PHYSICAL WORLD
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
• Gravitational Force
• Electromagnetic force
• Strong nuclear force
• Weak nuclear force
PHYSICAL WORLD
FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OF NATURE
Name Relative Range Operates among Mediating
strength particle
Gravitational Infinite All objects in the Graviton
force universe
Weak nuclear Some elementary BOSON
force particles,
particularly electron
and antineutrino
Electromagnetic Infinite Charged particles Photon
force
Strong nuclear 1 Nucleons, heavier Gluon
force elementary particles
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
All the quantities which are used to describe the laws of physics are
known as physical quantities.
Classification
1. BASED ON DIRECTIONAL PROPERTIES
Vectors: The physical quantities which have both magnitude and
direction and obey laws of vector algebra are called vector quantities.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Classification
1. BASED ON DIRECTIONAL PROPERTIES
Scalars: The physical quantities which have only magnitude but no
direction are called scalar quantities.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
2. BASED ON THEIR DEPENDENCY
Fundamental or base quantities: The quantities which do not depend
upon other quantities for their complete definition are known as
fundamental or base quantities.
PHYSICAL WORLD
2. BASED ON THEIR DEPENDENCY
Derived quantities: The quantities which can be expressed in terms of
the fundamental quantities are known as derived quantities.
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
UNIT
The chosen reference standard of measurement in multiples of
which, a physical quantity is expressed is called the unit of that
quantity.
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
SYSTEM OF UNITS
• FPS or British Engineering System
• CGS or Gaussian System
• MKS System
• International System (SI) of units
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
SYSTEM OF UNITS
System Length Mass Time
FPS foot (ft) pound (lb) second (s)
CGS centimetre (cm) gram (g) second (s)
MKS metre (m) kilogram (kg) second (s)
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
SI BASE QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
S. No Physical quantity Unit Symbol
1. Length metre m
2. Mass kilogram kg
3. Time second s
4. Temperature kelvin K
5. Electric current ampere A
6. Luminous intensity candela cd
7. Amount of substance mole mol
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
System of Units
Many everyday items make use of both SI and British Units.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
1. FUNDAMENTAL OR BASE UNITS
The units of fundamental quantities are called base units. In SI there
are seven base units.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
2. DERIVED UNITS
The units of derived quantities or the units that can be expressed in
terms of the base units are called derived units.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
3. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
In International System (SI) of units two supplementary units are
also defined viz. radian (rad) for plane angle and steradian (sr) for
solid angle.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
3. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
• Radian: 1 radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by
an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
3. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
• Steradian: 1 steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of
a sphere, by that surface of the sphere which is equal in area to the
square of the radius of the sphere.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
4. PRACTICAL UNITS
Due to the fixed sizes of SI units, some practical units are also
defined for both fundamental and derived quantities.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
5. IMPROPER UNITS
These are the units which are not of the same nature as that of the
physical quantities for which they are used.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
UNITS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
Type of Physical FPS CGS MKS
Physical Quantity (Originated in (Originated in (Originated in
Quantity Britain) France) France)
Fundamental Length
Mass
Time
Derived Force
Work or energy
Power
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
CONVERSION FACTORS
To convert a physical quantity from one set of units to the other, the
required multiplication factor is called conversion factor.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNITS
The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Give its value in ft/s2
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers (or exponents) to
which the base quantities are raised to express that quantity.
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Chapter Physical Relationship SI/CGS Dimensional
Quantity with other formula
physical
quantities
KINEMATICS Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Newton’s Force
Laws of
Motion Momentum
Impulse
Work, Energy Work
and Power Energy
Power
DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
Dimensional equation
The equation obtained by equating a physical quantity with its
dimensional formula is called a dimensional equation.
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
(1) To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to
the other
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Convert 1 newton (SI unit of force) into dyne (CGS unit of force).