spared By Mr, §. kant Professor at COs IT, Latur, Year: 2018-2015 UNIT. Feasibility study & Cost-Benefit Analysis ay Feasibility Sty a ity Study is an assessment report of the practicality of a proposed project or system, peasibility - ve considered as preliminary investigation that helps the management to take decision about wet er stdy of system should be practicable for development or not. ‘The project manager able vee either project will useful for us or not and how much time, it will taken get completed. Miitallows project manager to determine all positive and negative points of the project. 0 Objectives of feasibility study are listed below: > Ividentifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing a new system, and produce refined estimates for further development of system. 1s To analyze whether the software will meet organizational requirements To determine whether the software can be implemented using the current technology and within the specified budget and schedule To determine whether the software can be integrated with other existing software. Itis used to obtain the outline of the problem and'decide whether feasible or appropriate ~ solution exists or not. The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act as decision document which includes the compl: lete nature and scope of the proposed system. v Types of Feasibility Study: Feasibility Study Technical Operational Economic Feasibility Study Feasibility Study Feasibility Study——, gers BCA Second Year III Semester Notes Prepared By Mr. $5, 5) semester: BEN Assistant Profesor at COS Mikh Lat ¥ ; rs & Si tem Analysis & Dei i a 1 tovtnieal Feasibility Stuy: stl sty isthe complete sty ofthe projet in ems oF np, roca Tectia rograms and procedures. It is a very effective tool for long term ro Js. proe’ : wot fot The technical feasibility study should most essentially support the Financia troubleshor i formation of an organization. . s int The technical feasibility assessment is focused on gaining an understanding of the Present nical resources of the organization and their applicability to the expected needs of ie roposed system. (such as hardware and software) and technology, which are on romplsh ser requirements in the software within the allocated time and budget. ig. feasibility report, the following should be taken to consideration: When wri . A brief description of the business to consider more possible factors. 1 2. The possible solutions to the problem 3. Analyzes the technical skills and capabilities of the software development team members. 4. Determines whether the relevant technology is stable and established 5. Whether the required technology is available or not. 6. Whether the required resources are available — © -Manpower- programmers, testers & debuggers © - Software and hardware 4. Method of production: fe : “~t Asailability of inputs orraw information (requiteitily atid Weir uly, * Availability of markets for output (software Projects) of each method and the expected Prices for these outputs. 2. Production technique O After we determine the appropriate method of production of a commodity, it is necessary 0 look forthe optimal technique to produce this commodity. 3. Project requirements Gree the method of produetion and its technique are determined, technical people have 0 ‘ermine the projects’ requirements during the investment and operating periods. 4. Project location “on Important factors that determine the selection of project locations are: . © Hbrcecy itemet based or website then domain name and hosting is required. f project is intranet based then installing location of web server. © Instalting project in servers, Wes“semester: BCA Second Year Hl Semneste _ se A orton Analysis & Design y lnstomae noo ed By Mh 4 (Core Course) Assistant Protessorat coe cs “isi nou! sible? an a Latur, sca Feasibility is established. itis important consider wane Year 2018-2019 ONS! FA eee that developing. a p ier th — once HE at happen that developing particular system mg the monet since may’ be technically po javestmenls and benefits may be F A i investment y be less. For evaluating this ssible but it mn gystem is carried! OU. IS, economic feasibility of ay Y Asibility of the cou lary Factors also, 4.0) operational & Economic Feasibilities : 2.0 rational Feasibilit Study : ‘ analyzes the inside operati In this (YP perations on how a consider dered process will work, be implemented, and how to deal with change rejection and acceptance. This is mai Ine an employee, stall, workers, professionals + This is mainly related to ational Feasibility Studies ty studies are generally utilized to answer the following questions: The Need for O} Operational Feasil + New skills - What new skills will be required? o Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? «Process How do the end-users feel'about a new process that may be implemented? + Evaluation — Whether or not the process within the organization will work. + Implementation ~ Stakeholder, manager, employees and end-user tasks. «problem — Evaluate management, team, and individual problem and how that problem will be handled. : * Strategics - How will the work environment be