;fj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;
vy;yh jug;G mjpy; jpiuf;F kpfTk; mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; gFjp (gallery)> Kjyhk;
kf;fspdhYk; tFg;G> ,uz;lhk; tFg;G> %d;whk; tFg;G kw;Wk; Nky;jsk;
mZff; (balcony) vd VWthpirapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rpy rpdpkh
$bajhf muq;fq;fspy; ,j;jifa mLf;fikTfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
cs;sJ ,jpy; mjpf gzk; nfhLg;gth;fs; kpfTk; nrhFrhd Kiwapy;
vd;Wk; [d jpiug;gl fhl;rpfis fhzKbAk; vd;gJld; r%fj;jpy; cah;e;j
ehaf jd;ik me;j];j;jpy; cs;sth;fs; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;sth;fs;
nfhz;lJ mth;fsJ FLk;gj;Jld; jpiug;glj;jpid fhzr;nry;Yk; NghJ
vd;Wk; mjpf cah;ej ; tpiyapid nfhz;l ,Uf;iffis cila Nky;
ntQ;rkpd; jsj;jpid mZFth.; ,jpy; xU thpir(njhFjp) ,Uf;iffis
$wpdhYk; Kd;$l;bNa xJf;fPL nra;J tpLth;. ,t;thW xJf;fPL nra;j
,j;jifa ,Uf;iffspy; ,urpfh;fs; ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ahUk; ,y;yhj
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;iffspy; ahUk; mkuyhk; vd;w [dehaf nfhs;if ,q;F
tpkh;
nray;gl KbahJ. rpy Ntisfspy; NtW egh;fs; mt;tpUf;iffspy;
rdj;Jf;F
mku Kaw; r pj; j hYk; cah; e ; j me; j ]; J ngw; w th; f Sf; F k;
mg;ghy;;
mjpfhuj; j py; cs; s th; f Sf; F k; ,j; j ifa nray; kpfTk;
gl;lit
mnrsfhpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l me;j ,Uf;
my;y.
iffs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhl;rp KbAk; tiu ntWikahfNt ,Uf;Fk;
my;yJ cah;e;j me;j];J ngw;wth;fs; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpy;
cs; s th; f s; jq; f Sf; F ,ilQ; r yhf fUjhj egh; f is
mt;tpUf;iffspy; mkh;jj ; pf; nfhs;sTk; tha;gG
; cs;sJ vd;gij
ahUk; kWf;fKbahJ. ,J Nghd;w gy;NtW #o;epiyfs;
KOikahd [dehaf jd;ik jpiug;gl muq;fpy; cs;sjh vd;w
re;Njfj;jpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
jpiug; g lj; j pid fiyahf khw; W tjpy; Ird; ] ; i ldpd;
gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tu; xU nghwpapayhsuhf gapw;rp
ngw;wtuhfTk; glj;jahupg;ghsuhfTk; ,Ue;jikapdhy; Nkw;
Fwpg;gpl;l
; mDgtq;fs; jpiug;glk; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis
njuptpg;gjw;F mtUf;F ngupJk; cjtpaJ. mofpay; my;yJ
fiy vd;gJ 'Gul;rp kw;Wk; r%f khw;wk;" vd;w fUj;Jf;fSld;
,ize;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> r%fj;jpw;F gad;gLtjhf
fiy ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpidf; nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,tu;
fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,j;jifa gpw;Gyj;Jld; jpiug;glj;jpid fiyahf
khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ,tu; <Lgl;lhu;.
