Class 8 Science: Friction (NCERT Notes)
Institute: R.K Learning Hub
Notes by Raj Sir
What is Friction?
Friction is a force that opposes the motion of one surface over another. It acts in the direction
opposite to the motion of the object. Friction is necessary for many everyday activities like walking,
writing, and driving.
Types of Friction
1. Static Friction
- The frictional force that prevents an object from moving when a force is applied.
- It acts when the object is at rest.
- Example: Pushing a heavy box that does not move.
2. Sliding Friction
- The frictional force acting when one surface slides over another.
- It is less than static friction.
- Example: Sliding a book on a table.
3. Rolling Friction
- The frictional force acting when an object rolls over a surface.
- It is much less than sliding friction.
- Example: A ball rolling on the ground or wheels of a vehicle.
4. Fluid Friction (Drag)
- The frictional force exerted by fluids (liquids or gases) on an object moving through them.
- Example: Air resistance on a moving car or swimmer in water.
Factors Affecting Friction
1. Nature of the Surface
- Rough surfaces produce more friction compared to smooth surfaces.
- Example: Sandpaper has more friction than a glass surface.
2. Weight of the Object
- Heavier objects press harder against a surface, increasing friction.
- Example: Pushing a loaded cart versus an empty cart.
Advantages of Friction
- Helps in Walking: Friction between our feet and the ground allows us to walk without slipping.
- Writing: It helps us hold a pen or pencil, allowing us to write on paper.
- Braking: It helps vehicles stop when brakes are applied.
- Fixing Nails and Screws: Friction holds nails and screws tightly in walls.
Disadvantages of Friction
- Causes Wear and Tear: Continuous rubbing of surfaces causes them to wear out.
- Produces Heat: Friction between machine parts can generate heat, leading to energy loss.
- Reduces Efficiency: In engines, friction reduces the efficiency by wasting energy.
How to Reduce Friction?
1. Using Lubricants
- Applying oil, grease, or other lubricants reduces friction between surfaces.
- Example: Oiling bicycle chains.
2. Using Ball Bearings
- Ball bearings reduce friction by converting sliding friction into rolling friction.
- Example: Bearings in fans and wheels.
3. Using Polished Surfaces
- Polishing surfaces makes them smooth, thereby reducing friction.
- Example: Polished floors.
4. Using Streamlined Shapes
- Streamlined shapes reduce fluid friction, helping objects move faster through fluids.
- Example: Shape of airplanes and ships.
Increasing Friction
Sometimes, increasing friction is useful.
Methods to Increase Friction:
- Using rough surfaces, like treads on car tires.
- Adding grooves in shoes for better grip.
- Applying brakes with rough surfaces for efficient stopping.
Wheels and Friction
Wheels reduce friction by rolling instead of sliding. This is why vehicles have wheels, making them
easier to move.
Friction and Motion
Friction always acts opposite to the direction of motion. Without friction, an object would continue
moving indefinitely.
Interesting Facts about Friction
- Friction is both a friend and a foe due to its beneficial and disadvantageous effects.
- Matchstick Ignition: Friction between the matchstick and the rough surface causes it to light up.
- Parachutes: Use air friction (drag) to slow down a falling object, providing a safe landing.
Key Terms to Remember
- Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction.
- Drag: Friction by fluids like air or water.
- Static Friction: Friction when an object is stationary.
- Sliding Friction: Friction when an object slides over a surface.
- Rolling Friction: Friction when an object rolls over a surface.