affected? How much will it change? + Adapt & Review — Once change problem is overcome, explain how the new process will be implemented along with a review process to monitor the process change. * Change - What changes will be Drought with the system? ‘This feasibility study is carried out by 4 mall group of people who are familiar with information illed i Pd design process. Proposed projects are system technique and are skilled in system analysis ani ea re opering beneficial only if they can be turned into information sy’ requirements of the organization. on i js i I e, especial Th important part of operational feasibility study is ine from everyone, especially 1e most important pal ional i process. when it ice tod or what an organization does 25 far as Pl ° rts stadi client, thena study determining to build anew She pl, parking, human flo, hat is helpful 10 its PrOP © " were Example: If the process tional feasibility study. how the stadium will pete 1g example of oP accessibility and other, elements is 2 &paved By Me FOeSsun at COGS BCA Second Year Ill Sei Notes Pre isis & Design re 3, Economic Feasibility Study : It simply. finds the answer whether the system is profitable in mentioned bud; Get OF not. jr reat Frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system, In ono esbity the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expeciag W2mie candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the deci” * eto design and implement the system, An industrialist must aceurately consider the ma r e versus benefits before taking an action. '5 the Possible questions raised in economic analysis are: 1. Is the system cost effective? Do benefits are more important than costs? The cost of doing full system study The cost of business employce time Estimated cost of hardware Estimated cost of software/software development Is the project possible, given the resource constraints? What are the savings that will result from the system? Cost of employees’ time for study. 10. Cost of packaged software/software development 11. Selection among alternative financing arrangements (rent/lease/purchase) SPREAD EU D ‘The concerned business must be able to see the value of the investment it is thinking before committing to an entire system study. If short-term costs are not overshadowed by long-term gains or produce no immediate reduction in operating costs, then the system is not economically feasible, and the project should not proceed any further. If the expected benefits equal or exceed costs, the system can be judged to be economically feasible. Economic analysis is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. The economic feasibility will review the expected costs to see if they are in-line with the priected budget or if the project has an acceptable. return on investment, At this point, the 5 Ee seid oe only be a rough estimate. The exact costs are not required to determine ne ity, Itis only required to determine if it is feasible that the project costs will fall target budget or return on investment. A rou i . complccie cyeeroe tne project schedule is required to determine if it would be feasible to be set by the organization Mithin a requited timeframe. The required timeframe would need t0_ ee ~ orcourse & Semester: BCA Second Yeur I Semes Paiaana ne OF Gabject: System Analysis & Design es Notes Prepared ee 4 | Ramer caste: [Link]-A (Core Course) Assistant Patessay gy ASS: Shaikh ore Sorat COCSIT. tatu Yew 201535 4.0) Introduction of Cost/Benefit Analysi costcbenefit analysis (CBA). sometimes called benefit co approach to estimate the strengths and weaknesses of allan wPivities, functional business requiremens sptions that provide the best approach to fiso defined asa systematic process for caleut decision, policy (with particular regard to govern atic ; msactions c it is used i achieve benefits while preser © determine Ot projects investments); i Serving savings, The CBA ig ating and comparing benefits and costs of ment policy) or (in general) project Broadly, CBA has two main purposes: To determine if an investmenvdecision is cor t mplete~ verifying wh: outweigh the costs, and by how much; renee * To provide a basis for comparing projects - which involves comparing the ttl expected cost of each option against its total expected benefits, What is Cost? In business, cost is usually a money valuation of (1) effort, (2) material, (3) resources. (4) time and utilities consumed, (5) risks incurred, and (6) opportunit of a product or service. forgone in production and delivery What is Benefit? : A desirable and measurable outcome or result (money. income. profit) from an action, -+| investment, project, resource, or technology. Y Profit or Benefit = Income - Costs ns of costs and benefits = ‘There are three classifications 1. Tangible or Intangible costs and benefits. 2. Direct or Indirect costs and benefits. 