ICT LECTURE • 2ND GRADING

-EDITOR: SEAN ERGINA-

WINDOWS SERVERS .

Windows 7
Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb) is a personal computer operating
system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.
Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and reached general retail
availability worldwide on October 22, 2009. Windows 7 is preceded by Windows Vista and
succeeded by Windows 8.

Features of Windows 7

Aero
Aero is an interface that makes your visual interactions with the desktop fun
and easy.
• Aero Peek makes your open windows transparent so you can see your desktop. It also
allows you to peek at items in your taskbar for a thumbnail preview.
• Aero Snap is a quick way to resize your windows to make them easier to read, organize,
and compare.
• Aero Flip allows you to preview all open windows from a central window or 3D view that
you can flip through.
• Aero Shake allows you to take your mouse and shake only the open window you want to
focus on, and the rest will disappear.

Taskbar
The taskbar is now more convenient to use, with larger views and easier
access.
• Jump Lists allow you to right-click an icon in the taskbar and immediately access items
like music, videos, or webpages you use on a regular basis.
• Pin allows you to place programs on the taskbar and rearrange the order of the icons.
• Action Center allows you to control the alerts and pop-ups you receive regarding
maintenance and security.

Search
As soon as you start typing in the Search bar of the Start Menu, you will instantly see a list of
relevant options grouped by categories with highlighted keywords and text.
Libraries
Libraries allow you to organize your files in one place so they are easy to
search and access.
Device Stage
When you plug a device into your computer such as a camera, mobile phone, or flash drive,
a window will open up with a menu of popular tasks, status information, and options for your
device.
Windows Live Essentials
Windows Live Essentials is free software that enhances the Windows 7 experience. It
replaces Windows Mail and allows you to email, instant message, edit photos, and blog.
HomeGroup
HomeGroup allows you to connect two or more PCs on a home network to easily share and
access files and printers.
Windows Touch
You can use Windows Touch with a touch-screen PC to browse and flick through the screen
using your fingers with multi-touch technology.
Remote Media Streaming
With Remote Media Streaming, you can access your music, pictures, and videos stored on
your home PC remotely using the Internet.

Editions of Windows 7
1. Windows 7 Starter
- has the most limited features
- intended for use on networks or in developing nations
2. Windows 7 Home Basic
- designed for low-cost home systems not requiring full security and networking features
3. Windows 7 Home Premium
- similar to Windows 7 Home Basic
- includes additional features such as the Aero user interface
4. Windows 7 Professional
- intended for business users
- similar to Windows Vista Business
5. Windows 7 Enterprise
- includes additional features over Windows 7 Professional
- major additional features include BitLocker Drive Encryption and support for multiple
languages

Windows Server 2008

It is the successor of Windows Server 2003. It is a Microsoft server operating system that
was released to the public on February 27, 2008 that most closely resembles Windows Vista
in look and feel. Windows Server 2008 is a robust operating system, including many highly
desirable features for servers that have a demand for maximum uptime and availability.

Features of Windows Server 2008

1. Self-healing NTFS - allows a sub-process to repair any detected disk errors as opposed to
potentially shutting down a disk to resolve the error
2. Allows the administrator to install certain hot patches without the need for a system reboot
3. Provides a better native backup utility: Windows Server Backup Snap-in that enables to
back up and restore server files to backup media including DVDs
4. Group Policy - provides a way to control the user and computer environment found on the
network
5. Offers even greater security than its predecessor, including features such as BitLocker
drive encryption
Editions of Windows Server 2008

1. Standard Edition
Standard Server is considered the entry-level version of Windows Server 2008.
It is suitable for smaller businesses and organizations.
2. Enterprise Edition
The Enterprise Edition supplies all the features and tools provided by the Standard Edition.
The major difference is that the Enterprise Edition is considered a platform for very large
enterprise networks.
3. Datacenter Edition
The Datacenter Edition provides for multiple processors (32 x86 and 64 x64) and has the
same potential RAM capacity as the Enterprise Edition (64GB on x86 and 2TB on X64). It
also grants unlimited deployment of virtual servers,
whereas the limit with the Enterprise Edition is four and with the Standard Edition is one. The
Datacenter Edition is considered the appropriate platform for very large-scale networks
requiring access to large databases and real-time transaction validation.
4. Web Edition
The Web Edition is considered the ideal platform for web hosting. It is a scaled-down version
of Windows Server and supports multiple processors.

