Module 1: Introduction – Key Concepts School Rules & Regulations:

- enhances self-discipline, responsibility,

Ethics
and an understanding of the
- Derived from Greek word ethikos
consequences of one's actions.
which means “relating to one another”
- leads to academic success, a sense of
- Ethikos is itself derived from another
belonging, and improved social-
Greek word ethos means “character,
emotional well-being.
disposition”
- provide structure and guidance for
Rules student behavior, contributing to a safe
- According to Cambridge Dictionary, it and productive learning environment.
is an accepted principle or instruction - fosters social-emotional development,
that states the way things are or teaching students important skills such
should be done, and tells you what you as cooperation, respect, and empathy.
are allowed or are not allowed to do.
Module 2: Moral And Non-Moral
- A principle or regulation governing
Standards
conduct, action, procedure,
arrangement, etc. Moral Standard
- The norms about the kinds of actions
The Importance of Following Various
believed to be normally right and
Rules in
wrong.
Home: - Values place on the kinds of objects
- help to build stronger family believed to be good and bad.
relationships. - Moral Standards comes from: Family-
- help to encourage positive behavior. Friends-School-T.V.-Music.
- create an environment where both
Characteristics of Moral Standard
adults and children act a way that is
not hurtful or disrespectful to one - Involved with serious injuries or
another. benefits.
- help you learn a sense of what is and - Not established by the law or
is not acceptable when sharing a legislative.
space with others - Based on impartial consideration.
- help you develop respect and have - Associated with special emotions and
regard for other people. a special vocabulary.

