UNIT-1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1. Base of Number System:

 Base of a number system is the total number of digits used in that

number system.
 Number system with base ‘b’ has its digits in the range [0 , b-1].
 It is also called as radix of a number system.

Base 10 Number System-

Consider base 10 number system popularly called as decimal

number system-
 Total number of digits used in this number system is 10 since it has
base 10.
 These digits are 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9.
 These digits clearly lie in the range [0 , base-1] = [0 , 9].

Base 2 Number System-

Consider base 2 number system popularly called as binary number

system-
 Total number of digits used in this number system is 2 since it has
base 2.
 These digits are 0 and 1.
 These digits clearly lie in the range [0 , base-1] = [0 , 1].
Important Note-

 It is important to note that-

 All the digits of any number system with base ‘b’ are always less than
‘b’.
 This is clear from the range [0 , base-1] in which the digits of any
number system lie.

Types of Number System:

1. Decimal Number System
2. Binary Number System
3. Octal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System

Number System Base Digits

Decimal Number 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
System
Binary Number 2 0,1
System
Octal Number 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
System
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Number System

Converting to Base 10-

A given number can be converted from any base to base 10

using Expansion Method.
 According to expansion method, if [Link] is any given number in base x,
then its value in base 10 is given as-

([Link])x = (ax2 + bx + c + dx-1 + ex-2)10

Explanation-

To use expansion method for conversion,

 Assign position number to each digit of the given number.
 Digits to the left of decimal are numbered starting from 0.
 Digits to the right of decimal are numbered starting from -1.
 Write a term for each digit as digit x (base of given number)position number
of digit

 Perform the addition of all terms to obtain the number in base 10.
 This formula can be expanded for any number of digits.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON CONVERSION TO BASE

10-
 Convert the following numbers to base 10-
1. (10010)2
2. (254)8
3. (AC)16
4. (10010.101)2
5. (254.7014)8
6. (AC.FBA5)16
7. (0.1402)8
8. ([Link])16

Solutions-

1. (10010)2

(10010)2 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(10010)2
= ( 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 )10
= ( 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 )10
= ( 18 )10

2. (254)8
 (254)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(254)8
= ( 2 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 4 x 80 )10
= ( 128 + 40 + 4 )10
= ( 172 )10

3. (AC)16

(AC)16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(AC)16
= ( A x 161 + C x 160 )10
= ( 10 x 16 + 12 x 1 )10
= ( 160 + 12 )10
= ( 172 )10

4. (10010.101)2

(10010.101)2 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(10010.101)2
= ( 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3 )10
= ( 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0.125 )10
= ( 18.625 )10

5. (254.7014)8

(254.7014)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(254.7014)8
= ( 2 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 4 x 80 + 7 x 8-1 + 0 x 8-2 + 1 x 8-3 + 4 x 8-4 )10
= ( 128 + 40 + 4 + 0.875 + 0.0019 + 0.0009 )10
= ( 172.8778 )10

6. (AC.FBA5)16

(AC.FBA5)16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(AC.FBA5)16
= ( A x 161 + C x 160 + F x 16-1 + B x 16-2 + A x 16-3 + 5 x 16-4 )10
= ( 10 x 16 + 12 x 1 + 15 x 16-1 + 11 x 16-2 + 10 x 16-3 + 5 x 16-4 )10
= ( 160 + 12 + 0.9375 + 0.0429 + 0.0024 + 0.0001 )10
= ( 172.9829 )10

7. (0.1402)8

(0.1402)8 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

(0.1402)8
= ( 0 x 80 + 1 x 8-1 + 4 x 8-2 + 0 x 8-3 + 2 x 8-4 )10
= ( 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625 + 0 + 0.0005 )10
= ( 0.188 )10

8. ([Link])16

([Link])16 → ( ? )10

Using expansion method, we have-

([Link])16
= ( 0 x 160 + A x 16-1 + B x 16-2 + D x 16-3 + F x 16-4 )10
= ( 0 x 1 + 10 x 16-1 + 11 x 16-2 + 13 x 16-3 + 15 x 16-4 )10
= ( 0 + 0.625 + 0.0429 + 0.0032 + 0.0002 )10
= ( 0.6713 )10

Numbers
In Decimal number system, there are ten symbols namely
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 called digits. A number is denoted by group of
these digits called as numerals.

Face Value

Face value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit itself. For

example in 321, face value of 1 is 1, face value of 2 is 2 and face value
of 3 is 3.

Place Value

Place value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit multiplied by

10n where n starts from 0. For example in 321:
 Place value of 1 = 1 x 100 = 1 x 1 = 1
 Place value of 2 = 2 x 101 = 2 x 10 = 20
 Place value of 3 = 3 x 102 = 3 x 100 = 300
0th position digit is called unit digit and is the most commonly
used topic in aptitude tests.

