GMOS
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS:
definition, process of creating one, use.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
describe what Genetically Modified Organisms
1
(GMOs) are;
2 elaborate the process of creating GMOs; and
3 value the importance of GMOs in our society.
WHAT ARE GENETICALLY
MODIFIED ORGANISMS?
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMOS)
A genetically modified organism (GMO) are
organisms that had its genetic makeup changed in
a way that does not happen normally or naturally
recombination. Genetic engineering methods are
used to accomplish this transformation in an
attempt to alter its characteristics.
National Human Genome Research Institute (2024), Genetically Modified Organism
PROCESS OF CREATING GMOS
Below are the five major processes of creating Genetically Modified Organism
1 2 2 4 5
IDENTIFICATION REGULATORY
GROWTH AND
OF A TRAIT OF GENE ISOLATION GENE INSETION APPROVAL AND
DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIALIZATION
INTEREST
IDENTIFICATION OF A TRAIT OF INTEREST
IDENTIFYING THE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS
Researchers identify a certain quality that
they hope to improve or add to an organism.
LOOKING FOR THE GENE SOURCE
Finding a creature that has this characteristic
by nature; its genetic material has the gene
that causes the desired phenotype
GENE ISOLATION
GENE EXTRACTION: scientists
identify the precise gene in an
identified organism that codes
for a desired characteristic.
CLONING: To make several
copies for further modification
and insertion.
GENE INSERTION
The isolated genes are transferred to the intended
organism through a vector, usually a plasmid or virus.
GENETIC ENGINEERING METHODS:
a. ELECTROPORTATION: uses electrical pulses to
create temporary pores in the cell membrane.
b. BIOLISTICS: uses a high-velocity particle gun to
deliver DNA-coated particles into plant cells.
c. AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION:
uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens to
transfer DNA into plant cells.
GENE INSERTION
LABORATORY CONDITIONS: GMOs are cultured in a
controlled laboratory environment.
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT: These are carried out to
determine whether the genetic modification was
successful and GMO satisfies the intended requirements.
REGULATORY APPROVAL & COMMERCIALIZATION
FIELD TRIALS AND BIOSAFETY
ASSESSMENTS: After doing well in a lab
environment, it moves on to field trials
and possible threats to the environment
and human health are also carried out.
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY: accounting
variables like manufacturing expenses,
consumer demand, and possible profits.
REGULATORY PERMISSION: Regulatory
permission from government bodies are
still needed even if it passes all required
testing and evaluations.
USES OF GENETICALLY
MODIFIED ORGANISMS?
BT COTTON
a pest resistant cotton inserted
with the Bacillus thuringiensis
which causes the plant cells to
produce Bt toxin, an insecticidal
protein effective against
budworms and bollworms.
Approved for commercialization
in the United States in 1995.
Authorized for propagation in the
Philippines last August 24, 2023.
GOLDEN It is named for its color which is
RICE
caused by beta carotene, a
provitamin A which is also a
plant pigment.
created using the Agrobacterium-
mediated transformation by inserting Unlike the ordinary rice, golden
these genes on ordinary rice:
rice has the ability to synthesize
phytoene desaturase
bacterium beta carotene on its endosperm.
phytoene desaturase This innovation is expected to
daffodil gene
help address Vitamin A
lycopene beta-cyclase
daffodil gene deficiency.
GOLDEN
RICE
created using the Agrobacterium-
mediated transformation by inserting
these genes on ordinary rice:
phytoene desaturase
bacterium
phytoene desaturase
daffodil gene
lycopene beta-cyclase
daffodil gene
GM MOSUITOS
a transgenic mosquito created
using the technique called
embryonic microinjection.
produces SM1 protein preventing
the entry of plasmodium; a
malarial bacterium on a
mosquito’s stomach.
inserted with a self-limiting gene
which prevent its offspring from
surviving to adulthood.
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
(xenos, Greek word for “foreign”)
also known as “heterologous transplant”
process of using living cells, tissues, or organs from
nonhuman source for human transplantation.
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
it was once considered as a hope
to address organ shortage issues but
was reported to record high recipient rejection rate.
TWO POINTS TO PONDER...
Using pigs instead of primates for they have less rights
and are likely to feel less pain.
It is unethical to inflict pain to sentient nonhuman beings.
GLOFISH
a glowing fish is a product of
genetic engineering wherein a
GFP (green fluorescent protein)
from a jellyfish is inserted which
causes the fish to display
bioluminescent properties.
Initially, its objective is for it to be
used in environmental research.
Now, it is being used for
ornamental fish pet trade.
Zebra Fish Tiger Barbs Fish
Danio rerio Puntius tetrazona
Tetra Fish
Gymnocorymbus ternetzi
Rainbow Shark Betta Fish
Epalzeorhynchos frenatum Betta splendens
GMOS
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS:
definition, process of creating one, use.
HERE IS THE LINK FOR THE QUIZ:
[Link]