Community: Non-Moral Standards

- Maintaining order and safety Moral standards contrasted with standards
- Promoting fairness and equality we hold about things that are not moral.
- Fostering a sense of responsibility Example of non-moral standards include:
and accountability
- Standards of etiquette
- Preserving the community's values
- Standards we call the law
and culture
- Standards of aesthetics
- Set up and maintain positive and
- The athletic standards
productive interactions
- Help moderators make decisions
Characteristics of Non-Moral Standards difficult choice and each option was
- Welfare of non-beings equally unpleasant.
- Relies on Authority-Law
Moral Dilemma
- Religion, Tradition
- a situation in which a person is torn
- Self interest
between right and wrong and looks at
Module 3: What are Dilemmas the very core of a person's moral
principles, values, and personal
Dilemma philosophy.
- is a choice between two or more
alternatives, in which the outcomes are Module 4: Moral Dilemmas and it’s Three
equally undesirable, or equally Level
favorable. It does not typically involve 3 Levels of Moral Dilemmas
a moral or ethical crisis, but the person
or character’s everyday life may 1. Individual Dilemma
change as a result of their decision. - refers to a situation where a person
faces a conflict between their
Examples: personal beliefs, values, or interests
- Deciding between colleges to attend and the choices they have to make. It
- Uncertainty about which job offer to is usually centered around one's own
take moral or ethical principles, needs,
- Wondering whether or not to make the and desires, without necessarily
move to a new city involving external societal rules or
professional guidelines.
Ethical Dilemma 2. Organization Dilemma
- occurs when a person must choose - it refer to situations where an
between conflicting moral principles, organization faces a difficult choice
with no option being completely right. It between two or more options, each
requires weighing competing values to with its own set of advantages and
determine the best course of action, disadvantages. These dilemmas can
even though any decision will violate arise in various contexts, such as
some ethical guideline. decision-making, resource allocation,
Example: and conflict resolution.
3. Structural Dilemma
- Truth vs. Loyalty - A structural moral dilemma occurs
- Individual vs. Group when a person or group of people in
- Immediate vs. Future high positions in society are faced
with a morally challenging
Differentiate Between Dilemma and
circumstance that has an impact on
Moral Dilemma
the entire social system
Dilemma
- a situation that challenges an
agreeable solution when you were in
difficult situations and had to make a
Module 5: Freedom: Responsibility for 2 Type of Culture
One’s Act and to Others
Materials Culture
Freedom - Physical things produced by society
- Freedom refers to the idea that
Non-Materials Culture
individuals have the ability to make
- Intangible things produced by a
choices and decisions based on their
society.
own free will.
What is the role of culture in moral
Responsibility
behavior?
- refers to the idea that individuals are
- culture molds and establish a social
accountable for their actions and the
identity that brings people to provide
consequences that follow.
the knowledge of common objectives
Module 6: Minimum Requirements of which members would try to achieve.
Morality
Module 8: Cultural Relativism
Moral philosophy is an attempt to
- Cultural relativism is the view that
achieve a systematic understanding of the
ethical and social standards reflect
nature of morality and what it requires of us,
the cultural context from which they
"How we ought to live, and why." In
are derived.
answering such questions, morality requires
two basic things, namely, reason and Why is cultural relativism is not tenable
impartiality. in ethics?
- Cultural Relativism is not tenable in
Module 7: Moral Agent: Culture and
ethics because cultural relativism
Moral Behavior
denies the meaning/ principle of
- The word ‘moral’ adj. comes from the ethics.
Latin word ‘mores’ meaning habits.
Strength and Weaknesses of Cultural
- The word ‘agent’ n. comes from the
Relativism
Latin word ‘agens’ meaning ‘to do’,
‘drive’. Strengths
moral + agent = moral agent - Promotes Understanding
- is a person who has the ability to - Preserves cultural identity
discern right from wrong and to be - Ethical neutrality
held accountable for his or her own - Contextualize behavior
actions.
Weaknesses
Culture - moral absolutism issues
- The word ‘culture’ comes from the - inability to critique
Latin word ‘cultura’ stemming from - cultural determinism
‘colere’ meaning ‘to cultivate’. - relativism’s paradox
- a system of shared beliefs, values,
behaviors, and practices Culture’s Role in Moral Behavior
- A culture is a way of life of a group of
people, and this so-called way of life
 and it includes moral values and ▪ Peace
behavior, along with knowledge, ▪ Justice
belief, etc. ▪ Love
▪ Truth
Moral Behavior
▪ Respect
- refers to a physical action or attitude
▪ Freedom
that aligns with the principles of a
▪ Equality
specific ethical system.
▪ Compassion
How Does Culture Affect the Morality of
People? Why Are Universal Values Necessary for
- Culture reflects the moral and ethical Human Survival?
beliefs and standards that speak to - Universal values are crucial for
how people should behave and human survival because they
interact with others. provide a framework for cooperation
and harmony within societies. They
Module 9: Universal Values serve as a common ground for
Be honest, even if others are not. individuals and groups to interact
Be honest, even if others will not. peacefully and constructively,
Even if others cannot He who talks fostering a sense of shared purpose
honestly, walks securely. and responsibility.
-Abhishek Tiwari
Universal values are essential:
Values
- Preventing Conflict
- values are basic and fundamental
- Promoting Cooperation
beliefs that guide or motivate
- Ensuring Justice and Fairness
attitudes or actions.
- Protecting Human Rights
- Creating a Sustainable Future
Form of values:

Personal Values Module 10: Qualities that define Filipino

- personal beliefs about right and moral identity
wrong and may or may not be
considered moral. Qualities of Filipino
Cultural Values
1. Familial Ties (Pamilya)
- values accepted by religions or
- Crucial Quality: Utang na loob (debt
societies and reflect what is
of gratitude) and pakikisama
important in each context.
(smooth interpersonal relationships)
The Foundation of Human Coexistence 2. Communalism (Bayanihan Spirit)
- Universal values are fundamental - Crucial Quality: Kapwa (shared
principles that are considered to be identity) and pakikipagkapwa
inherently good and applicable to all (treating others as fellow humans).
people, regardless of their culture, 3. Religious Devotion (Relihiyon)
religion, or background. - Crucial Quality: Faith-based morality.
4. Respect for Elders (Paggalang sa - Sibling and Sibling
Nakatatanda) - Friend and Friend
- Crucial Quality: Hiya (sense of
shame) and respect for authority. FILIPINO UNDERSTANDING
5. Adaptability and Resilience (Pagiging
Matatag)
MORALITY
- Crucial Quality: Resilience and Filipino culture became a foundation
adaptability in the face of adversity. of Filipino morality, influenced by
6. Sense of Justice and Compassion American and Japanese cultures as well
(Makatao at Makatarungan) as Southeast Asian traditions that are
- Crucial Quality: Desire for fairness both tribal and animist Hispanic Catholic
and empathy. traditions.
7. Honor and Dignity (Dangal)
- Crucial Quality: Personal integrity Core values of Filipino
and dignity. - PAKIKIRAMDAM
- PAKIKISAMA
THE FILIPINO WAY: ARE THER ASIAN - PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO
AND FILIPINO UNDERSTANDING OF - HIYA
MORAL BEHAVIOR - KAGANDAHANG LOOB
- UTANG NA LOOB
Asian Undestanding of Moral Behavior - LAKAS NG LOOB O BAHALA NA
- PAGKAMAASIKASO
RELIGION - PAGGALANG SA NAKATATANDA
- PAGMAMAHAL SA PAMILYA
Asian Morality often aligns with religious - NINGAS-COGON
principles: - PADRINO SYSTEM
(PALAKASAN/PATRONAGE
Confucianism SYSTEM)
- AMOR PROPIO / SELF-RESPECT
- underscores social harmony, respect
- MAÑANA HABIT
for authority, and familial loyalty. - DELICADEZA
- BAYANIHAN/TEAM SPIRIT
Budhism
- emphasize compassion, Module 11: Filipino Character: Strength
nonviolence, and karma. and Weaknesses