To use Windows Server 2008, you need to meet the following hardware requirements:

Component Requirement

PROCESSOR = • Minimum: 1GHz (x86 processor) or 1.4GHz (x64 processor) •

Recommended: 2GHz or faster
Memory

MEMORY = • Minimum: 512MB RAM • Recommended: 2GB RAM or greater • Maximum

(32-bit systems): 4GB (Standard) or 64GB (Enterprise and Datacenter) • Maximum (64-bit
systems): 32GB (Standard) or 2TB
(Enterprise, Datacenter and Itanium-based Systems)

AVAILABLE DISK SPACE = • Minimum: 10GB • Recommended: 40GB or greater Note:

Computers with more than 16GB of RAM will require more disk space for paging,
hibernation, and dump files

DRIVE = • DVD-ROM drive

DISPLAY AND PERIPHERALS = • Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor •

Keyboard • Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

Step-by-step Procedure to Install Windows Server 2008

1. Insert the appropriate Windows Server 2008 installation media into your DVD drive. If
you don't have an installation DVD for Windows Server 2008, you can download one for free
from Microsoft's Windows 2008 Server Trial website.
2. Reboot the computer.
3. When prompted for an installation language and other regional options, make your
selection and press Next.
4. Next, press Install Now to begin the installation process.
5. Product activation is now also identical with that found in Windows Vista. Enter your
Product ID in the next window, and if you want to automatically activate Windows the
moment the installation finishes, click Next. If you do not have the Product ID available right
now, you can leave the box empty, and click Next. You will need to provide the Product ID
later, after the server installation is over. Press No.
6. Because you did not provide the correct ID, the installation process cannot determine
what kind of Windows Server 2008 license you own, and therefore you will be prompted to
select your correct version in the next screen.
7. If you did provide the right Product ID, select the Full version of the right Windows
version you're prompted, and click Next.
8. Read and accept the license terms by clicking to select the checkbox and pressing Next.
9. In the "Which type of installation do you want?" window, click the only available option
- Custom (Advanced).
10. In the "Where do you want to install Windows?", if you're installing the server on a
regular IDE hard disk, click to select the first disk, usually Disk 0, and click Next.
11. The installation now begins.

End of Support for Windows Server 2008

This means that as of January 14, 2020 there is no more additional:
• free security updates on-premises
• non-security updates
• free support options
• online technical content update

INTERNET PROTOCOL

PROTOCOL
• It is a set of rules
• Specifications define the format of the message to be exchanged
• Require messages to arrive within a certain amount of time so that computers do not wait
indefinitely for messages that may have been lost
• Initiate alternative actions if the network does not meet the timing rules
• Used to browse the web, send and receive e-mail and transfer data files

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PROTOCOLS

• Identifying errors
•Compressing the data
•Deciding how the data should be sent
•Addressing the data
•Deciding how to announce sent and received data
Transmission Control Protocol /Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
•Suite of protocols has become the dominant standard for internetworking.
•lt represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of information are
exchanged between computers over one or more networks.

Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)

• It is the protocol suite originally employed by Novell corporation's network operating
system, Netware.
• It delivers functions similar to those included in TCP/IP.
• Novell in its current releases supports the TCP/IP suite.
• A large installed base of Netware networks continues to use IPX/SPX.

Netbios Extended User Interface (NETBEUI)

• It is a protocol used primarily on small windows NT networks.
• It cannot be routed or used by routers to talk to each other on a large network.
• It is suitable for small peer-to-peer networks, involving a few computers directly connected
to each other.
• It can be used in conjunction with another routable protocol such as TCP/IP.
• This gives the network administrator the advantages of the high performance of NetBEUl
within the local network and the ability to communicate beyond the
LAN over TCP/IP.

