Uniit - 4

fevalliem
deals lh otos eewes
a clecisiem pantialae
dhe ceiwe S
was accorliscct
to
. Res ult is alay
Estina
Vecteso] m
Ve cto [Link]
hanhel ektou- R^

TaansmlleL Recoive

Molel f a oligitae lomm.

Tseconog
pubtf
the stmbats belogg
pion probabilily t M
for
to
all i
Bi= PC mi emitt ecd) = M

vector TY he Lhe Bovce ofe

ole t k s en he value
Vecto T
M
S =

whee dhe elinesie N<M

 listinct S)
dwcaliow T See Enag f silt,
,2- M
S (e) t )

Channl dineaL cw naue. A WGN. Co ()

Re ceiveol Raom proces,
X(t) Sit) + 3lt)
-
-M
- Receive Sholal e desig neol Qs obtimmem
miimn pustatiliy eo

iw Noe
Sns e

# # etsctuow of known siqnaks

time olot Tseconds the
eac

M poble siqrals
sj) Szt)
is toammitted wit eqal ftoabilitg, namly
M
Reciived signal
Si) + )

’ The colliction of M masage beints callool a

N- imemsional Eucliceam
Lonstellabion.
sooc

oelalsu
CallL obsewalion a eceive cl veclor
Vecto
Si
 KWe may sureset
w
aceived signal
e same Eucli cleAn
Lh raetl-ed

e
Receie
vetto
esttmale [Link]
Mg point
ksonsnitt ed ia SCgnal vecla
cthat lol mdinuize le
frobabil. g t enor N3

’ Maimn lkelihool
mak le
t s . Nector has the value
Hew
fetabily
sut| )
met
Pe Cm,x) = PC mi

op timu ceuitb Tule

S
pCm, set| )
PCmi sentl ) his olecision wle
wtee kz 2 , - - -M
abi
posteion
St = mi
bk tx (xI me) is nan. for
fx Cx)
 dinleteolent of the transnittds
othewale
e
tramsmitid sih cquul frotabill,.
for k=c
Jis docis ion ulo s feecd to s marim
ikelihord
mainm- likelihood d tector
’ Protabilly Ero

Maegceng
space z is oaukitiond a sit ot
det to ansmittel
Vectox is ceiv ed. Ihu a
wheew e tho suce signal foint aresetol
x ddoes mot fall nsicde agion Z asociaty
oNer all
meg. o t S;:
possible ransmited Symost
ewoY, fe,
Pe
M
P(x does mst lie inaide Zilmiset
s PLx lies insice , set )
M
hew Pe= I
M

SYMBoL l NTE RFERENCS

dle xlt) Tasitting Recaiq

Channl
binaag Pule JSample
dlata generatou CRaun at toe
Thieshild
{b3
Clock RA
pules
tassion sysen
clata
bit olwatio
seqsce iby wlh
data
Perm sgnal peduad i
vCt- kTo)
ay V
K=-o
he Poasic pulse.
format
hee t olemly
he fe dat t tyfe f
be tte ay
kle
lt oje ma
Roceisrg PCt-kTL)
K=-0

factor the pule pconnedie

)
selig cascacle
chanel
he tammitrg ti applit
of
ltiu,ich Cascae connehen
to the ilp
The S a l a t tine,
eceinig t tu
ti= iT
ole ) s

aK (To- KTo) Le
KTb)

he tei eboeset ducoe f

ale lansditted koils
te it toit
inlesybrl nteerece (IsT). clwctien To See. 4

whe shot oan-linited syatem , tl etially

mitb d tougl the
e

Componeuts Bstitutg

inbewa leg
is lispese she a
tsansilted
Secnds Aouge
Tio bntewalo wil anefee
e
defß
diff sytosl

ceiee doce
intduces os
- Paeee -y>0, the R* olle
 to detemee te
Aransmitting
the
neceiA feleu
tamiLted olata sequeee but theu decodg
’ The eceweL daes tlha by etract
Ltlo cowepondig sqca
the
oje contllo y
eceised pulys
To Cotst TST, dhe
tliTo- KTb) ecabtin
oosue

clomai
-nRb=
dlomaui
domaiw critenam for dstortionle
(D wtie
Cotitule
NIQUES
basebad MoDOLATIONlE
# oy1T¤ ware c n s l
kinag
The mocu e vesi t
peormd epiasy
cletectisu is of the
Ceht itu each ee
fresalatd tsdd
- the seceiwd sigmal band em
docisia
thew makig
Aelw, o gital
Manimwm olala salo.
Min es
’Min
clannl
’ Ma esisauco
Muiw ckt

oheeut Binay PS.,K comflea

5S,(t t S, ) poeseut binany symbrlay1o.
2Eb cas (2nft)
cos(2ft

whee O3t<Tb
eg
cauiw treyte =
ene , )=
Basisune. am
elonet afanticle
bascs oafinction
space
Sn s , I-D sgnal ace CN=1)
cmze).
 onclinalis of msg. þs eisw
S, (+) , (4)le
Regcon Region

Meg
Pt Peut

Eb
Ps
is Batitiond or Biat
Sigal oface
set oois closest lo the mag þot
at JED closet lo lhe mg.
cloj set
2
2 :
beit at - ED, toansmiltd

’ Sigal S, )
Aeceived

bi sugal
eceivel
enebus
bot falls
lecsiOng - noie
tsamited out t
neceivl sgal
sigal falle iice
Suc lhat he
decices in
fawo sigal s,le)
VIe Versa tor Szt).
 of Kid ,

<1

Lsho
4minmilt
(x-S)]

of R decid
tat ynbol
Pe. to)

(-z)dz
Pelo)

erfe u) 2
 robabi
GGeneatio PSK Poafe (
Binamt Prduct Binart )
mollalos PsK Socision (Chssed
ee
Choeo
,4)

BPsK T BPSK R
’ The /e binay sageuce nuds to e supres eutd
afreseto
a
Jhis binag Wawe

occt moellato
he cawi t the timing puls seol to genenat
es binay sat ane usually entractdl om cemmen
mast clock Jhe cdesis ed PSK aase es obtaind at
dhe melulala o/e.
’ To detct ouqinal suq ¢ ls t Os , we
,

nsio PsK o e att to a corelata, wic is alss

Supplied with a locally genabed coheut f. siqal
Jhe coealato o is connbaud
a

hneaold t zeo vola, 2,>0, tie R olcicles in

fawe d synbut 1. 8 4x0, ccides iw fave udsubst o.
 BINARY SK

cdistinguished
ae fom a t
Sinusoidal Oaes
Aoawsmitting ene amout
that foay Los (2rfit)
S,(4)
elaeshee

L=,. E the tranitted

feu Bt
Sene
Toans mitt frey for
inkge, ne

gbot o ’S
cos (2 fit)
elseshea
Coesfondingly, dh cal sií tor
i: l,2 .
L= 1,2 amd =l,2 -fas2rftldt
SufJ
 a cohenut binay is characleiz
a
a simal space that is N-2)
D (ie. N
point (M =2) ecision

S, = Boday
Rgion VE Peit

Not, thatt e cdistauc b/ Region

point
to Signaltogsþace
BFSK
dig
’ The s. vecto has A elemet
&
)
lt) Ø, (t) dt

hue t) ia ucived
the sucived srl.
toramsmitt d
()= S (t) + )
the
Receilee dociclesiw
ceivesl sigalalls C)
Cnside
Rhe cecl sigal falls
)
 2
Cecision
( Borda )
’het L be a am RV he San
Value Lis eamal
eyalketto,

Da t r u s t d X, X RV S
whee Saple val8x Ce deatec
dematol ard e,
by 4 aaa
have mea Vale egal to
Conditional RV gve tat
e )
to smittd

Si~ady
eacl bas
ue indapudet
avaLae

Vau J= Va C,J+an Cr]

No
2 2
 miltd
RV
Symbf tumction
Bpbabilg deity
ep
kat sybt
Posbao ere, gve
toansiltd, O was set)
PCeo\ symbst
Pe Co)- (elo ole

Pelo)= enpC-2)dz.

