Networking

-
&

Transmission Mode :
Way of transmission
- & Simplex :
Only send data like mouse Keybord .

&
Duplex : HDX & FDX

Half Duplex ;Both Data either send or Recied

at onece

& Full Duplex : Both Device Send & Recive same

Transmission Media
↑
-& Wired : Fiber coax
, ,
twisted
Wireless : Bluthcot Radio
~ ,
Frequency .
IR

-ge Arrangement of (Physical & logico

- Networking Device
@

=>
&
& Bus
·
· i Server

da STAR
&
& MESH

. Tree

Ring
Dual Ring :

HYBRID
 IPc 4 ,
addressing

IPv4 Unicast : One device

sending a
massage to one others
& devices in . * Sourch
one-to one commucation
Email facebook, ip address only be unicast since the packet
Class A B C
only generate from single recipient
.
, ,

7 - 192 166 1 .
0 .
5/24

192 168

E
. . 0 .

1/24 192 .
168 .
0 .

2/24
Address
range 1 1 1 /
to

Class A -Range 0-127/8

: .
.
.
223 35 .

255
. 25

. 0
.

.
255

0 0
.
16k
2&
Class B - Range 128-191/16 255 25 0 0
.
.
.

It seriouse
255 255 255 0
Class C > Range 191-223/24
.

. .
.
-

32 bit IPV4 192 168

. . 1 . 0/24
,

00000000000000000000000000000000
I / / / I I / I /// I/IIIIIII/ 11 00000000 .

-----
255 255· 255
· O Class . C .

IPv4 Broadcast .

TV Network B road cast transmission refers to a devices

Class E (all) sending a

message to all the devices on a

network in one to all commucation .

Destitation 255 255 255 255

- .
.

Source : 17 2 .
16 4 .
.
1/24
0 16 4
172 . .
253/24
F >

>
- X
172 16 4 .
. .
3/24
17206 .
4 .

1/24 17216 4/2/24

.
Optical fiber cable transmits data over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths than any other networking media. Fiber-optic cable can
transmit signals with less attenuation than copper wire and is completely
immune to EMI and RFI. Optical fiber is a flexible, but extremely thin,
transparent strand of very pure glass, not much bigger than a human hair.
Bits are encoded on the fiber as light impulses. Fiber-optic cabling is now
being used in four types of industry: enterprise networks, FTTH, long-haul
networks, and submarine cable networks. There are four types of fiber-
optic connectors: ST, SC, LC, and duplex multimode LC. Fiber-optic patch
cords include SC-SC multimode, LC-LC single-mode, ST-LC multimode,
and SC-ST single-mode. In most enterprise environments, optical fiber is
primarily used as backbone cabling for high-traffic point-to-point
connections between data distribution facilities and for the interconnection
of buildings in multi-building campuses.