Contents
CONTENTS
Pages
CHAPTER-I: Introduction 1 -16
1.1: Meaning of Research 2
1.2: Concept and Definition of Social Science Research 2
1.3: Nature and Scope 3
1.4: Types of Research 3
1.5: Features of Good Research 5
1.6: Time Dimension of Research 6
1.7: Decision Making Role in Social Science Research 7
1.8: Factors Affecting Social Science Research 9
1.9: Globalization and Social Science Research 11
1.10: Ethics in Social Science Research 11
1.11: Introduction to SPSS in Data Presentation and Analysis 12
1.12: Summary 15
1.13: Key Terms 15
1.14: Exercises 15
CHAPTER-II: Literature Review & Data Collection 17 - 40
2.1: Concept of Literature Review 19
2.2: Purposes of Literature Review 19
2.3: Key Points of a Literature Review 19
2.4: Sources of Information 20
2.5: Types of Literature Review 20
2.6: Organization of Information on Index Cards 21
2.7: Data collection 22
2.8: Definition of Primary Data 22
2.8.1: Merits and Demerits of Primary Data 22
2.8.2: Methods of Primary Data Collection 24
2.9: Definition of Secondary Data 26
2.9.1: Merits and Demerits of Secondary Data 26
2.9.2: Methods of Secondary Data Collection 27
2.10: Differences between Primary and Secondary Data 29
2.11: Triangulation 30
2.12: Different Statistical Organizations 30
2.13: Modes of Classification 32
2.14: Presentation of Statistical Data 33
2.15: Secondary Data Sources 34
2.16: Important Data Sources 35
2.17: Reports and Publications from Government Sources 38
2.18: Summary 38
2.19: Key Terms 38
2.20: Exercises 39
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CHAPTER-III: Sampling 41 -58
3.1: Sampling Concepts 42
3.2: Classification of Sampling Techniques 42
3.2.1: Probability Sampling 43
3.2.2: Non-probability Sampling 48
3.3: Concept of Sample Size Determination 51
3.4: Sample Size Determination through Standard Error 51
3.4.1: Calculation of Standard Error 51
3.4.2: Different Methods of Calculating Sample Size under Standard Error 53
3.5: Summary 55
3.6: Key Terms 55
3.7: Exercises 56
CHAPTER-IV: Questionnaire Design 59 -68
4.1: Concept and Definition 59
4.2: Questionnaire Design Process 60
4.3: Summary 66
4.4: Key Terms 67
4.5: Exercises 67
CHAPTER-V: Measurement and Scaling 69 - 84
5.1: Concept of Measurement and Scaling 70
5.2: Basic Scales of Measurement 70
5.2.1: Nominal Scale 70
5.2.2: Ordinal Scale 71
5.2.3: Interval Scale 71
5.2.4: Ratio Scale 72
5.3: Types of Measurement Scale 74
5.3.1: Single Item Scale 75
5.3.2: Continuous Rating Scale 78
5.3.3: Multiple Item Scale 78
5.4: Summary 81
5.5: Key Terms 82
5.6: Exercises 82
CHAPTER-VI: Reliability and Validity 85 - 102
6.1: Reliability and Validity 86
6.2: Reliability 86
6.3: Types of Reliability 86
6.3.1: Test-Retest Reliability 87
6.3.2: Inter-Observer Reliability 87
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6.3.3: Equivalent Form Reliability 88
6.3.4: Parallel-Forms Reliability 88
6.3.5: Internal Consistency Reliability 89
6.4: Relationship between Reliability & Validity through pictorial diagram 96
6.5: Validity 97
6.5.1: Face Validity 97
6.5.2: Content validity 97
6.5.3: Criterion Validity 98
6.5.4: Construct validity 98
6.6: Summary 100
6.7: Key Terms 100
6.8: Exercises 101
CHAPTER-VII: Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Presentation of Data 103 -134
7.1: Classification of Data 104
7.2: Classification of Variables 105
7.3: Descriptive Statistics 105
7.4: Descriptive Statistics in SPSS 107
7.5: Interpreting Statistics 115
7.6: Graphical Presentation of Data 118
7.7: Summary 131
7.8: Key Terms 131
7.9: Exercises 133
CHAPTER-VIII: Online Analytical Processing 135 -140
8.1: Meaning of OLAP 135
8.2: Test Procedure in SPSS Statistics 136
8.3: Summary 138
8.4: Key Terms 138
8.5: Exercises 138
CHAPTER-IX: Growth Rate 141 -148
9.1: Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) 142
9.2: Computation of AAGR 142
9.3: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) 143
9.4: Computation of CAGR 143
9.5: Profit Percentage 144
9.6: Sales by Value Vs Sales by Volume 145
9.7: Summary 145
9.8: Key Terms 146
9.9: Exercises 146
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CHAPTER-X: Hypothesis Testing and Normality Test 149 -162
10.1: Concept of Hypothesis 150
10.2: Basic Attributes of Hypothesis 150
10.3: Null and Alternative Hypothesis 151
10.4: Type I and Type II Errors 151
10.5: Acceptance and Rejection Region for One and Two Tailed Test 151
10.6: Concept of Normal Distribution Curve and Normality Test 153
10.7: Normality Test with SPSS 154
10.8: Explanation of SPSS Output for Normality Test 155
10.9: Summary 160
10.10: Key Terms 161
10.11: Exercises 161
CHAPTER-XI: Correlation 163 -174
11.1: Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation 164
11.1.1: Characteristics of Correlation Coefficient 164
11.1.2: Assumptions of Correlation Coefficient 165
11.2: The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Using SPSS 167
11.3: Other Types of Correlation Coefficient Using SPSS 171
11.3.1: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 171
11.3.2: Phi Coefficient 171
11.3.3: Cramer’s V 171
11.3.4: Eta 172
11.3.5: Partial Correlation 172
11.4: Summary 173
11.5: Key Terms 173
11.6: Exercises 173
CHAPTER-XII: Linear Regression Analysis 175 -188
12.1: Linear Regression 175
12.2: Linear Regression Using SPSS 178
12.3: Test Procedure in SPSS Statistics 182
12.4: Summary 186
12.5: Key Terms 186
12.6: Exercises 187
CHAPTER-XIII: Multiple Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling
(SEM) by AMOS 189 -210
13.1: Multiple Regression Analysis 189
13.2: Explanation of Multiple Regression Analysis 190
13.3: Multiple Regression Analysis with SPSS 194
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13.4: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Through AMOS 199
13.5: Multicollinearity 206
13.6: Summary 208
13.7: Key Terms 208
13.8: Exercises 209
CHAPTER-XIV: T-tests 211 -222
14.1: T-tests 211
14.2: One Sample T-Test 212
14.3: One Sample T-Test in SPSS 213
14.4: Independent Samples T-Test 215
14.5: Independent Samples T-Test Using SPSS 216
14.6: Paired Sample T-Test 218
14.7: Paired Sample T-Test Using SPSS 219
14.8: Summary 220
14.9: Key Terms 221
14.10: Exercises 221
CHAPTER-XV: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 223 -252
15.1: Analysis of Variance 223
15.2: One-Way ANOVA (Completely Randomized Design) 224
15.3: One-way ANOVA Problem with SPSS 226
15.4: Two-Way ANOVA (Randomized Block Design) 232
15.5:Two-way ANOVA Problem with SPSS 234
15.6: Factorial Design 239
15.7: Factorial Design Problem with SPSS 243
15.8: Summary 250
15.9: Key Terms 250
15.10: Exercises 251
CHAPTER-XVI: Chi-Square Test 253 -266
16.1: Chi-Square Test for Categorical Data 253
16.2: χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test 254
16.3: Solve Above χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test Problem with SPSS 255