Apple Talk
• Is a protocol suite used to network Macintosh computers.
• It is composed of a comprehensive set of protocols that span the seven layers of the open
systems interconnection (OSI)
reference model.
• The apple talk protocol was designed to run over local talk, which is the apple LAN physical
topology.
• This protocol is also designed to run over major LAN types, notably Ethernet and token
ring.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
•Governs how files such as text, graphics, sound, and video are exchanged on the World
Wide Web (www).
•The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
developed the standards for HTTP.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

•lt provides services for file transfer and manipulation.
•lt allows multiple simultaneous connections to remote file systems.

Secure Shell (SSH)

•lt is used to securely connect to a remote computer.

Telnet
•lt is an application used to connect to a remote computer that lacks security features.

Post Office Protocol (POP3)

•lt is used to download e-mail from a remote mail server.

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

•lt is also used to download e-mail from a remote mail server.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

•lt is used to send e-mail to a remote e-mail server.

IP ADRESS
SUBNET MASK
It indicates the network portion of an
IP address. Like the IP address, the subnet mask is a dotted-decimal number. Usually, all
hosts within a LAN use the same subnet mask.
Different Types of Servers Used in Client
Server Based Networks

File Server
It is used to store the user documents and files centrally. An ideal file server should have a
large amount of memory and storage space, fast hard-disks, multiple processors, fast
network adapters, redundant power supplies etc.

Print Server
It redirects print jobs from client computers to specific printers.

Mail Server
It used to transmit emails using email protocols. Most widely used email transmission
protocol is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Mail Servers exchange emails between
different domains.

Application Server
Common computer applications or programs which are required by different network users
can be run in a central server, which enables multiple network users to access common
network applications from the network.

Database Server
It allows authorized network clients to create,
view, modify and/or delete an organization's data, stored in a common database.

Directory Servers
It allows the central administration and management of network users and network
resources.

Proxy Servers
A proxy server is a computer that offers a computer network service to allow clients to make
indirect network connections to other network services.

Different Types of Services

Network Services
are the services of management of networks by IT service providers for their clients.

Web Services
the standardised way of integrating Web-based applications using the
XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone.

Database Services
are cloud computing service models that provide users with some form of access to a
database without the need for setting up physical hardware, installing software or configuring
for performance.
IPCONFIG
•It is a command used to find out the IP address of a certain network you are connected to.

HOW TO USE THE IPCONFIG COMMAND?

1. Click on the start button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the search box.
2. A black screen will appear as shown in the figure below.
3. Type ipconfig and press enter. The figure below shows the IP configuration window
using the ipconfig command. The information from this window will be useful because it
shows the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway of a network you are connected to.

Assigning A Static IP Address

• In a home network with several computers and devices, it is ideal to assign each of them a
specific address.
• This is for the purpose of avoiding problems when you do troubleshooting which requires
figuring out the IP address of each of them.
ult is also a means to prevent address conflicts between the devices.
• You can also manage them with ease if you have assigned their own addresses.

Here are the procedures in assigning an IP address on a windows based

computer system:

1. Open the control panel's network connections icon.

2. Open the icon representing your computer's network connection.
3. Click the properties button in the status dialog box.
4. From the list of items, choose the internet protocol (TCP/IP).
5. Click the properties button. The internet protocol (TCP/IP)
properties dialog box appears.
6. Type the IP address for your computer. Enter the appropriate IP address in the IP
address section.
7. Type a subnet mask. The value used on a local network is commonly [Link], but
it can be different, such as [Link].
8. Type the default gateway address. The default gateway is the router, so type the router's
address.
9. Type the address for the preferred DNS server. The address should be obtained from
your internet service protocol. It is used to help your computer find web pages and other
addresses on the internet.
10. Type the address for the alternate DNS server. The alternate domain name system
(DNS) server's IP address is something that your ISP provides.
11. Click OK to confirm the settings.
12. Close all other open dialog boxes and windows.

