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Classes of Food
3.1 Classes of Food
Classes of Food
1. Carbohydrate
2. Protein
3. Fat
4. Vitamin
5. Mineral
6. Fibre
7. Water
1) Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
It supplies a lot of energy
Examples: Starch - food stored in plants, Glycogen - food stored in animals, Cellulose - forms the
cell wall of plants
2) Protein
Protein contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Required for growth, repair damaged tissues and to replace dead cells
Used to synthesise enzymes, hormones and antibodies
Example : Chicken, Meat and Seafood
3) Fat
Fat contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Formed from glycerol and fatty acid
Fat is a high energy source and storage
Protects the organs, act as transporter for vitamin A,D,E and K and a heat insulator to regulate body
temperature
4) Vitamin
Vitamin is needed in small quantities to maintain good health
Vitamins
↙↙
Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins
(Vitamin B and C) (Vitamin A,D,E and K)
Type, source, importance and effects of vitamin deficiency
Vitamin Function Effects of deficiency
A
Milk Maintains skin health Skin diseases
Egg yolk
B
Beri-beri
Yeast Formation of blood cells
Anaemia
Liver
C
Fruits Maintains the health of gums and mouth Scurvy (bleeding gums)
Vegetables
D Strengthens tooth enamel Rickets
Toothache
Butter
Eggs
E
Sterility
Grains Maintains the functions of the reproductive
system
Foetus miscarriage
Green
vegetables
K
Milk Speeds up the blood-clotting process Prolonged bleeding
Egg yolk
5) Fibre
Fibre comprises of cellulose that is found in the cell wall of plants
Very important to stimulate peristalsis which prevents constipation
Example : Vegetables, Grains and High fibre bread
6) Mineral
Minerals do not supply energy,but are required in small quantities to regulate
body process to maintain health
7) Water
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen
Acts as a chemical solvent, transportation medium and regulates body
temperature
Types,sources,importance and effects of mineral deficiency
Mineral Importance and effects of defienciecy
Calcium Strengthens bones and teeth
Milk,Anchovies Effect:
Rickets
Osteoporosis
Sodium Maintains the functions of the nervous system
Salt,Meat Effect: Muscle cramps
Iron Build haemoglobin in the blood
Liver,Meat Effect: Anaemia
Iodine Helps with the functions of thyroid gland
Seafood,Fruits Effect: Goiter
Phosphorus Forms nucleic acid in DNA and RNA
Cheese,Meat Effect:
Brittle teeth
Cannot build DNA and RNA
Potassium Helps with muscle contraction
Plants and animals Effect: Paralysis
Importance of a Balanced Diet
3.
Importance of a Balanced Diet
2
What is a balanced diet?
↓↓
A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the food classes in the right quantities that are required by the
body.
Food Pyramid
Source : Science Text Book Form 2
Factors that Influence Calorific Requirement
1. Body size
2. Age
3. Work
4. Gender
5. State of health
6. Climate
Calorific Value of Food
The total amount of energy released when 1 g of of food is burned is
called energy value or calorific value.
1 calorie (cal) = 4.2 joule (J)
1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4.2 kilojoule (kJ)
Human Digestive System
3.3 Human Digestive System
Food digestion is a process of breaking down food that is complex into small
molecules and soluble so that they can absorbed by the body cells
Digestion
Physical
The process of breaking down food into smaller particles with the help of teeth,tounge and saliva.
Involves peristalsis
Happens in the mouth
Does not involve enzymes
Chemical
The process of breaking down food from complex molecules into simple molecules with the
help of enzyme
Happens in the mouth,stomach,duodenum and intestine
Involves enzymes
The Structure of the Human Digestive System
1)Mouth
Food is chewed by teeth.
Salivary amylase in saliva breaks down starch into maltose.
2) Oesophagus
Food that enters oesophagus is called bolus.
The process of peristalsis pushes the food into the stomach.
3)Stomach
Wall of stomach secrete protease and hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid activates protease which breaks down protein into
polypeptides. Semi-liquid food is called chyme.
4) Duodenum
Liver produces bile which emulsifies fat into small droplets and neutralises the
acid in the chyme.
Pancreas produces pancrestic juice which contain enzymes amylase,protease
and lipase.
Pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose
Protease digests polypeptides into dipeptides
Lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol
5) Small intestine
Maltase digests maltose into glucose
Protease digests dipeptides into amino acids
6) Large intestine
Undigested food enters large intestine
The process of water reabsorption happens
7) Rectum
Food that is undigested, known as faeces, enters the rectum and is stored here
8) Anus
Faeces are excreted from the body through the anus
Process of Absorption and Transportation of
Digested Food and Defecation
3.4 Process of Absorption and Transportation of Digested Food and Defecation
The wall of small intestine has millions of fine projection called villi which increases the
surface area for the process of digested food.
Villi on the walls of the small intestine
Wall of the villus is very thin. It is one-cell thick to increase the rate of absorption
The surface of small intestine has many folds to add to the surface area and
increase the absorption rate of the products of digestion
The function of the blood vessels in the small intestine is to transport nutrients to
all parts of the body
Process of Transporting the Products of Digestion
The molecules that are absorbed into the villus will undergo assimilation.
Assimilation is a process of distributing the end products of digestion for the use
of the cells in our body
Our body uses the end products of digestion as follows:
Glucose is used to produce energy
Amino acid is used to form component of cells
Fatty acid and glycerol combine to form fat which is used as heat insulator and to protect internal organs
Defecation
Food that is not absorbed by the small intestine will move into large intestine
While moving, water and minerals are reabsorbed into the blood stream
This makes the food to become solid waste called faeces
Faeces are stored temporarily in the rectum before eliminated through anus
The process of elimination of faeces from the body is called defecation
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