16.4: χ2 Test of Independence (Two-Way Contingency Analysis) 257
16.5: Solve Above χ2 Test of Independence Problem with SPSS 258
16.6: χ2 Test of Homogeneity 261
16.7: Solve Above χ2 Test of Homogeneity Problem with SPSS 263
16.8: Summary 264
16.9: Key Terms 264
16.10: Exercises 265
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CHAPTER-XVII: Non-Parametric Test 267 -308
17.1: Concept of Non-Parametric Test 268
17.2: One-Sample Sign Test 269
17.2.1: Solve One-Sample Sign Test Problem with SPSS 270
17.3: Two Sample Sign Test 271
17.3.1: Solve Two-Sample Sign Test Problem with SPSS 272
17.4: Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Rank Test 274
17.5: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Small Samples 274
17.5.1: Solve Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (for Small Samples) Problem with SPSS 275
17.6: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Large Samples 276
17.6.1: Solve Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (for Large Samples) Problem with SPSS 278
17.7: Mann-Whitney U Test 279
17.8: Mann-Whitney U Test (For small Sample) 279
17.8.1: Solve Mann-Whitney U Test Problem with SPSS 281
17.9: Mann-Whitney U Test (For large Sample) 282
17.9.1: Solve Mann-Whitney U Test Problem with SPSS 284
17.10: Kruskal Wallis Test 285
17.10.1: Solve Kruskal Wallis Test Problem with SPSS 287
17.11: Friedman Test 288
17.11.1: Solve Friedman Test Problem with SPSS
290
17.12: Run Test 291
17.12.1: Solve Run Test Problem (1) with SPSS 292
17.12.2: Solve Run Test Problem (2) with SPSS 294
17.12.3: Solve Run Test Problem (3) with SPSS 296
17.13: Kolmogorov-Smirnov One Sample Test 297
17.13.1: Solve Kolmogorov-Smirnov One Sample Test Problem with SPSS 299
17.14: Spearman’s Rank Correlation 300
17.14.1: Solve Spearman’s Rank Correlation Problem with SPSS 302
17.15: Important Tricks to remember in Non-Parametric Tests for SPSS 304
17.16: Summary 304
17.17: Key Terms 305
17.18: Exercises 305
CHAPTER-XVIII: Factor Analysis 309 -326
18.1: Concept of Factor Analysis 309
18.2: Types of Factor Analysis 310
18.3: Components in Factor Analysis 310
18.4: Explanation of Factor Analysis through an Example 311
18.4.1: Factor Analysis with SPSS 315
18.4.2: Identification of Factors from Factor Analysis 320
18.5: Summary 321
18.6: Key Terms 321
18.7: Exercises 322
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CHAPTER-XIX: Cluster Analysis 327 -342
19.1: Concept of Cluster Analysis 327
19.2: Key Terms in Cluster Analysis 328
19.3: Cluster Analysis Process 329
19.3.1: Problem Formulation 329
19.3.2: Identification of metric and non-metric data 330
19.3.3: Establishing appropriate clustering method 330
19.3.4: Defining the number of clusters 333
19.3.5: Interpreting the clusters 337
19.4: Non-Hierarchical Clustering 337
19.5: Summary 340
19.6: Key Terms 340
19.7: Exercises 341
CHAPTER-XX: Multidimensional Scaling 343 -356
20.1: Concept of Multidimensional Scaling 343
20.2: Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Process 344
20.2.1: Problem Formulation 344
20.2.2: Identification of metric and non-metric data 345
20.2.3: Establishing Appropriate Multidimensional Scaling Process 346
20.2.4: Determining Number of Dimension for Spatial Mapping and Interpreting the
Output 346
20.3: Different Multidimensional Scaling methods through SPSS 347
20.3.1: Analysis on Metric Data 347
20.3.2: Analysis on Non-Metric Data 350
20.4: Summary 354