jpiug;gl nka;apayhsuhd Nehay;fNuhy; (Noel Carroll)
jpiug; g lj; i j xU rhjhuz kf; f s; ; (popular art) fiyahf
fUJfpd;whh;. jpiug;glj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tbtk; rhh;e;j
ö©õÈuÀ
 73
gz;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;f KaYfpd;whh;. rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyahf
jpiug;glj;jpid fUjp mjd; fiy rhh;e;j ,aYikapid
ep&gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <LgLfpd;whh;. th;jj
; f hPjpahd jpiug;glq;fs;
$l mtuJ ghh;itapy; Vida cah;e;j fiy tbtq;fisg;
Nghy tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jpiug;glf; fiy Vida fiyfisf;
fhl;bYk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; vkJ Gyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk;
mwpif epiy $Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vida fiyfis
tpl ve;jtpjkhd rpukKk; ,d;wp rhjhuz kf;fis milfpd;wJ
vd;w tpsf;fj;jpid toq;Ffpd;whh;. ,yFthfTk; ve;jtpjkhd
Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; ,d;wpAk; jpiug;glq;fspd; nra;jpfs;
rhjhuz kf;fis milfpd;wd. xUtplak; my;yJ epfo;tpid
rpwg;ghf milaf;$ba kw;Wk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba cj;jpfisAk;
El;gq;fisAk; jpiug;glk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
jpiug;glj;jpid Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtJ jtwhdJ vd;w fUj;jpid
nfhz;ltuhf fNuhy; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;. ,tuJ gilg;ghd
ntFrd fiy gw;wpa nka;apay; (A Philosophy of Mass Art, 1998)
rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyf;F vjpuhf ghuk;ghpa mofpay; rpe;jidapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w Kw;rha;TfisAk; thjq;fisAk; vjph;nfhs;tjhf
,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (rpkpj; 2001 :473;). NkYk; ,th; Vida
rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyfspy; ,Ue;J jpiug;glj;jpid NtWgLj;jpg;
ghh;f;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. fiyfs; njhlh;ghf N[h;khdpa nka;
apayhsuhd ,khDty;fhd;l; nfhz;bUe;j fUj;Jf;fis rpy
nka;apayhsh;fSk; fiy njhlh;ghd tuyhw;W Muha;rr ; pahsh;fSk;
jtwhf Ghpe;J nfhz;ljd; tpisthfNt rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyfs;
fiy tuyhw;wpy; jkJ nfsutj;jpid ,of;fNtz;b Vw;gl;lij gpd;etPdj;Jtk;
fNuhy; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhhh; (NkyJ. g.473). 'fiyapd; r%fj;jd;ik" cah;e;j fiy
(sociability of art) vd;w fhd;bd; fUj;J mjpfk; Ngrg;glhik / jho;e;j
fhuzkhfTk>; fhd;bd; 'moF" kw;Wk; 'mstplKbah moF" fiy vd;w
vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; mjpfk; r%fj;Jld; njhlh;gpy;yhj tifapy; NtWghl;bid
Ngrg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhfTk; rhjhuz kf;fs; fiyfs; jkJ mq;fpfhpf;f
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,of;f Nehpl;lJ vd;w tpsf;fj;jpid fNuhy; KbahJ vd
toq;Ffpwhh; (NkyJ.). cWjpahf
$WfpwJ.
KbTiu
jpiug; g lk; ntFrd fiy vd; w mbg; g ilapy; cah; e ; j
fiyf;Fhpa gz;gpidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gltpy;iy vd rpy
nka;apayhsh;fSk; mofpayhsh;fSk; fUJtJ njspT. Mdhy;
; fiy / jho;ej
gpd;etPdj;Jtk; cah;ej ; fiy vd;w NtWghl;bid
mq;fpfhpf;f KbahJ vd cWjpahf $WfpwJ. xt;nthU fiyAk;
jdf;NfAhpa jdpj;Jtkhd gz;GfisAk; jdpj;Jtkhd r%f
#o;epiyfisAk; nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf xU fiyapd;
mbg;gilapy; ,d;ndhU fiyapid kjpg;gPL nra;aKbahJ 2019
74
vd gpd;etPdj;Jt jj;Jtk; thjpLfpd;wJ. (nehtp]; 2001: 162).
xt;nthU jPhg; G
; f;fSk; xt;nthU $w;Wf;fSk; rhh;G epiyg;gl;lit
vd;w gpd;etPdj;Jtj;jpd; thjkhdJ jpiug;glk; xU fiy my;y
vd;gjw;F vjpuhd epiyg;ghlhFk;. ,t;tifapy; gpd;etPdj;Jtj;jpd;
jj; J t Kiwik jpiug; g l fiyf; F Mjuthf ,Ug; g J
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mjpfhu khw;wKk; mwpTKiwik khw;wKk; xd;Wld; xd;W
gpd;;dpg;gpize;J fhzg;gLk; vd;w kpf;ry; G+f;Nfhtpd; fUj;J
jpiug; g l fiy tsh; r ; r papy; Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWfpwJ.