3. Fixed and Variable costs and benefits. a 1. Tangible or Intangible Costs and Benefits: L O Tangible cost and benefits = : ~ Itcan be identified and measured software cost are all tangible costs. salaries for professionals, So 0 employee salaries are = Such as Hardware costs, * The purchase of hardware or example of tangible costs. software, personne!Tame of Course & Semesters BCA Sevomd Year III Semester —— Nan ar subject? system Anal Qe Assistant Professorat COCSIT, ea ~ » Latur i ea 2018'35)5 1 Intangible cost and benefits: Iota hose vale eannot be measured are referred as intangible costs. «Spe eost of breakdown of an online system during banking hours will cause the bank lose deposils. For example, more customer satisfaction, improved sponse time, producing error le and intangible costs nefits are also tangible or intangible. F company status, etc, are all intangible benefits. Whereas improved r free output stich as producing reports are all tangible benefits. Both tang and benefits should be considered in the evaluation process. Bet 2. Direct or Indirect Costs and Benefits : From the cost accounting point of view, the costs are treated as either direct or indirect. O Direct Costs and Benefits: = Direct costs are having rupee value associated with it. * Direct benefits are also attributable to a given project. = For example. if the proposed systems that can handle more transactions say 25% more than the present system then it is direct benefit. O Indirect Costs and Benefits: = Indirect costs result from the operations that are not directly associated with the system. «Like Insurance, maintenance, heat, light, air conditionings are all indirect costs. "3. Fixed or Variable Costs and Benefits : O Fixed Costs and Benefits : * Some costs and benefits are fixed. Fixed costs don't change. * Depreciation of hardware, Insurance, etc are all fixed costs. © Variable Costs and Benefits: : 1 Variable costs are happened on regular basis. {Frequent period may be weekly or monthly depending upon the system. : They are proportional to the work volume and continue as long as system is in operation. ixed benefits don't change. Variable benefits are changed on a regular basis.ine of CoUrse & SEMESLET: BCA Second Meee nat Subjes ei ear TIL Sy a, we of SUBJECE SYSTEM Analysis & Design Semester a Taer Cote: SCC (Core Guay 4.4) Data analysis cost and benefit Analysis of Sis of a system: pata analysis is a process of inspecting, cle, of discovering useful information, infe analysis has multiple facets and approach “Stons, and supportn ames, while being used in different busines The process of data analysis Analysis refers to breaking a whole into i analysis is a process for obtaining raw dat There are several phases that canbe distinguished, , described below. The phases are i that feedback from later phases may result in atonal work nearer esa) The process of data analys 1. Data requirements The data is necessary as inputs to the analysis, which is specified based upon the requirements of those directing the analysis or customers.(who will use the finished product of the analysis) 2. Data collection Data is collected frum a variety of sources. The requirements may be communicated ‘by analysts to keepers of thc data, such as information technology personnel within ant organization. The data may also be collected from sensors in the environment, such as traffic cameras, satellites, recording devices, etc. It may also be obtained through interviews, downloads from online sources, or reading documentation. 3. Data processin; Fi i instance, these may Dita intally ‘obtained must be processed or organized for ae rae) ee haha involve placing data into rows and columns in @ table format (i.e, | ist 2. analysis such ‘2s within a spreadsheet or statistical softwar ii in duplicates, or contain 4. Data cleaning tain dup! i: may be incomplete, co entered Once processed and organize Tae Ad Eealeed ine way nice gros The ned isthe proces of preven 2M Nay gay of stored. Data cleaning is the FODTS" 4 inaccuracy of dae Oca alo be iene include record ee . a mentation. Such data pro data, deduplication, an through a variety of analytical techniques-enn a ese & Semmes BCA Second ee IIE Semester Notes Prepared By Me. 8.5, Shaikh Name cpoject: Syste Analysis & Desig Assistant Professor at COCSIT, Late” Name of Su Gal (Core Cowse) a Year: 2018.2015 Name Ges S.C J Exploratory(Examining) data analysis Cee the datas cleaned it can He analyzed. Analysis may apply a variety of technique refed to a8 exploratory dats analysis o begin understanding the messages contained ir he data The process of expleraton may result in atonal data cleaning or addtional eve far data, so these activities may be iterative in nature, Descriptive statisti, such ea ‘or median. may be zenerated 10 help understand the data Data visualization may also be used to examine the data in graphical format, to obtain ht regarding the messages within the data additional insig 6. Modeling and algorithms Mathematical formulas or models called algorithms may be applied to the data to identify relationships among the variables, such as correlation or causation. In general terms, modely may be developed to evaluate a particular variable in the data based on other variable(s) in the data, with some remaining error depending on model accuracy (j.e., Data = Model + Error), 7. Data product A data product is a computer application that takes data inputs and generates outputs, feeding them back into the environment. It may be based on a model or algorithm. An example is an application that analyzes data about customer purchasing history and recommends orher purchases the customer might enjoy. 