Peo)
ag Pe=
 have a double
) We
maintin Samne Pe. s BPSK,
’ Geneeation of BSK

2rft

Cemot) m4
Snwedeu

BFS K

ei'sion
PlAseeo

3FSK R0
 BFSK, /e 4)
spresekeol wth gmbot t

Sheu is at the i/p,

Switehed m whl asc.
f suitched tocmsilted
Vice - vea hh ymbot töammtbd,
ae chsen t eqa
2

mmltiples f Bit rat

D for detecien 2 oelato wit a commor
Spplid locally qemeated
coheet
The cosulalsu o/es dhew gubtoactol, e e
othe
foom
e so, R leciidu intavou of 4 sile

# MI NIMUM StIET KEYI NG

’ Technia, used to Lmbreve the noise pufomaci
+e (o] for ymbt1
2 t b cos
et SLt) =
o
N2¬b cas 2rft t el6)) for synbsf
Tb
 phase D(o) demsles the ralue o phoe at ti
dipuds past histoy
S e) =
26b
To [arft
Sncases
O(t)= 9l0) TCh t decoease
cith time
Tb
ineay
miu

Tb lf -f)
J
eniation Ratio
tt tie t Tb,
9(Tb)- 96)-

Sudig 4 inereases
sgubst hilo the
Aeduces
hase
amet.

26b si[ol)jsint

coature
cembenent
 MSK Rnoan
a leletion
is t
dw
the anethee ne
witinlester nat
that outgonal
at ebiesetig Coheetly
signals FsK
be to
theallons that
at bit the
bwih
22
)
sign plumisn sthe
TL_t 2Tb Sn
Similary
2Eb Selt)=
t
2Eb
2T,
7
oco) To cenponeut Onhae
26b S,t)=
2b lo)
 pobilWbie
) Phas lo)-0 po (T) y ’
2) SgmbotI
t (To)-ry
3)

Foa MSK

()enfet)
sin
b
MSK
s)= S,,) t S (4)
Si
27
J S() , ) dt
Jee sin e(Tb)]
N=2,) M= 4.

(JEB, -JEo), (-Jbo, - JEp).(-JEtEo), (JE, Ja)

 ecision
Msa Peint3 Boundo

Msg rent
Rgion

OS K
for sihueidally
adkwe aiCa
a a

mocwlated Coogdinals
phase stales meg Po
Cooian)
Tsasmiltd
elTb)
Birat
T/2

- T/e
- T2
 S

At R K
(t) Ø, (t) dt = S, + ,

2T6

estimati (o)- o
(o) ru
)

)
(Tb)= -y2

f o) =o f Sgmbofo
af e (o) = r p (T)= -rye

Pe
Guenwation sK 0,),
Cos2rfet ilt)
MsK

MSK T

cost
2T6
BPE

m(
 /e sinusaidal a
lied to a
a
erluct mdlato thete
henit sine Jaes t itf2 fox 2

Sepavatd foon eaclh thec

nao - balfcis. The esaltig ilte qadoateure
brelce
othonomal basis
Caiss
Finally , c f t)
These dane b(t)
ertactol foom the incong binatcstinat
Plose
Secsion
ckt.
In- þhase chanel
for
linte
dnut
Plose
Reciss
Phase
ecision egtinat
e tce

R
MSK
2t) Loelatk th geatd safolia
of dha coheeut
nel
ouee
bit dudha
sipals
nadoatee clhannel olelayd lay To
in- hase chanel
’The
sesultirg in -phae. t quad sulune cha
coelato CUe net
t estinal f
the phase e(o) t e (T) ae deie
hese phase cecisiong ce itelewed
ecomstc he ou ginal biiay, sawe
y
o as
bct) h