Assigning A Dynamic IP Address

•lf more than a few computers comprise the LAN, manually configuring IP addresses for
every host on the network can be time-consuming and prone to errors.
•in this case, using a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server would automatically
assign IP addresses and greatly simplify the addressing.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)

• It is a software utility used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices.

• This dynamic process eliminates the need to manually assign IP addresses.
• A DHCP server can be set up and the hosts can be configured to automatically obtain an
IP address.
• When a computer is set to obtain an IP address automatically, the other entire IP
addressing configuration boxes are dimmed or disabled.
• The server maintains a list of IP addresses to assign, and it manages the process so that
every device on the network receives a unique IP address.
• Each address is held for a predetermined amount of time.
• When the time expires, the DHCP server can use this address for any computer that joins
the network.

These Are The IP Address Information That A DHCP Server Can Assign To Hosts:
•IP Address
•Subnet Mask
•Default Gateway
•Optional Values, Such As A Domain Name System (DNS) Server Address
•The DHCP server receives a request from a host.
•The server then selects IP address information from a set of predefined addresses that are
stored in a database.
•After the IP address information is selected, the DHCP server offers these values to the
requesting host on the network.
• If the host accepts the offer, the DHCP server leases the IP address for a specific period of
time.
•Using a DHCP server simplifies the administration of a network because the software keeps
track of IP addresses.
• Automatically configuring TCP/IP also reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or
invalid IP addresses.
• Before a computer on the network can take advantage of the
DHCP server services, the computer must be able to identify the server on the local network.
• You can configure A computer to accept an IP address from A DHCP server by clicking the
obtain an IP address automatically option in the NIC configuration window
•If your computer cannot communicate with the DHCP server to obtain an IP address, the
windows operating system automatically assigns a private IP address.
• If your computer is assigned an IP address in the range of [Link] to [Link],
it can communicate with only other computers in the same range.
• An example of when these private addresses would be useful is in a classroom lab where
you want to prevent access outside to your network.
• This operating system feature is called automatic private IP addressing (APIPA). APIPA
continually requests an IP address from a DHCP server for your computer.

Network (net work /'net wark/)

•(noun) It is an arrangement of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines. It is a group or
system of interconnected people or things.
•(verb) It interacts with others to exchange information and develop professional or social
contacts.

ca•ble /'kabal/
•Noun - a thick rope of wire or nonmeta fiber, typically used for construction, mooring ships,
and towing vehicles.
"steel cables held the convoy together"
•an insulated wire or wires having a protective casing and used for transmitting electricity or
telecommunication signals. "an underground cable"

Network Cable
•It is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to
another.
•The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and
size
Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP) cable
• The least expensive and most popular network media.
• The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
• This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style

Shielded Twisted Pair

(STP) Cable
• Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and
electrical frequency interference.
• If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or if you must
place cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical
current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help
to extend the maximum distance of the cables

Different configurations of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable

1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires
Gas herroud shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires
(referred to as double shield twisted pair.

Coaxial cable
• It has a single copper conductor at its center.
• A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal
shield.
•The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers.
This cable is commonly used by television industries.
Fiber Optic Cable
• It consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
• It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical
interference.
• This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical
interference.

Wireless LANs
• It is use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations, servers, or hubs.
•Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of
transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data.
•Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers, portable devices, or remote
computers to connect to the LAN.

Uses of Straight-Thru Cable

1. To Connect PC to Switch, Switch to Router, and Router to PC. ( TO CONNECT X <=> Y )

Uses of Crossover Cable

1. To Connect PC to PC, Switch to switch, and Router to router. ( TO CONNECT X <=> X )
Assigning a static IP Address
In a home network with several computers and devices, it is ideal to assign each of them a
specific address. This is for the purpose of avoiding problems when you do troubleshooting
which requires figuring out the IP address of each of them. It is also a means to prevent
address conflicts between the devices. You can also manage them with ease if you have
assigned their own addresses.