Types of Numbers

1. Natural Numbers - n > 0 where n is counting number; [1,2,3...]

2. Whole Numbers - n ≥ 0 where n is counting number; [0,1,2,3...].
0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
Every natural number is a whole number.
3. Integers - n ≥ 0 or n ≤ 0 where n is counting number;...,-3,-2,-
1,0,1,2,3... are integers.
o Positive Integers - n > 0; [1,2,3...]
o Negative Integers - n < 0; [-1,-2,-3...]
o Non-Positive Integers - n ≤ 0; [0,-1,-2,-3...]
 o Non-Negative Integers - n ≥ 0; [0,1,2,3...]
0 is neither positive nor negative integer.
4. Even Numbers - n / 2 = 0 where n is counting number; [0,2,4,...]
5. Odd Numbers - n / 2 ≠ 0 where n is counting number; [1,3,5,...]
6. Prime Numbers - Numbers which is divisible by themselves only
apart from 1.
1 is not a prime number.
To test a number p to be prime, find a whole number k such that k
> √p. Get all prime numbers less than or equal to k and divide p
with each of these prime numbers. If no number divides p exactly
then p is a prime number otherwise it is not a prime number.
Example: 191 is prime number or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √191
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 191 is not divisible by any above prime number.
Result - 191 is a prime number.

Example: 187 is prime number or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √187
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 187 is divisible by 11.
Result - 187 is not a prime number.
7. Composite Numbers - Non-prime numbers > 1. For example,
4,6,8,9 etc.
1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
2 is the only even prime number.
8. Co-Primes Numbers - Two natural numbers are co-primes if their
H.C.F. is 1. For example, (2,3), (4,5) are co-primes.
Divisibility
Following are tips to check divisibility of numbers.
1. Divisibility by 2 - A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is
0,2,4,6 or 8.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 2 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 2.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 2 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64575 is not divisible by 2.
2. Divisibility by 3 - A number is divisible by 3 if sum of its digits is
completely divisible by 3.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 3 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 3.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 3 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result - 64576 is not divisible by 3.
3. Divisibility by 4 - A number is divisible by 4 if number formed
using its last two digits is completely divisible by 4.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 4 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last two digits is 78
which is not divisible by 4.
 Result - 64578 is not divisible by 4.

Example: 64580 is divisible by 4 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last two digits is 80
which is divisible by 4.
Result - 64580 is divisible by 4.
4. Divisibility by 5 - A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is 0
or 5.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 5 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 5.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 5 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64575 is divisible by 5.
5. Divisibility by 6 - A number is divisible by 6 if the number is
divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 6 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result - 64578 is divisible by 6.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 6 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result - 64576 is not divisible by 6.
6. Divisibility by 8 - A number is divisible by 8 if number formed
using its last three digits is completely divisible by 8.
Example: 64578 is divisible by 8 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last three digits is 578
which is not divisible by 8.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 8.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 8 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - number formed using its last three digits is 576
which is divisible by 8.
Result - 64576 is divisible by 8.
7. Divisibility by 9 - A number is divisible by 9 if sum of its digits is
completely divisible by 9.
Example: 64579 is divisible by 9 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 31
which is not divisible by 9.
Result - 64579 is not divisible by 9.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 9 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 5 = 27
which is divisible by 9.
Result - 64575 is divisible by 9.
8. Divisibility by 10 - A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is
0.
Example: 64575 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 5.
Result - 64578 is not divisible by 10.
 Example: 64570 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - Unit digit is 0.
Result - 64570 is divisible by 10.
9. Divisibility by 11 - A number is divisible by 11 if difference
between sum of digits at odd places and sum of digits at even
places is either 0 or is divisible by 11.
Example: 64575 is divisible by 11 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+5+5) - (4+7) = 5
which is not divisible by 11.
Result - 64575 is not divisible by 11.

Example: 64075 is divisible by 11 or not?

Solution:
Step 1 - difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+0+5) - (4+7) = 0.
Result - 64075 is divisible by 11.

Tips on Division
1. If a number n is divisible by two co-primes numbers a, b then n is
divisible by ab.
2. (a-b) always divides (an - bn) if n is a natural number.
3. (a+b) always divides (an - bn) if n is an even number.
4. (a+b) always divides (an + bn) if n is an odd number.

Division Algorithm
When a number is divided by another number then
Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Reminder

Series
Following are formulaes for basic number series:
1. (1+2+3+...+n) = (1/2)n(n+1)
2. (12+22+32+...+n2) = (1/6)n(n+1)(2n+1)
3. (13+23+33+...+n3) = (1/4)n2(n+1)2

Basic Formulaes

These are the basic formulae:

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab

(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab

(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)

(a2 - b2) = (a + b)(a - b)

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)

(a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)