M Prakash Institute STD VII
Pre Foundation Lecture 37
Algebraic Expressions - 3
Division
Degree of a Polynomial in one variable -
In a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable is called its degree.
Example
(i) 2x + 3 is a Polynomial in x of degree 1.
7
(ii) 2x2 − 3x + is a polynomial in x of degree 2.
5
2 3 7 2
(iii) a − a + 4 is a polynomial in a of degree 3.
3 2
Degree of a Polynomial in two variables -
In a polynomial in more than one variable the sum of the powers of the variables in each
term is computed and the highest sum so obtained is called the degree of the polynomial.
Example
3x4 − 2x3 y 2 + 7xy 3 − 9x + 5y + 4 is a polynomial in x and y of degree 5, whereas
1 3
− 3x + 7x2 y − x2 y 2 is a polynomial of degree 4 in x and y.
2 4
Constant Polynomial -
A polynomial consisting of a constant term only is called a constant polynomial.
The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial -
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, we need to divide each term of the polynomial by
the monomial.
Example:
9m5 + 12m4 − 6m2 9m5 12m4 6m2
2
= 2
+ 2
− 2
= 3m3 + 4m2 − 2
3m 3m 3m 3m
Division of a Polynomial by a Binomial -
For dividing a polynomial by a binomial, we use the long division method by following
the steps given.
Long Division Method
Step 1: First arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the descending order
of their degrees.
Step 2: Now, the first term of the quotient is obtained by dividing the first term of the
dividend by the first term of the divisor.
Step 3: Then multiply all the terms of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and
subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 4: Consider the remainder as the new dividend and proceed as before.
Step 5: Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial
of a degree less than that of the divisor.
Example - Divide (6 + x − 4x2 + x3 ) by (x − 3)
Thus, we can say that (6 + x − 4x2 + x3 ) ÷ (x − 3) = x2 − x − 2
The HCF of the Given Polynomials
For two given polynomials f (x) and g(x), r(x) can be taken as the highest common
factor, if:
1. r(x) is a common factor of f (x) and g(x) and
2. Every common factor of f (x) and g(x) is also a factor of r(x).
Classwork:
1. Divide
1
(a) x + 2x2 + 3x4 − x5 by 2x (b) y 4 − 3y 3 + y 2 by 3y
2
√
(c) −4a3 + 4a2 + a by 2a (d) −x6 + 2x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 by 2x2
√ √
(e) 5z 3 − 6z 2 + 7z by 2z (f) 3a4 + 2 3a3 + 3a2 − 6a by 3a
2. Divide and write the quotient and remainder for each.
(a) x2 + 5x + 6 by x + 2 (b) y 2 − 2y + 5 by y + 1 (c) m2 − 3m + 7 by m − 2
(d) x2 − 8x − 12 by x + 4 (e) 3y 2 + 10y − 9 by 3y − 2
3. Rewrite the terms in proper order and then divide.
(a) x2 + 3x3 − 2 + 5x by x + 1 (b) 2 − 2a3 + a2 by 3 + 2a
(c) a + a2 + 8 by a + 4 (d) 12y + 10y 3 + 8y 4 + 15 by 5 + 4y
(e) −12 + 3x2 − 4x + x3 by 5x + x2
4. Find the value of k, if the divisor is a factor of the dividend.
(a) 2x3 − 14x + k by x + 3 (b) 4x3 − 12x2 − 37x + k by 2x + 1
(c) 4x3 − 6x2 − 4x + k by 2x − 1 (d) x3 + x2 − 5x + k by x + 3
5. The volume of a cube is x3 + 3x2 + 3x + k. If its length is x + 1, find k.
6. Find the value of a, if x + 2 is a factor of 4x4 + 2x3 − 3x2 + 8x + 5a.
7. A divisor divides 2y 3 + 7y 2 + 7y + 2 completely and the quotient is y 2 + 3y + 2, then
find the divisor.
(a) 2y − 1 (b) y − 1 (c) y + 1 (d) 2y + 1
8. Determine the highest common factor of these pairs of terms.
(a) 7x and 14 (b) 12x and 30 (c) −8y and 40 (d) −5y and -25
(e) 4a2 and 2a (f) 12a2 and 9a (g) −5a2 and −50a (h) −3x2 y and −6xy
Homework:
1. Divide:
(a) 6a2 b + 3ab2 + 12ab by 2a
(b) 18a3 c2 − 12a2 c + 9ac2 by 3ac
2y
(c) 6y 3 − 4y 2 + 2y by
3
2. Divide:
(a) 9m5 + 12m4 − 6m2 by 3m2 (b) 24x3 y + 20x2 y 2 − 4xy by 2xy
3. The volume of a rectangular soild is 12x3 + 8x2 − 3x − 2. The length of the solid is
2x + 1 and the width is 2x − 1. Find the height.
4. Use the given information, to find the dividend.
(a) divisor = x + 1; quotient = x − 1;
. remainder = 3; dividend = ?
(b) divisor = x2 + 1; quotient = 2x;
. remainder = 7x + 5; dividend = ?
(c) divisor = x − 2; quotient = x2 + 2x + 3;
. remainder = 0; dividend = ?
(d) divisor = x + 2; quotient = x2 + 2x + 3;
. remainder = 0; dividend = ?
5. If the polynomial x4 + 2x3 − 7x is divided by x2 + 2 then (−11x + 4) is the remainder.
Find the quotient.
(a) x2 − 2x − 2 (b) x2 − 2x + 2 (c) x2 + 2x − 2 (d) 2x2 + x − 2
Answer Key:
Classwork:
Q. No. Answer
1 3 1 y3 y 1
1 (a) + x + x3 − x4 (b) − y2 + (c) −2a2 + 2a +
2 2 2 3 6 2
−x4 √ √ √ 5 2 7 a3 2a2
(d) √ + 2x2 + 2 2x + 2 (e) z − 3z + (f) √ + √ + a − 2
2 2 2 3 3
2 (a) Q = x + 3, R = 0 (b) Q = y − 3, R = 8 (c) Q = m − 1, R = 5
(d) Q = x − 12, R = 36 (e) Q = y + 4, R = −1
3 (a) Q = 3x2 − 2x + 7, R = −9 (b) Q = −a2 + 2a − 3, R = 11
(c) Q = a − 3, R = 20 (d) Q = 2y 3 + 3, R=0
(e) Q = x − 2, R = 6x − 12
4 (a) K = 12 (b) K = −15 (c) K = 3 (d) K = 3
5 K=1
6 a = −4
7 Option (d)
8 (a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 5
(e) 2a (f) 3a (g) 5a (h) 3xy
Homework:
Q. No. Answer
3
1 (a) 3ab + b2 + 6b (b) 6a2 c − 4a + 3c (c) 9y 2 − 6y + 3
2
2 (a) 3m3 + 4m2 − 2 (b) 12x2 + 10xy − 2
3 3x + 2
4 (a) x2 + 2 (b) 2x3 + 9x + 5 (c) x3 − x − 6 (d) x3 + 4x2 + 7x + 6
5 Option (c)