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Probability Distribution Tutorial

Gifsuj

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35 views2 pages

Probability Distribution Tutorial

Gifsuj

Uploaded by

kaartikesh222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Tutorial No.

-9 & 10
Probability Distribution

1) A discrete random variable has the following probability distribution,


x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k

(i) Find the value of k, (ii) Find P(x > 3), (iii) Find P (1 ≤ x < 4)

2) Following is the probability density function of a random variable x.


kx; 0  x  2,
2k ; 2  x  3,

f ( x)  
5k  kx; 3  x  4,
0; otherwise
(i) Find the value of k , (ii) Find P(1≤ x ≤ 3).

3) The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 16 and 8 respectively,


Find the probability of (i) exactly 1 successes (ii) less than 2 successes (iii) at
least 2 successes.

4) If the probability of producing a defective screw is p = 0.01, what is the


probability that a lot of 100 screws will contain more than 2 defectives?
{Ans: 0.0803}

5) If X is a Poisson variate such that P(x=2) = 9P(x=4) + 90P(x=6). Find mean


of distribution and the probability for at most 2 successes.

6) The probability that on, joining engineering college, a student will


successfully complete the course of studies is 3/5. Determine the probability
that out of 5 students joining the college (i) none, (ii) all 5 and (iii) at least two
will complete the course successfully.

7) Assume that the chance of a traffic accident on a day in a street is 0.001. On


how many days out of a total of 1000 days selected can we expect (i) no
accident (ii) more than 3 accidents, if there are 500 such streets.

8) It is known that on an average 0.3 of the results obtained on a computer are


not reliable. Assuming that Poisson distribution is followed find the probability
that from total of 1000 results
i) exactly two are not reliable, ii) at the most 3 results are not reliable.
9) The distribution of typing mistakes committed by a typist is given below.
Assuming a poisson model, find out the expected frequencies.

Mistakes per page (x) 0 1 2 3 4 5


No. of pages (f) 142 156 69 27 5 1

10) The size of hats is normally distributed with mean 18.5 cms and standard
deviation of 2.5 cms. How many hats in total of 2000 will have sizes between
(i) 18 cms and 20 cms (ii) above 20 cms.
(Given : For S.N.V. z area between z = 0 to z = 0.6 is 0.2257 and z = 0 to z =
0.2 is 0.0793)

11) A manufacturer of envelopes knows that the weight of the envelope is


normally distributed with mean 1.9 gm and variance 0.1 gm. Find how many
envelopes weighing (i) 2 gm or more, (ii) 2.1 gm or more, can be expected in a
given packet of 1000 envelopes.
[Given: If z is the standardized normal variable, then
A(0  z  1)  0 .3413 and A( 0  z  2 )  0 .4772 ].

12) The customer accounts of a certain departmental store have an average


balance of Rs. 120 and standard deviation of Rs. 40. Assuming the distribution
of accounts balance is normal find the proportion of accounts (i) between Rs.
100 & Rs.150, (ii) below Rs.60
(Given: For S.N.V.z area between z=0 to z=0.75 is 0.2734, area between z=0 to
z=0.5 is 0.1916, area between z=0 to z=1.5 is 0.4332).8)

13) In following problems, the given An aptitude test for selecting engineers in
an industry is conducted on 100 candidates. The average score is 42 and S. D. is
24. Assuming normal distribution for the scores find the number of candidates
whose score is i) more than 60, ii) lies between 30 and 60.
(Area under S. N. V z = 0 to z = 0.75 is 0.2735 and z = 0 to z = 0.5 is 0.1915)

Common questions

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We first find the mean (λ) using the relation P(x=2) = 9P(x=4) + 90P(x=6) and the Poisson probability mass function P(x) = (e^(-λ) * λ^x) / x!. Solving these equations gives λ. With the mean λ, we calculate P(x ≤ 2) by summing up P(x=0), P(x=1), and P(x=2) using the Poisson formula .

For scores above 60 in a test with a mean of 42 and standard deviation of 24, convert 60 to a Z-score using z = (X - μ) / σ, which translates it into the standard normal distribution. Find the complement of the cumulative probability up to this Z-score to get P(X > 60). Multiply by the total number of candidates to estimate the count, using the standard normal table for probability values .

In a binomial distribution, mean (μ) is calculated as n * p and variance (σ²) as n * p * (1-p), where n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success. Given μ = 16 and σ² = 8, this implies n * p = 16 and n * p * (1-p) = 8. Solving these equations reveals the specific values of n and p, verifying the internal consistency of a binomial model .

To calculate P(x > 3), sum the probabilities of outcomes where x > 3: P(x=4), P(x=5), P(x=6). Using the given probability distribution function, compute each probability as multiples of k with the value of k known, and sum these values .

To find the probability that at least two out of five students complete their course with success probability 3/5, calculate the complement, i.e., P(0 or 1 complete), using the binomial probability formula P(X=k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1-p)^(n-k). Subtract the result from 1 to get P(X≥2).

This is modeled using the binomial probability P(X > 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 2), where X ~ Binomial(n=100, p=0.01). Calculate P(X≤2) by summing P(X=0), P(X=1), and P(X=2) using the binomial formula and subtract from 1. The answer is P(X > 2) = 0.0803 .

To find P(1≤ x ≤ 3), we integrate the probability density function over the range from x=1 to x=3. Using f(x) defined in the piecewise manner within these bounds, the integral gives the probability for the range, with k determined from the condition that the integral over the whole range equals one .

Given an average rate of 0.3 unreliable results, and using Poisson distribution parameters, λ = 0.3*1000, compute the probability of exactly two and at most three unreliable results using P(x=k) = (e^(-λ) * λ^k) / k!. This method allows estimation of occurrences using the Poisson model for rare events .

Using the standard normal variable (Z) transformation, we determine Z-scores for the boundaries. For a distribution with mean 18.5 cm and standard deviation of 2.5 cm, to find hats between 18 cm and 20 cm, we calculate their Z-scores and use the standard normal table to find the area (proportion). Multiply this proportion by 2000 for the total number of hats. This method is similarly applied for different size ranges .

To find the value of k, we use the property that the sum of all probabilities in a discrete probability distribution is equal to 1. For the given distribution: k + 3k + 5k + 7k + 9k + 11k + 13k = 49k. Setting 49k = 1, we solve for k and find k = 1/49 .

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