8. Communication Once the data is analyzed, it may be reported in many formats to the users of the analysis to Support their requirements. The users may have feedback, which results in additional analysis. As such, much of the analytical cycle is iterative. Data visualization may also be used to examine the data in graphical format, to obtain additional insight regarding the messages within the data. on | Bar chart of tips by day of week ‘Network Analysis ‘Scatter plot (3D) Basie scatterplot of two variables THE ENDveof Course & Semester: BCA g 7 stem Analysiee sco" Year C4 (Core Coursey 8 fw "M Semestes Form; 5.2) Input/ Output and Form Desi ign: + Input Design: inn information system, input is the raw g fa input design, the developers must consider th fiom the input devices such as PC, MICR, OMR, BaRcoae aa ete Therefore, the quality of system input determines the fo ality . input forms and screens have following properties of system output. Well-designed i cout eerte specific purpose effectively such as storing, recording, and retrieving the + Itensures proper completion with accuracy. + Itshould be easy to fill the inputs. + Itshould focus on user’s attention, consistency, and simplicity. + All these objectives are obtained using the knowledge of basic design principles regarding © What are the inputs needed for the system? o Mow end users respond to different elements of forms and sereens. O Objectives for Input Design are: + To design data entry and input procedures. * To reduce input quantity. * To design source docume! * To design input data recor’ I * To use validation checks and develop 1g for data capture or plan other data capture methods vd data entry screens, user interface screens, etc. a ‘fective input controls. CI Data Input Methods. input methods to prevent errors while entering data. ee y customers in forms manually oF later {tis important to design appropriate , “s data is entere' f These methods depend on whether the 4a! cD or Entered by data entry operator y data er OMR, Thumb recognition data’ is directly emSe nn | Year IIf Semester Notes Prepared by Meg Assistant Professor at COG ters BOA Seo ee alysis & DES ws syste ik 14 (Core Course) tur r ta Ye | ee ear: 20182019 ee rehe popular data input methods are C7 Some of the popular da. Pe 1 Coffin data input inetd Gnline data input metho Computer readable Forms interactive data input = Output Design: ‘The design of output is the most important task of any system. During output design, developers identity the type of outputs needed, and consider the necessary output contioly ang protoiype (demo) report layouts. CO Objectives of Output Design : * To develop output design that serves the intended Purpose and eliminates the production of unwanted output. * Todevelop the output design that meets the end users requirements. * To deliver the appropriate quantity of output. * To form the output in appropriate format and direct it to the right person. * To make the output available on time for making good decisions © Types of outputs: 1. External Outputs Manufacturers create and design external outputs for printers. User can use printing machine (printer) to take output on paper. 2. Internal outputs Internal ottputs are present inside the system, and used by end-users and managers. They support the management in decision making and reporting. ‘There are three t information — 'ypes of reports produced by management inform: i Paver Detailed Reports: They contain present information which has almost no filtering restriction generated to assist management planning and control. — lems which are Summary Reports: They contain movements and potential pro aaa, categorized and summarized that are generated for managers who do not ea andar Exception Reports: They contain exceptions, filtered data to some cont fore Presenting it to the manager, as information.BCA Second Year tlt Seme: See ar MH Semeste De ster Notes Prepared By Mr... 5h | eat eee Assstn Professer st Cea ; ; . Year: 2018-2019 «Forms Design gah forms and reports are the product of input and output design and are b usines: consisting of specified data. The main difference is that forms provide fields for reports are purely used For re r 5 document lata input but ‘ading, For example, order forms, registration form, login form, © During form designing, the designers should know: J. who will use them I 2. where would they be delivered 3. the purpose’ of the form or report 0 Objectives of Good Form Design: + To keep the form simple and user friendly. + To meet the planned purpose by using appropriate forms. + To enstire the completion of form with accuracy: * To keep the forms attractive by using icons, inverse video, or blinking cursors etc. + To facilitate navigation. The typical form has following five components: 1. Structure. It includes ordering for fields, appearance on the page and logical connections between multiple fields. 2. Field labels. It tells user what to insert in input fields. Like username, password, mobile. 