Here are the procedures in assigning an IP Address on a windows based computer

system:

1. Open the Control Panel's Network Connections icon.

2. Open the icon representing your computer's network connection.
3. Click the Properties button in the Status dialog box.
4. From the list of items, choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
5. Click the Properties button. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box
appears.
6. Type the IP address for your computer. Enter the appropriate IP Address in the IP
address section.
7. Type a subnet mask. The value used on a local network is commonly [Link], but
it can be different, such as [Link].
8. Type the default gateway address.
The default gateway is the router, so type the router's address. Figure 54 shows an example
of assigning an IP Address, Subnet mask and default gateway.
9. Type the address for the preferred DNS server. The address should be obtained from
your Internet Service Protocol. It is used to help your computer find web pages and other
addresses on the internet.
10. Type the address for the alternate DNS server. The alternate Domain Name System
(DNS) server's IP address is something that your ISP provides.
11. Click OK to confirm the settings.
12. Close all other open dialog boxes and windows

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

is a software utility used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices. This
dynamic process eliminates the need to manually assign IP addresses.
A DHCP server can be set up and the hosts can be configured to automatically obtain an IP
address. When a computer is set to obtain an IP address automatically, the other entire IP
addressing configuration boxes are dimmed or disabled. The server maintains a list of IP.
addresses to assign, and it manages the process so that every device on the network
receives a unique IP address.
Each address is held for a predetermined amount of time. When the time pires, the DHCP
server can use this address for any computer that joins the network.

These are the IP address information that a DHCP server can assign to hosts:
• IP address
•Subnet mask
•Default gateway
•Optional values, such as a Domain Name System (DNS) server address
•Server
•Active Directory
•Domain Controller
•Domain
•Domain Name Service
•Server Hardware
•Server Software
•Client
•Network Services
•Remote Access
•Domain Controller
•Web Services
•Data Services
•Proxy Server
•Proxy

SETTING UP COMPUTER SERVERS

What does Network Operating System (NOS) mean?

A network operating system is an operating system designed for the sole purpose of
supporting workstations, database sharing, application sharing and file and printer access
sharing among multiple computers in a network. Certain standalone operating systems, such
as Microsoft Windows NT and Digital's OpenVMS, come with multipurpose capabilities and
can also act as network operating systems. Some of the most well-known network operating
systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Linux
and Mac OS X.

Features of Network Operating Systems

A network operating system is a software application that provides a platform for both the
functionality of an individual computer and for multiple computers within an interconnected
network. Basically, a network operating system controls other software and computer
hardware to run applications, share resources, protect data and establish communication.
Individual computers run client operating systems, while network systems create the
software infrastructure for wireless, local and wide area networks to function.

Basic Operating Features

Network operating systems support the basic underlying operating features of networks.
These include support for processors and the various protocols that allow computers to
share data. Many network operating systems can detect hardware within the system to allow
for asset discovery within the network. Also, network operating systems support the
processing of other software applications that run on both individual computers and within
the network.
A network operating system (NOS) provides services to clients over a network. Both the
client/server and peer-to-peer networking models use network operating systems, and as
such, NOSes must be able to handle typical network duties such as the following:

• Providing access to remote printers, managing which users are using which printers when,
managing how print jobs are queued, and recognizing when devices aren't available to the
network
• Enabling and managing access to files on remote systems, and determining who can
access what-and who can't
• Granting access to remote applications and resources, such as the Internet, and making
those resources seem like local resources to the user (the network is ideally transparent to
the user)
• Providing routing services, including support for major networking protocols, so that the
operating system knows what data to send where
• Monitoring the system and security, so as to provide proper security against viruses,
hackers, and data corruption.
• Providing basic network administration utilities (such as SNMP, or Simple Network
Management Protocol, enabling an administrator to perform tasks involving managing
network resources and users.

Peer to Peer Networks

A peer to peer network has no dedicated servers. In a peer to peer network, a number of
workstations (or clients) are connected together for sharing devices, information or data. All
the workstations (clients) are considered equal. Any one computer can act as client or server
at any instance. This network is ideal for small networks where there is no need for
dedicated servers, like home networks, small business networks, or retail shops.
The Microsoft term for peer to peer network is "Workgroup".

