2nd Quarter Science
Electromagnetic Waves Energy (EE) of a photon is
Oscillating electric and proportional to its frequency
magnetic fields that propagate (ff):
through space.
Travel at the speed of light in a Applications of Electromagnetic
vacuum Waves
1. Radio waves: Communication
Electromagnetic Spectrum (TV, radio).
Arrangement of EM waves 2. Microwaves: Cooking, satellite
based on wavelength and transmissions.
frequency: 3. Infrared: Remote controls,
o Radio waves (longest thermal imaging.
wavelength, lowest 4. Visible light: Vision,
frequency). photography.
o Microwaves. 5. Ultraviolet: Sterilization,
o Infrared. vitamin D synthesis.
o Visible light. 6. X-rays: Medical imaging.
o Ultraviolet. 7. Gamma rays: Cancer
o X-rays. treatment.
o Gamma rays (shortest
wavelength, highest Effects of Electromagnetic Waves
High-energy waves (UV, X-rays,
frequency).
gamma rays) can ionize
Properties of Electromagnetic atoms, potentially causing
Waves DNA damage.
1. Transverse waves: Electric and Moderate exposure to UV rays
magnetic fields oscillate aids in vitamin D production.
perpendicular to each other.
2. Do not require a medium to Mirror
Plane mirrors: Produce
travel (can propagate in a
vacuum). upright, virtual images of the
3. Speed is constant in a vacuum. same size as the object.
Spherical mirrors:
Speed of Electromagnetic Waves o Concave mirror:
In a vacuum: Reflecting surface curves
inward.
Speed decreases in denser o Convex mirror:
media. Reflecting surface curves
outward.
Energy of a Photon
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2nd Quarter Science
Law of Reflection o L: Behind the mirror.
Angle of incidence = angle of o O: Upright.
reflection. o S: Reduced.
The incident ray, reflected ray, o T: Virtual.
and normal lie in the same
plane. Reflection in Plane Mirrors
Produces images with
LOST in Mirrors characteristics matching the
L: Location – Where the image LOST mnemonic for plane
is formed. mirrors.
O: Orientation – Upright or
inverted. Reflection in Spherical Mirrors
Concave: Can produce both
S: Size – Magnified, reduced, or
same size. real and virtual images
T: Type – Real (projectable) or depending on object location.
Convex: Always produces
virtual (not projectable).
Examples of LOST in Mirrors: virtual, upright, and reduced
1. Plane Mirrors: images.
o L: Behind the mirror, same
Difference Between Concave and
distance as the object.
Convex Mirrors
o O: Upright.
Concave
o S: Same size. Feature Convex Mirror
Mirror
o T: Virtual.
2. Concave Mirrors:
Reflecting Reflecting
o Depends on object position
Shape surface curves surface curves
relative to focal point (FF)
inward outward
and center of curvature
(CC): Image Real or
Beyond CC: Real, Always virtual
Type virtual
inverted, reduced.
At CC: Real, inverted,
Wide field of
Focus light,
same size. view (e.g.,
Uses magnify
Between CC and FF: Real,
traffic
objects
inverted, magnified. mirrors)
At FF: No image (rays are
parallel). Parts of a Spherical Mirror
Inside FF: Virtual, 1. Center of Curvature (CC): The
upright, magnified. center of the sphere of which
3. Convex Mirrors: the mirror is a part.
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2nd Quarter Science
2. Focal Point (FF): The point Motor: Converts electrical
where parallel rays converge energy to mechanical energy.
or appear to diverge. Generator: Converts mechanical
3. Focal Length: Distance from energy to electrical energy.
the mirror to FF.
4. Principal Axis: Line passing Electric Generation Methods
Hydroelectric, wind, steam, and
through CC and the vertex.
5. Vertex: The center of the nuclear power.
mirror surface.
DC Generator Components
Commutator, brushes,
Image Formed by a Curved Mirror
Concave mirrors: Can be real or armature.
virtual based on object
AC vs. DC Generators
position.
AC: Alternating current
Convex mirrors: Always virtual
output.
and reduced.
DC: Direct current output with
Magnification Equation a commutator.
Electric Motor and Its Basic
Principles
Where pp is object distance, and
Operates on electromagnetism.
qq is image distance.
Converts electrical energy into
Lenses mechanical energy.
Convex lens: Curves outward,
How Electric Motor Works
converges light rays.
Electric current creates a
Concave lens: Curves inward,
magnetic field in a coil,
diverges light rays.
causing rotation due to
Applications of Mirrors and Lenses attraction/repulsion with
Concave mirrors: Telescopes, permanent magnets.
makeup mirrors.
Applications of Electric Motors
Convex mirrors: Vehicle rearview
Fans, pumps, washing
mirrors.
machines, electric vehicles.
Convex lenses: Magnifying
glasses, cameras. Comparing Motors and Generators
Concave lenses: Correcting
nearsightedness. Feature Electric Motor Generator
Electric Motor and Generator
Input Electrical energy Mechanical
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2nd Quarter Science
Feature Electric Motor Generator
energy
Mechanical Electrical
Output
energy energy
Electromagnetis Electromagnetic
Principle
m induction