3. Input fields. They include text fields, password fields, check boxes, radio buttons, dropdown list and any other field designed for user input. 4. Action buttons. When user presses the button, the action is performed (such as submitting the data). 5. Feedback. User understands the result of the input by a feedback. Messages notify the user about result, they can be positive (indicating that the form was submitted successfully) or negative (“The Username or Password was incorrect”). 6. Assistance. Any help that explains how to fill out the form. 7. Validation. Automatic check that ensures that user's data is valid. Types of Forms: 1. Application FORM: Theas are the most common type of form, data entry forms. 2. Main form: Application forms are children of the main form, i i ts the 3. A Multiple Document Interface (MDI) form: tis a ie ie background of an application and is the container for MDI child forms. i id forms. DI form object but many MDI child puch Gi Open or new file dialog box: 4. Dialog Form: Used to present messages and alerts,ea er Year III Semester ne semester: BCA Second Year I Notes Prepared By Name of COWS oe analysis & Design Assistant Professor COCs eH ame af SHbiEeE: SEITE Course) AL COCSTT, Latur, subject Code? Year: 20182015, sal) File Organization and database design: « Introduction to files and database: pifference between File and Database is that a data file is a collection of related record sored on a storage meditim such as a hard disk or optical cise. While database i collectig, Gf organized data, in such manner that allows access, retrieval, andl use of that data, Data e collection of unprocessed items, which can include tes video. numbers. images. audio, and « File: Pacer cual eee [TMB lon Bremer Se tueyCout Chats 46175 enorme 3576 touelaOisle2Tewmons Place Sonnet MSGR wee woneT0 Boe Aart fui2—-BDTonthSnest_—Shelon was WN bernie «MIDE Im Cont Rawey wh 5187 A data file is a collection of related records stored on a storage medium such as a hard disk or optical disc such as MS Excel file. A Student file at a school might consist of thousands of individual student records. Each student record in the file contains the same fields. Each field, however, contains different data, The image shows a small sample Student file that contains four student records, each with eleven fields. A database includes a group of related data files. « Databas: A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information is processed data; that is, it is organized, meaningful, and useful. Computers process data in a database into information. A database at a school fe example, coniains data about students, ¢.g,, student data, class data, etc. A computer at the school processes new student data and then sends advising appointment and ID ca information to the printers. : ; ee A database is simply an organized collection of related data, typically stored on Ca et * © accessible by possibly many concurrent users. Databases are generally separaoR eof Course & Semester: BCA Se ond Year Hk s xa of Subject: System Analysis & Dy eMester xa Notes Prepared 7 i red BS Me. 8. S, Shaikh ject Cotte: [Link]-l (Core Course) Assistant Professor at COcg eae sabjec ‘SIT, Year: 2 ia nar wae at AGM Sk nay nna apace payroll) data; another may contain sales data: another may contain accoung lovee and on, Databases are managed by a DBMS rules and puidelives accounting data: and sq + DBMS A Database. Management System DBMS: number of databases, ° : PUR et of met fams that manages any A DBMS is responsible fo accessing data inserting, updating, security, integrity facilitating backups and recoveries optimizing performance maximizing availability acting as an interface to other systems programs Supporting user interface packages, such as the popular SQL interface for relational database systems and deleting data BeNe ‘There are 3 traditional types of DBMS: !) Hierarchical 2) Relational 3) Network Seb) Tile structures and orgaiiization: . Relative data and information is stored collectively in file formats. A fille is a sequence of records stored in binary format. A disk drive is formatted into several blocks that can store records. File records are mapped onto those disk blocks. > File Structures / Organization: File Organization defines how file records are mapped onto disk blocks in hard disk. We have four types of File Organization to-organize file records ——— oo wa semester: BCA Sette Year Ht Semester Notes Prepared By 1 Course & Semesters OA sien Assistant Professor at ii Name of Course em Aral fessor at COCS iy ame of SF Oey (Core Comrse 7 ‘tur, Satie Cale CN £2: 2018-2019, Fite Organization f Calas fy bmanedirsing Heap File Organization. the Operating jen xd 1th fle vox ay fer aecouning Jeti ile eos em te ane in that memory ae Kis the responsibility of he soivate to mans he en Heap File does not support any ordering, sequencing. or indexing on its owe Stem allocates memory 2 Sequential File Organization : Every file record contains # data field attribute) to uniquely identify that record. In sequential file organization, records are placed in the file in some sequential order based on the unigee key field or search key. Practically, itis not possible to store all the records sequentially in physical form. 3. Hash File Organization Hash File Organization uses Hash function computation on some fields of the records. ‘The output of the hash function determines the location of disk block where the records are to be placed. 