There is no limitation for the number of computers in a peer to peer network. But peer to
peer implementations are meant for small networks. Typically, a Workgroup contains less
than 10 workstations.

Commonly used Workstation Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows 10 Desktop, Red
Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, Ubuntu Desktop,
LinuxMint, Fedora Workstation, elementary OS etc.
Client Server Networks
Peer to peer computer networks are good choices for small business organizations.
For example: a small pharmacy outlet, an automobile service center, a small clinic etc.

The main disadvantages of peer to peer networks are listed below.

• Everything is kept distributed in different computers.

User generated files are stored in individual computers. Data backup is extremely difficult.
• Each computer has its own user database. There is no centralized user & user privilege
management. Users need to remember their user ids and passwords in every computer.
Managing network users is extremely difficult.
•As the organization's network grows, they must gradually upgrade their peer- to-peer
network to client server-based network.
•A client server computer network model is made-up of client computers and server
computers.

Now we need to understand the terms "client computer" and "server computer".

What is a client computer? A computer which is seeking any resource from another
computer is a client computer. You can think of a client as a computer in your network,
where a network user is performing some network activity. For Example: Downloading a file
from a File Server, Browsing Intranet/Internet etc. The network user normally uses a client
computer to perform his day to day work.

What is a server computer? If a computer has a resource which is served to another

computer, it is a server computer. The client establishes a connection to a server and
accesses the services installed on the server. A server is not meant for a network user to
browse the internet or to do spreadsheet data entry work. A server computer is installed with
appropriate Operating System and related software to serve the network clients with one or
more services.

In a client server network, high-end servers, installed with the Network Operating System
(Server Operating System) and the related software, serve the clients continuously on a
network, by providing them with specific services upon request. A server computer is built
and installed to run continuously 24/7 without a break. An unexpected shutdown of a server
computer can cause catastrophic damage to a business.

Well known server Operating System Products are Microsoft Windows Server 2019,Unix
(OracleSolaris, IBMAIX, HP UX, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Xinuos Open Server/SCO
Unix, GNU/Linux (RedHat Enterprise Linux, Debian Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server,
Ubuntu Server, CentOS Server, Fedora Server etc.

Building a client server-based network is costlier than building a peer-to-peer network.

Client server-based networks require dedicated servers. Server hardware is costlier than
normal desktop client computer hardware. Network Operating Systems (Server Operating
System) are also costlier than client Operating Systems (Desktop Operating Systems).
Different Types of Servers Used in Client Server Based Networks
Listed below are the different types of servers used in client server-based networks.

• File Server: File servers are used to store the user documents and files centrally. An ideal
file server should have a large amount of memory and storage space, fast hard-disks,
multiple processors, fast network adapters, redundant power supplies etc.

A File server runs FTP (File Transfer Protocol) in Windows, Linux or Unix Networks, or
SMBP (Server Message Block Protocol) in Windows Networks. Well known FTP software
products are Micrsoft IIS, FileZilla Server, vstpd, Apache FTP Server etc.

The main advantage of keeping network user files and electronic documents centrally in a
file server is that the network user files and documents can be managed (backed up) easily.
Think about managing network user files and electronic documents kept distributed inside
user workstations in a network consisting of thousands of computers! Nearly impossible.

• Print Server: Print Server, which redirects print jobs from client computers to specific
printers.

• Mail Server: Mail Servers are used to transmit emails using email protocols. Most widely
used email transmission protocol is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Mail Servers
exchange emails between different domains.
Most widely used Mail Server software products are Microsoft Exchange Server,
SENDMAIL (now proofpoint), Postfix, Apache James etc.
• Application Server: Common computer applications or programs which are required by
different network users can be run in a central server, which enables multiple network users
to access common network applications from the network. Typically, Application Servers run
business logic. Means that every business is different and the Application Server is the
Server Software which controls the business process.
Some examples for Application Server Software are SAP ERP, Microsoft Dynamics,
Oracle ERP Cloud, Ramco ERP, infor ERP etc.

