ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE
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MODULE 4
STATISTICS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
After going through this topic, you are expected to:
1. Recall the different terms and basic concepts in Statistics
2. Compute and interpret the mean, median and mode of ungrouped and grouped
data
3. Solve and interpret the different measures of position
4. Calculate and interpret, the range, variance and standard deviation
5. Employ the different statistical tools in solving real life problems
INTRODUCTION
Statistics is used almost every day in our life. Statistics is the branch of
mathematics which we use to analyse what is happening in the world around us.
Below are some examples of the application of Statistics in real life:
Medical Study
Physicians use statistics to examine the effectiveness of treatments
Weather Forecasts/Emergency Preparedness
Weather Forecast models are built using statistics that compare prior weather
conditions with current weather to forecast future weather conditions. We can
predict any natural disaster that may happen shortly. It will help us to get
prepared for an emergency. It also helps the rescue team do the preparation to
rescue the life of the people who are in danger.
Quality Testing
A company makes thousands of products every day and make sure that they sold
the best quality items. For a company it is not possible to test each product. So
the company uses quality test with the help of statistics
Consumer Goods
Retailers keeps track of everything they sell and to know the stock using
statistics. Worldwide leading retailers use statistics to calculate what products
ship to each store
Economics
Economics is about allocating limited resources among unlimited ends in the
most optimal manner. Statistics offers information to answer some basic
questions in economics –
o What to produce?
o How to produce?
o For whom to produce
Course Code: Gen Ed 103
Descriptive Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Instructor : MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE
Lesson 4.1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS
Statistics is the field of mathematics that deals with the Collection,
Organization, Analysis and Interpretation of quantitative data
When we say Collection of Data we mean the process of gathering relevant
information from the population. When we talk about Organization of Data, we
refer to the systematic arrangement of data into tables, graphs, or charts so that
logical and statistical conclusions can easily be derived from the collected
information. Analysis of data refers to the process of deducing relevant information
from the given data so that numerical description can be formulated. Interpretation
of data is all about deriving conclusion from the data that have been analyzed. It
also involves making predictions or forecasts about large groups based on gathered
data from small groups.
TWO FIELDS OF STATISTICS
Statistics may be subdivided into two fields:
1. Descriptive Statistics - consist of the collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.
Here, the statistician tries to describe a given situation
2. Inferential Statistics – is another area of Statistics concerned with drawing
conclusions about large groups of data called the population based on selected
elements of that population, known as sample.
Here, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples to population.
This area also makes the concept of probability.
Course Code: Gen Ed 103
Descriptive Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Instructor : MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. NOMINAL SCALE
A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which the numbers
serve as “tags” or “labels” to classify or identify the objects. A nominal scale
usually deals with the non-numeric variables or the numbers that do not have
any value.
2. ORDINAL SCALE
The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and
ranking of data without establishing the degree of variation between them.
Ordinal represents the “order.” Ordinal data is known as qualitative data or
categorical data. It can be grouped, named and also ranked.
Example:
Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
Ratings in restaurants
Evaluating the frequency of occurrences
Very often
Often
Not often
Not at all
Assessing the degree of agreement
Totally agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Totally disagree
Course Code: Gen Ed 103
Descriptive Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Instructor : MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE
3. INTERVAL SCALE
The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as a quantitative
measurement scale in which the difference between the two variables is meaningful. In
other words, the variables are measured in an exact manner, not as in a relative way in
which the presence of zero is arbitrary.
Example:
LIKERT SCALE
Net Promoter Score (NPS)
Course Code: Gen Ed 103
Descriptive Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Instructor : MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE
4. RATIO SCALE
The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. It is a type of
variable measurement scale. It allows researchers to compare the differences or intervals.
The ratio scale has a unique feature. It possesses the character of the origin or zero points.
Characteristics of Ratio Scale:
Ratio scale has a feature of absolute zero
It doesn’t have negative numbers, because of its zero-point feature
It affords unique opportunities for statistical analysis. The variables can be orderly
added, subtracted, multiplied, divided. Mean, median, and mode can be calculated
using the ratio scale.
Ratio scale has unique and useful properties. One such feature is that it allows unit
conversions like kilogram – calories, gram – calories, etc.
Example:
An example of a ratio scale is:
What is your weight in Kgs?
Less than 55 kgs
55 – 75 kgs
76 – 85 kgs
86 – 95 kgs
More than 95 kgs
What is your daughter’s current height?
Less than 5 feet.
5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
More than 6 feet
Course Code: Gen Ed 103
Descriptive Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Instructor : MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA