OSY Practical Questions and Answers 2024-25
1. Write theory & procedure for installing and configuring Linux/Ubuntu operating systems.
To install and configure Ubuntu:
- Download the ISO image from the Ubuntu official site.
- Create a bootable USB using tools like Rufus or Etcher.
- Boot your system from the USB by modifying BIOS/UEFI settings.
- Follow the installation prompts to set up partitions, time zones, user accounts, etc.
- Post-installation, update the system using 'sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade'.
- Configure settings such as network, firewall (ufw), and user permissions as required.
2. Execute and explain general-purpose commands date, time, cal, clear, banner, tty, script,
man.
General purpose commands:
- `date`: Displays the current date and time.
- `time`: Measures the duration of command execution.
- `cal`: Shows the calendar for a month or year.
- `clear`: Clears the terminal screen.
- `banner`: Creates ASCII art-style text (requires installation).
- `tty`: Displays the terminal name being used.
- `script`: Records terminal session to a file.
- `man`: Displays manual pages for commands.
3. Execute and explain basic commands: who, who am i, login, passwd, su, pwd.
Basic commands:
- `who`: Lists logged-in users.
- `who am i`: Shows your session information.
- `login`: Logs in to a session (used rarely in modern systems).
- `passwd`: Changes the user password.
- `su`: Switches the user.
- `pwd`: Prints the current working directory.
4. Execute and explain commands to start, stop and restart the specified service in Linux.
Service management:
- Lightdm: `sudo systemctl start|stop|restart lightdm`
- kmod: `sudo systemctl start|stop|restart kmod`
- cron: `sudo systemctl start|stop|restart cron`
- udev: `sudo systemctl start|stop|restart udev`
5. Execute and explain process-related commands: ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill.
Process-related commands:
- `ps`: Lists active processes.
- `wait`: Waits for a process to complete.
- `sleep`: Pauses execution for a specified time.
- `exit`: Exits a terminal or script.
- `kill`: Terminates a process by PID.
6. Execute and explain file and directory manipulation commands.
Commands:
- `ls`: Lists files and directories.
- `rm`: Removes files.
- `mv`: Moves or renames files.
- `cp`: Copies files or directories.
- `join`: Combines lines from two files based on a common field.
- `split`: Splits a file into smaller parts.
- `cat`: Concatenates files; can redirect output to another file.
- `head`: Displays the beginning of a file.
- `tail`: Displays the end of a file.
- `touch`: Creates empty files.
7. Execute file and directory manipulation commands (with wildcards).
Commands:
- `diff`: Compares file differences.
- `comm`: Compares two sorted files.
- `pr`: Formats text for printing.
- `chmod`: Changes file permissions.
- `mkdir`: Creates a directory.
- `rmdir`: Removes an empty directory.
- `cd`: Changes the working directory.
- `pwd`: Prints the working directory.
- `cmp`: Compares two files byte-by-byte.
8. Execute and explain text processing commands.
Commands:
- `tr`: Translates or deletes characters.
- `wc`: Counts words, lines, and characters.
- `cut`: Extracts fields from lines.
- `paste`: Joins lines from files side-by-side.
- `spell`: Checks for spelling errors in a file.
- `sort`: Sorts lines in a file.
- `grep`: Searches for patterns in files.
- `more`: Paginates file output.
9. Use vi editor and perform all important VI editor commands and explain them.
VI editor commands:
- `i`: Insert mode.
- `:w`: Save changes.
- `:q`: Quit editor.
- `:wq`: Save and quit.
- `/pattern`: Search for a pattern.
- `dd`: Delete a line.
- `u`: Undo last change.
10. Write, execute & explain the Shell Script by using the 'if' statement.
Example:
```bash
if [ $1 -gt 0 ]; then
echo 'Positive number'
else
echo 'Non-positive number'
fi
```
11. Write, execute & explain the Shell Script by using the 'for' statement.
Example:
```bash
for i in {1..5}; do
echo $i
done
```
12. Write, execute & explain the Shell Script to check file permissions.
Example:
```bash
if [ -r file ]; then echo 'Readable'; fi
if [ -w file ]; then echo 'Writable'; fi
if [ -x file ]; then echo 'Executable'; fi
```