• Database Server: Database Server allows authorized network clients to create, view,
modify and/or delete an organization's data, stored in a
common database.

Examples of Database Management Systems are Oracle Database Products,

Microsoft
SQL Server 2019, PostgreSQL, IBM DB2 Database Server, MySQL
Database Server, Informix, MongoDB, MariaDB Server etc.

• Directory Servers: Directory Servers allows the central administration and management of
network users and network resources. Directory Servers provide the basic functions of
network security, Authentication, Authorization and Accounting.

How to Set Up Peer to Peer Using Windows 2008 R2 and Window 7:

• Configure IP Address (Static IP Configuration - Windows 7)

Step 1
Click the Start menu. Next, click on the Control Panel option.
Step 2
Click on the Network and Sharing Center option.
Step 3
Click on Change adapter settings from the left side menu.
Step 4
Right-click on the Local Area Connection icon, then select Properties.
Step 5
In the window that opens, click on the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) (you may need
to scroll down to find it). Next, click on the Properties button.
Step 6
In the window that opens, click the Use the following IP address: radio button. In the IP
address: Subnet mask: and Default gateway: number fields, insert the numbers that were
assigned to you by OIT.
Step 7
Next, in the Preferred DNS server., and Alternate DNS server. number fields, input the
numbers that were assigned by OIT. Then click the OK button.
Static IP in Windows Server 2008

1. Go to 'Control Panel'
Click 'Start -> Control Panel'
2. Go to "Network and Internet"
Click "View network status and tasks"
3. Go to 'Setting Adapter'
Click 'Change Adapter settings'
4. Go to Adapter Properties settings
Right click on 'Local Area Connection' and click on 'Properties'
5. Go to TCP/IP settings
Click on 'Internet Protocol Verion 4 (TCP/IPv4)' to highlight and select this item and then
click on 'Properties'
6. Enter correct IP information and click 'OK'

DCPromo (Domain Controller Promoter) is a tool in Active Directory that installs and
removes Active Directory Domain Services and promotes domain controllers.
Beginning in Windows Server 2008, Active Directory Domain Services role had to be
installed prior to running DCPromo, but it still needed to run to make the server a DC.

Below are the steps:

1. Log into your Windows Server and start the Server manager
2. Navigate to the Server Roles tab and press on the "Add Roles" button.
3. The Add Roles Wizard is going to open up, click Next.
4. The Wizard will display a list of Roles. Choose the Active Directory Domain Services
Role.
5. The Active Directory Domain Services Role requires adding features to the server. Click
on "Add required features" on the appearing screen and then click on next.
6. On the following screen click on Install and wait for the installation to finish. When the
installation finishes click on Close.
7. At this point the Active Directory Domain Services are not configured yet.
8. If we click on the Active Directory Domain Services button we get to the following
screen. Our next step will be configuring Active Directory Domain Services using
[Link].
9. We are about to start the Active Directory Domain Services installation Wizard.
10. Navigate to the following screen. Choose the "Create a new domain in a new forest
option" and click on the next button.
11. Type in your Domain name.
12. Choose the oldest operating system in your network. This option exists for
backwards compatibility of different features.
13. If your Domain Controller is a stand-alone server you don't have to choose the
DNS server option. If otherwise, it's recommended to leave it checked.
14. Specify the folders that will contain the Active Directory controller database, log files.
And SYSVOL and click on Next.
15. Choose a password for the Restore mode Administrator account. (This is not the
Domain Administrator account, this is an additional account used for recovery)
16. When the wizard finishes configuring the settings, reboot your server.
17. After rebooting when you first log on the server is not going to accept your machine
Administrator account.
18. In order to solve this issue you need to choose the "Switch User" button and login with
your Domain Administrator account which is basically the same user account and
password but now it belongs to a domain the domain name is needed. For example:
PPSP2010 Administrator.