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Emergency services use GIS to send the closest
emergency personnel to a location.
Biologists use GIS to protect animal life and
plants in certain endangered areas.
Teachers can use GIS in their geography or
science lessons.
It can be used for route monitoring
Geographic Information System
Page 49. Q 8.
• A computer system that allows us to map,
model, query and analyse large amounts of
data according to their location.
Geographic Information System
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✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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NFC has very fast connectivity and also there is
no need to pair the devices.
OMR only detects the presence of a mark and
it will not recognize any characters.
Passive tags use the reader’s radio wave energy
to send back the information. Active tags use a
small embedded battery to power the RFID to
send the information to the reader.
Each satellite transmits data indicating its position and
time. The satellite navigation system calculates its
exact position by using the information received at
least from three satellites.
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Geographic Information system
RFID reader
Tokens
EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer)
Expert system
Computer modelling
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It is used to perform a risk assessment to identify sources
of potential flooding, the extent of flooding etc.
It is used to predict water levels, water flows and potential
flood depths.
To identify how any protection measures could work that
reduces the risk from flood
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Sensors would give a much faster response to
any dangerous situations in the bay.
Using a computer system is safer; since using
humans to monitor conditions could potentially
put them at risk.
Data collection is continuous and more accurate
than manual measurements.
Cross-section of rivers and sea inlets Page 53
Dimensions of any bridges, low dams or sliding
gates in the flood area
Factors that can affect water flow rates
(Example: tides are affected by the time of year
and by strong winds)
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There may be difference between the results from
modelling and reality as the situation always changes.
Mistakes may be present in the programming or the
data entered. The simulation mainly depends on these
factors.
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A series of questions about the patient’s illness appear on the screen
User answers the questions asked (either multiple choice or yes/no).
Further questions based on the user’s previous responses.
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The inference engine acts like a search engine examining the
knowledge base for data that matches the symptoms entered by the
user. The rules base is used in the matching process.
Once a match is made, the system suggests the probability of the
patient’s illness being identified.
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The diagnosis can be in the form of text or it may show images of the
human anatomy to indicate the problem.
The expert system also displays possible remedies to cure the
patient.
The model would consider:
The amount of traffic that might be caught in a traffic jam on the
bridge. The effects of strong winds, earthquakes, tidal waves etc.
Computer model provides the following features:
The design can be zoomed into or rotated in a number of different
ways to view the design of the bridge. Building a bridge is expensive
and dangerous if the final design had a serious flaw.
Various scenarios can be tried out to see the effect of the design.
After a number of modifications, a final design will be decided on.
To ensure the computer model gives good results, a scale model of
the building is constructed.
Media streaming
Media streaming is a technology where the user can watch a
video or listen to music on devices connected to the internet.
When using media streaming there is no need to download and
save the video or audio files
Pre-loading data segments in memory for streaming audio or
video content. While the buffer is receiving data packets from
internet, it will be sending the previous data packets to the
playback device.
Mobile devices use a SIM card to allow it to connect
to the mobile phone cellular network or to the
wireless internet.
A simulation is the creation of a model of a real system
in order to study the behavior of the real system.
The model is computer-generated and is based on
mathematical representations.
An expert system is a computer program that mimics
the expertise and knowledge of an expert in a
particular field.
NFC can be used by smartphones when making
payments. It can send or receive data wirelessly and
the frequency at which NFC operates can transfer data
in very short distance.
The rules base is set of inference rules. Inference rules are
used by the inference engine to draw conclusions.
Knowledge base is a collection of facts. It stores
all the knowledge about an area of expertise
obtained from a number of expert resources.
The inference engine is the problem-solving part
of the expert system, which makes use of
inference rules in the rules base.
This informs the user how the system has come
to the conclusion and the reasoning behind it.
Customer selects the movie from website software.
Select date and time to watch the movie.
Website software shows the layout of the seating arrangement.
Select the seats by highlighting the seats on the screen.
The seats are temporarily held and it prevents double booking.
Total amount of booking will be shown.
Customer will be asked to proceed with payment.
Customer enters his personal details (email address)
Payment method will be selected and payment made.
Customer receives the confirmation and ticket details through
email.