4. Clustered File Organization Chistered file organization is not considered good for lange databases. In this mechan related records from one or more relations are kept in the same dlisk block, that is, the ordering of records is not based on primary key or search key. > File Operations Operations on database files can be broadly classified into two categories — + Update Operations + Retrieval (Select) Operations Update operations change the data values by insertion, deletion, or update. Retrieval Operations, on the other hand, do not alter the data but retrieve them after optional conditional Bleting, In both types of operations, selection plays a significant role. Other than eration and deletion of a file, there could be several operations, which can be done on files. F ead * Open— A file can be ‘opened in one of the two modes, read mode or write mode. we a mode, the operating system does not allow anyone to alter data. In other words,~ a BCA Second Year Il Semester eee tom Analysis & Desizn Notes Prepared By Mr... Shai | sam ger SCC Core Cours) Assistant Professor al COCSIT, Latur, Vents 01s 2019 ee read only. Files apened in read! mocle can be shared among sev a s. ng several enti ies. Write mode ion. Files opened in write mode can be read but cannot be shared allows data modi tic = every file has a inter Locate every Tile has a file pointer. which tells the eurtent position where the data isto be read oF written, This pointer can be adjusted accordingly. Using find (seek) operati gly. Using ion, itcan be moved forward or backward, » Read ~ Reading the file. By default. when file: points to the beg 5 are opened in read mode. the file pointer inning of the file. + Write- User can select to open a file in write mode, which enables them to edit its contents. It can be deletion, insertion, or modification. + Close ~ It closes the file and released trom memory. o Saves the data (if altered) to the secondary storage media, and © Releases all the memory occupied by the file. The organization of data inside a file plays a major role here. The process to locate the file pointer to a desired record inside a file various based on whether the records are arranged sequentially or clustered. 5. ¢) Objectives of database design: % ‘These are Objectives of Good Database Design: There are many distinct objectives that you must achieve in. order to design a good, sound, structured database. You can avoid many of the problems you may encounter by keeping the following objectives in mind and constantly focus on these whilst designing your database. Redundant data occupies space and, therefore, is wasteful. If the system often gives conflicting which controls 1. Controlled redundancy: ; versions of the same data are in different phases of updating, information. A unique aspect of data base design is storing data only once, redundancy and improves system performance. 2. Ease of learning and use: - A major feature of a user- it is to. learn and use. Related to this point is that a interfering with established ways of using the data. jective is changing i . An important database objective is chang oat eg on dan out having to rewrite application P procedures or adding new data with friendly database package is how easy database can be modified without hardware and storage ograms. The database_ ae BCA Second Year III Semester > c & Semester Notes Prepav Same of Cone, System Analysis & Des Assistan Pree BY Me: 8. Shaikh Name oF Super roca (Core Course) ant Professor at COCSHT, Laty —- a Year: 2018-2915 “tunable” lo improve performance without rewriting programs, 4. More information at low cost: Using, storing and modifying data at low cost are important, Although hardware prices are falling, software and programming costs are onthe rive Tre nneans that programming and software enhancements should be Kept simple and cosy update. 5. Accuracy and integrity: - The accuracy of a database ensures that data quality and content remain constant. Integrity controls detect data inaccuracies where they occur. 6. Recovery from failure: - With multi-user access to a database, the system must recover quickly after it is down with no loss of transactions. This objective also helps maintain data accuracy and integrity. 7. Privacy and security: - For data to remain private, security measures must be taken to prevent unauthorized access. Database security means that data are protected from various forms of destruction; users must be positively identified and their actions monitored. 