mjpfhu
(]l;u; hj;Njd; 2002:16-17). jpiug;glf; fiy Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghf
khw;wKk;
cah;e;j fiyfs;; cah;e;j th;f;fj;jpdhpd; rpe;jidfs; kw;Wk;
mwpTKiwik
fUj;J epiyfisg; gpujpgypj;J te;jd. ngUk;ghYk; ,f;fiy
khw;wKk;
xd;Wld;
tbtq;fs; murh;fspd; tho;f;ifapidAk; cah; th;f;fj;jpdhpd;
xd;W gpd;;dpg; fUj; J epiyfspidAk; nfhz; b Ue; j d. vLj; J f; f hl; l hf>
gpize;J ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; kw;Wk; Guhzq;fs;. NkYk; jpiug;glf;
fhzg;gLk; fiy Njhd;Wk; Kd;ghf fiyfspd; vy;iy vd;gJ kpfTk;
vd;w kpf;ry; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ (tbtq;fs;> cs;slf;fq;fs;>
G+f;Nfhtpd; ebfu;fs; kw;Wk; ,urpfu;fs;). ,e;epiyfspy; ngUkhw;wj;jpid
fUj;J jpiug;glf; fiy Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ vd;gij ahUk; kWf;f
jpiug;gl KbahJ. jpiug;glf; fiy xU [dehaf fiy vd;w tifapy;
fiy vy; y hj; jug; G kf; f shYk; mZff; $ba jd; i kapidf;
tsh;r;rpapy; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,jd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfspy; xd;whFk;. cau;e;j
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fiy tbtq;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ghuk;gupaf; fiy tbtq;fs;
ngWfpwJ. rhjhuz kf; f spd; gpur; r pidfisg; NgRtijf; fhl; b Yk;
jpiug; g lq; f s; mjpfk; Ngrp tUtijf; fhzyhk; . ,e; j
mbg;gilapy; rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fupa ,lj;jpid tof;fpy; ,Ue;j>
tof;fpy; ,Uf;Fk; ve;jf; fiyfisf; fhl;bYk; mjpfsTf;F
jpiug;glk; toq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj cz;ikahFk;.
fiy gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; ngUkstpyhd khw;wj;jpid
jpiug;glk; Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ. NtW ve;jf; fiy tbtq;fSk;
nfhz;bUf;fhj mstpw;F jdJ cs;slf;fj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Kiwapy; gy; N tWtpjkhd El; g q; f isAk; cj; j pfisAk;
jpiug;glk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tsu;r;rp vd;gJ xd;wpy;
,Ue;J ,d;ndhd;whf khWfpd;w jd;ikapidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tifapy; jpiug;glk; vd;gJ Vida fiyfspy; ,Ue;J
khw;wKWtjd; fhuzkhf mjid tsu;rr ; pahff; fUj Ntz;LNk
jtpu mjid tPor ; r
; pahff; fUjf;$lhJ. mofpay; juhjuq;fshd
cau; e; j fiy /jho; e; j fiy NtWghlhdJ r%f uP jpahff;
fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; murpay; jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;Wk;
nehtp]; Fwpg;gpLtJ ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ (gp~h; 2001 : 414).

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Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. fiy tuyhw;wpy; Kd;ndhU NghJk; ,y;yhj gy jug;gl;l
mstpw;F rf;jp tha;e;j Clfkhf jpiug;glk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fUj;J
,j;jifa jpiug;glk; ghuk;gupa fiyapd; cd;dj Nehf;Ffis epiyfs;>
jkf; F s; cs; t hq; F jy; kw; W k; ,yhg Nehf; f pid kl; L k; nfhs;iffs;>
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;shky; kdpj ey Nehf;fpidf; Fwpf;Nfhshf El;gq;fs;
nfhs;Sjy; Mfpa FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk;
NghJ> jpiug;glk; jho;ej ; ntFrd fiy vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J cj;jpfs;
cau;e;j fiy vd;w epiyf;F tuKbAk;. NkYk; jpiug;glf; vd;gd
fiy vd;gJ Vida fiyfistpl mjpfsT ntspapidf; nray;gLk;
nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf ,e;j rf;jp tha;ej ; Clfk; gy;NtWgl;l Clfkhf
jsq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; fUj;J epiyfspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fspd; jpiug;glk;
czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. fhzg;gL
MfNt xU Fwpg; g pl; l fl; l isg; g bkj; j pw; F s; jpiug; g lf; khdhy;>
fiyapidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kay;tJk; mjid mlf;f Kay;tJk; mJ kpfTk;
mePjpahd nrayhFk;. xd;Wf;F xd;W Kuz;gl;l gy jug;gl;l cau;e;j
mofpay;
fUj;J epiyfs;> nfhs;iffs;> El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfs; vd;gd
rhu;e;j juhjuq;
nray;gLk; Clfkhf jpiug;glk; fhzg;gLkhdhy;> mJ kpfTk;
fisf;
cau;ej ; mofpay; rhu;ej; juhjuq;fisf; nfhz;l fiy tbtkhf
nfhz;l fiy
tpsq;Fk;; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKkpy;iy.
tbtkhf
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kpy;iy.
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,d;gNkhfd; tbNty; 2012> fiyj;Jt rpdpkh> nfhOk;G: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;

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