20.5: Key Terms 354
20.6: Exercises 355
CHAPTER-XXI: Conjoint Analysis 357 -368
21.1: Concept of Conjoint Analysis 357
21.2: Explanation of Conjoint Analysis through Example 358
21.2.1: Different Approaches to Conjoint analysis 358
21.2.2 Dummy Variables for Regression Equation 359
21.2.3: SPSS Outputs of Multiple Regression for Conjoint Analysis 361
21.2.4: Conjoint Analysis Results and interpretation 362
21.3: Graphical Representation of Part-worth functions 364
21.4: Summary 366
21.5: Key Terms 366
21.6: Exercises 366
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CHAPTER-XXII: Discriminant Analysis 369 -394
22.1: Concept of Discriminant Analysis 370
22.2: Objectives of Discriminant Analysis 370
22.3: Discriminant Analysis Model 371
22.4: Illustration Discriminant Analysis with example 371
22.5: Discriminant Analysis with SPSS 372
22.5.1: Unstandardized discriminant function and Eigen value 374
22.5.2: Group Centroids 376
22.5.3: Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix 377
22.5.4: Significance of Discriminant Function 378
22.5.5: Standardized Discriminant Function Coefficient and Structural Coefficient 379
22.5.6: Classification Accuracy for Discriminant Analysis 380
22.5.7: Hold-Out Sample Performance 381
22.6: Multiple Discriminant Analysis 382
22.6.1: Illustration Multiple Discriminant Analysis with example 382
22.6.2: Multiple Discriminant Analysis with SPSS 383
22.6.3: Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix 386
22.6.4: Significance of Multiple Discriminant Function 387
22.6.5: Standardized Discriminant Function Coefficient and Structural Coefficient 387
22.6.6: Unstandardized discriminant function and Eigen value 388
22.6.7: Group Centroids 389
22.6.8: Classification Accuracy for Multiple Discriminant Analysis 391
22.7: Summary 392
22.8: Key Terms 393
22.9: Exercises 394
CHAPTER-XXIII: Report Writing 395 -398
23.1: Format for a Written Report 395
23.1.1: Title Page 396
23.1.2: Letter of Transmittal 396
23.1.3: Letter of Authorization 396
23.1.4: Table of Contents 397
23.1.5: Executive Summary 397
23.1.6: Body of the Report 397
23.1.7: Appendix 398
23.2: Summary 398
23.3: Key Terms 398
23.4: Exercises 398
CHAPTER-XXIV: APA and MLA Referencing Style 399 -412
24.1: APA Referencing Style 400
24.1.1: Journals, Magazines, Newspapers in Print Format 400
24.1.2: Books, Chapters in Books, Reports, Etc. 401
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24.1.3: Online Journals, Magazines, Newspapers 402
24.1.4: Other Online Resources 403
24.1.5: Reference Citations in Text 403
24.1.6: Citing Secondary Sources 404
24.2: MLA Referencing Style 404
24.2.1: Book with One Author 405
24.2.2: Book with Two or Three Authors 405
24.2.3: Book with More Than Three Authors 405
24.2.4: Book with a Corporate Author
406
24.2.5: Book with an Editor 406
24.2.6: Chapter in an Edited Book 407
24.2.7: Print Journal Article 407
24.2.8: E-Journal Article 407
24.2.9: Print Newspaper Article 408
24.2.10: Online Newspaper Article 408
24.2.11: Page on a Website 409
24.2.12: Website 409
24.2.13: Blog 409
24.2.14: Email Communication 410
24.2.15: Interviews 410
24.2.16: Government Agency Publication 410
24.2.17: Parliamentary and Legal Material 410
24.2.18: Conferences 411
24.2.19: Theses 411
24.2.20:Audio-Visual Material 411
24.3: Summary 411
24.4: Key Terms 412
24.5: Exercises 412
Bibliography
Index
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