8. Performance: - This objective emphasizes response time to inquiries suitable to the use of the data, How satisfactory the response time is depends on the nature of the user-data base dialogue. For example, inquiries regarding airline seat availability should be handled in a few seconds. On the other extreme, inquiries regarding the total sale of a product over the past two weeks may be handled satisfactorily in 50 seconds. You may find it difficult at times to fulfill all of these objectives, but you'll certainly be pleased with your final database design structure once you've met them. > Benefits of Good. Database Design: The time that you invest in designing a sound, well-structured database is time well spent. Good database design saves you time in the long run because you do not have to spend time constantly fvamping a quickly and poorly designed structure. You gain the following benefits when you “Ply good design techniques: 1 The database structure ix easy to modify and maintain, Modifications you make to a table or field will not badly affect other tables or fields in the database. .[mee ester: BCA Second Year Ill Semester N ame jet: Sate Analysis & Design ots Prepared By Mr. $.S, Shai nae ‘CA (Core Course) asian rowsor a COCSIT La Year: 20182019 set CO Te data is easy Co modify. ves that you make to the value of a given field will not adver Chan ly affect the values of ster elds within the table. Furthermore. a well-designed database Keeps duplicate fel a s duplicate fields to an absolute minim, so you typically modify a particular data value in one Feld only Information is easy fo retrieve. ° You should be able to create queries easily due to welleonstructed tables and the relationships between them are correctly established. End-User applications are easy to develop aud build. the data manipulation tasks at You can spend more time on programming and addressin hand, inste ad of working around the inevitable problems that willarse when you work with a poorly designed database 5.d) Logical arid physical view of data: should the database be easy Id also provide different logi Ina well design database, not only to share and change with many different users, but the database shou! ical and physical views for users under different purpose. C0 Benefit of Different Views: physical views) in a database, ‘gee data differently from how cally detail ofthe physica! Id benefit from the use © the physical storage of The capability of allowing different views (bot logical views and gives users a lot of flexibility. With the Togical views, the users can se they are stored and most ofall users doesnt nee 0 know the techni storage. On the other hand, database specialist and advance users cou physical view of the database because through physical vie, they en see sy Gam. Thig allows specfalist to make the database more efficient. “Logical view is designed ‘Another word, the merous es etc. jingful format. while there ca be nut > Logical view of data: Logical data structures such as tabl to suit the need of different users b logical view tells the users, in their term, what isi logical views of a database to suit the needs of the users- ema, ViewS, and index data in a meam in the database. So es sch y representing| | a neem ve of Course & Semester: BCA Second Year IH Semester Notes Pi me of SI e esign "repared By Mr, near Subject Spter” Aalysi & Desi Assistant Professor COCs Sh Syoject Code: $3.CC4 (Cove Course) COCST Le ; er igi B Tables and schema: A table is a collection of related data held in a suet or . venthin a database It consists 6f columns, and rows. Schema isa table stucture en € OF Skeleton to store data, Such as empty table with column names st no, name, address, et 1 Views: a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement, contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from on one br more real tables in the database. Not all views support INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations, : 1 Indexes: Indexes improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row ina database table every time a database table is accessed, ; > Physical view of data: “The word physical view comes from the vi database file stored in hard disk. Physical structures are viewable at the operating system level. there can be many different ways users can view a database depending on sical view refers to the way data are phiysically stored and jewing of the database and it generally represented as, In viewing a database; their needs and purposes. Phy: processed in a database. You can manage physical storage of data without a example, renaming a database file does not rename the and advance users could benefit from the use of physical they can see. the physical storage of the data. This allows specials ffecting access to logical structures. For tables stored in it. The database specialist I view of the database because through physical view, to make the database more efficient. i % Example of Physical view of data: 1) Data files and temp files- ‘© Adata file is a physical file on'disk tha structures such as tables and indexes. A temp file is a data fi tablespace. The data is written to these files in an Oracle proprietary - by other programs. 2}Control fites- * A controt file is a root file that tracks the physical components of the database. 3) Online redo log files- " * The ontine redo log is a set of files containing records of chan 1 was ercated by Oracle Database and conains Je that belongs to a temponty format that cannot be ges made to data. . THE END