Taoism A Moral Recovery Program: Building a

- promotes natural harmony and People, Building a Nation
spontaneity with the Tao.
Ex-Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani
FIVE KEY RELATIONSHIP (FIVE BONDS) April 27, 1988

The teaching of Confucianism have a Strengths

hierarchical structure ( Five Bonds)
- Ruler and Subject - Pakikipagkapwa-tao
- Parent and Child - Family Oriented
- Husband and Wife - Fun and Humor
 - Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity Impact of Culture in Morality
- Hard Work and Industry
- Faith and Religiosity Guilt/Shame/Fear Culture – punishment
- Ability to Survive and forgiveness as ways of restoring moral
order.
Weaknesses
- Innocence/Guilt Culture – what is
- Extreme Family Centeredness right or wrong.
- Extreme Personalism - Honor/Shame Culture – what is
- Lack of Discipline honorable or dishonorable.
- Passivity and Lack of Initiative - Power/Fear Culture – fears unseen
- Colonial Mentality forces.
- Kanya-Kanya Syndrome (Crab
Mentality) Module 12: Defining Moments
- Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-
Reflection Defining Moments in one's life
- Emphasis on Porma rather than
- refers to a significant life-changing
Form
event or moment that reverberates
Proposed Goals throughout one's career and
- Patriotism/National Pride personal life and so changes
- Common Good everything.
- Integrity and Accountability - We form our character in defining
- Discipline and Hard Work moments because we commit to
- Self-Reflection and Analysis: irreversible courses of action that
Spirituality and Essence Before share our personal and professional
Form identities. (Badaracco, 1998).

Responses: DepED Defining Moments and the outcome of it

Vision: To help develop Filipinos who - Defining Moments the Saints (St.
passionately love their country and whose Paul)
values and competencies enable them to - A college student discovering him or
realize their full potential and contribute herself
meaningfully to building a nation. - An aspiring artist
- A single mom
Core Values: Maka-Diyos; Makatao;
Makakalikasan at; Makabansa Module 13: Stages of Moral Development

Responses: School in General Moral Development

Subjects – ESP, Introduction to Philosophy - The process through which a human

of the Human Person, Personal person gains his/her beliefs, skills
Development – were introduced in the and dispositions that make him/her a
education curriculum morally mature person.
Lawrence Kohlberg necessary to ensure positive
relationships and societal order.
- Kohlberg developed a
comprehensive stage theory Stage III: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation
explaining the stages of moral
development based on Jean Piaget’s - Behaviour is determined by social
'Theory of moral judgment for approval. The individual wants to
children' (1932). maintain or win the affection and
- He developed the Kohlberg's Stages approval of others by being a “good
of Moral Development in 1958 person.”

Kohlberg's Stage of Moral Development Stage IV: Law & Order Orientation

Level 1: Pre-conventional - Social rules and laws determine

behaviour. The individual now takes
- A person's code of morality is into consideration a larger
controlled by the standards of adults perspective, that of societal laws.
and the consequences of following
or breaking adults' rules. Authority is Level 3: Post-conventional
outside the individual and reasoning
is based on the physical - This is the level of full internalization.
consequences of actions. There is Morality is completely internalized
no internalization of moral values. and not based on external
standards. The child/individual
Stage I: Obedience & Punishment becomes aware that while rules/laws
Orientation might exist for the good of the
greatest number.
- Behaviour is determined by
consequences. The individual will Stage V: Social Contract Orientation
obey in order to avoid punishment.
- Laws are regarded as social
Stage II: Instrumental Orientation contracts rather than rigid orders.
Those that do not promote the
- Behaviour is determined again by general welfare should be changed
consequences. The individual when necessary to meet the
focuses on receiving rewards or greatest good for the greatest
satisfying personal needs. number of people.

Level 2: Conventional Stage VI: Universal Ethical Principle

Orientation
- A child's sense of morality tied to
personal and societal relationships. - Appropriate action is determined by
Children continue to accept the rules one’s self-chosen ethical principles
of authority figures, but this is now of conscience. These principles are
due to their belief that this is abstract and universal in application.
This type of reasoning involves
 taking the perspective of every - Embrace uncertainty
person or group that could - Commit to ongoing growths
potentially be affected by the
decision. Module 15: Max Scheler's
Phenomenology Of Love
Module 14: Conscience and How to
Reach the Highest Level of Conscience- Max Scheler's Phenomenology Of Love: An
based Moral-decision Making Exploration Of Value And The Heart

Conscience - Scheler's phenomenology of love

examines love's essence, its link to
- In the natural law tradition, values, and its importance in human
conscience is understood to be a life.
judgment emanating from human - Unlike traditional philosophy, Scheler
reason about choices and actions to centers on emotional life, especially
be made, or accomplished, or love, as a fundamental part of
already opted for and performed. human existence.
- He highlights love as dynamic and
The Formation of Conscience intentional, setting it apart from basic
feelings, desires, or acts of
First, conscience formation begins with the kindness.
deep-seated decision to seek moral truth. - Scheler’s analysis explores how love
relates to values and its significance
Second, a sound conscience must stand on
for moral goodness.
the firm foundation of integrity, sincerity and
forthrightness. Love And Moral Goodness: The Value Of
Personal Relationship
Third, conscience formation is sustained by
the habit of consistently educating oneself - Scheler links love to moral
by exposure to objective moral norms and goodness, especially within personal
the rationale behind those norms. relationships.
- He suggests that a person's moral
How to Reach the Highest Level of
goodness is defined by their ability
Conscience-based Moral-decision
to love.
Making
- Love inherently embodies the value
- Cultivate self-awareness of goodness in its purest form.
- Educate yourself - Scheler differentiates between loving
- Reflect on experiences a person for their inherent worth and
- Engage in empathetic dialogue loving goodness itself.
- Consider long-term consequences - Loving goodness as an abstract can
- Integrate universal principles lead to harmful or morally negative
- Seek diverse perspectives outcomes.
- Practice mindfulness and - True love acknowledges and values
introspection the individual's intrinsic worth,
independent of their moral state.
Module 16: Max Scheler's Hierarchy of Moral Values
Values - Involve raising questions about right
and wrong and how we decide, based
Max Scheler on our spiritual values. How should we
live our lives? Moral issues.
- (August 22, 1874 -May 19, 1928)
- Was a German philosopher known for Social Values
his work in phenomenology, ethics, - are to do with relationships between
and philosophical anthropology. people and groups of people, based on
your spiritual and moral values.

Cultural Values
- reflect different ways of experiencing,
responding to and expressing the
above. Cultural diversity and shared
values.

Max Scheler's Hierarchy of Values Values of the Holy

- Values that relate to divine or sacred
Pleasure Values and focus on spiritual connection with
- The pleasant against the unpleasant a higher power.
- The agreeable against disagreeable
Example:
Example:
- Sensual Feelings - Belief
- Experiences of pleasure of pain - Adoration
- Bliss
Vital Values
- Values pertaining to the well being
either of the individual or of the
community
- Values of Vital Feeling

Example:
- Health
- Vitality
- Capability
- Excellence

SMSC VALUES

Spiritual Values
- are to do with questions of meaning,
purpose and value in life. What does it
mean to be human? To be me?