Zimbabwe School Examinations Council

Upper East Road

fuIount Pleasant
I{arare

azrilrsEc 2012
.4ll rights reserved no part of this publication may be reproduced, storcd in a retrievable systern,
or transntittr:d in an1,.fbrm or by any meails. e!ectronic, mechsnical, recording or otherwise
without prior permission of the copltyigful ov4)ner.

'9
 F'OREWORD

This is the second series of the Zimhabwe School Examinations Couucil Question and Answer

Booklets at the Aclvanceci Level of the Geneial Certificate of Education" The booklet is nrade up

of question papsrs and suggested answers for past examinations. The Counoil hoppg that the

booklet will heip bottr teachers and stu<Jents in their preparation for examinaticns.
 .i, i Ft'{ FAIlll'E SL'HOOL E{AM I}JA TI Grbi F;
llslrertl { er-tificate of Irducation {[Link] I.i:. t

{; i.. { }{;R,{ PII\r'

,lt-\[ 2008 Si-SSi(]\

iii::)a'-

' L'r'ii r i-,i"' ''''

i:.. i i [Link]'{-' I'}{)\s l'() CA\I)it}A't'il.s

i l;: r\

ri

:ii:.r',, auli ',(r .r alueSll()11.

:,iii" l:r,:d !r. sl,.e:rd no ]olrgci ihan "lj
minirtes on Silr:Lrotr .'.,
lJ;[Link],:i thr lre'ld I'oi"rolC [Link] aitd iilal-ti i-r;;:':'l'l.,,ii

f ir;s i1i:r:;tion paper consists oi'{i I;rintcil p:rit',r:

(iol.'. :-i;:iri ,'lirnhairr','.- Scn,.'1,, i'i,,;lltr rt',-.' j ';.
 Scr:tion .A (l'racticais r

.'\n-srr,'er one ctiiestinl 1l'clm this seL;tii,'',

iir; , )c-s:i'iic ;litij i.i]il:rt;'aic 1t,,rr,r vo,'r r,,0iil:i l)fcsciti ilt. [Link]:.r -,,,i- -t. . ,.. i
': .t
.i\-l!.,
,

r iI r', ,r',r l:,:iiriul i,, oliltl f g r.';rril' tllrriinc:. 1(, a)':. piiiitLl';:

', ' . i,,-rir,'Sr ' r'-t.:. -: ,;r.t ..

-ii-.t:' D()\jcfr-l, icveis. tn irtti,rUiattt)l- ,.\-' , -'
:;.,lii:-.,. .;'.iliri:. ei national ier ci in ZirlLrat-.r'',:.

-l
ablc I

i) I .. ,,rrcr.:i.

;1.. 1.l,i-.L1,1-1, 9,, ,, (i,

i
-,'- : -- '-'- -...1
----''----,.-;1,-'--. --- --.
'.-t.. :',; . :'-r (':
I

- ,'j 1,.'t.5* ::E-' f ''l

ri.r,ii
-i. i)r,\ ilri.\ .l,[Link]'; Sli;dr SiLlr i-r lrlari, ]i'.c'rr,.)fi , lt, 'i l

l',{i;r;strr of PLihlic Senice. i,aboLr & Sociai \\:rli)ir',,,.:

1i . r:,,:r ii,.:, li::i iilL.r:iii':ria '.1tc i;lhniqLi(' r (\Lr r'.,".:l-: Lt:i- i(.r :-iirri'. 1,','
,l::.i:.ii Ltitl:'1 .rl '.1i.)\'cii' ;J'. tt-tll:'ii.:tl s:.;i1 ;-tr-.'triitl iillbrin.a-r.;,
 1
1

(b) Definc r';'rd rliustrate rhe fbljon'inf ternrs

(i) r ,ratified sampiing:

(ii) ,:rndom sampling:

(iii) stematic sampling. i6l

(c) \triith tr:: aid of simpie diasrams. erpiain the t:-rm-i itoiiite anC.
tnlel'Dtr-tti(tr', l\
t-

Section B (Human Core.)

{nsr,ver tr+,o quesrions iiom tiris section

(a) Define r,nd iilustlate the terms regi't:;,sii,t',ige-Jcr- struc,Iure and

firogra, '.1,e eg( -se)i .[Link]'tLil'c . L6l

(b) Fig.is1-,,rr.r's the age slructure o1'the popuiations of 3 countnes.

Argenir:ia (.4t" Kenva {'Krand the uniteci States oi-America (USAl.

2o/, 80

srs
q'7
'J.
-\ ro
4t
+( 6t)
r Z-,
\-
-*+ t
\-i

;0
10 1n
LV

.[Link] (0. i, I

Fig, 1

the plrpuiations oi tire i1rr.-*

I)escrio,: and exnlain the age structul'e Lrl
coumrie:. siro'uvn. i i:r
(c) \l'ith rei'erence to anr named countt'r evaluate lreasures tallen to soive
the probriem of population grcrrr'1h. 1,7"

.r 5() I .rlil1)l
Turr, i'r'el
 1

(a) Briefl,r explain tire follow'ing terms as uscd in popuiation geographi':

(i) replacement levei;

(ii) population carrf irrg oapacirr':

(ii) derrrttgraphic rrarrsition [6]

(b; irig. 3 shor.r's infan't niotral!tr ratrs iirr seiecied couniries

ffil 1 932
TE I 996

-- x()

ildia Japaur itah' )r'icaragua Francc

Fig, 2

iilr 1ne trei:d:,, rilr-ii,,,11 l11l

t-*j

(c) L'.'aiuaie miil:.;ur.s lieing tal'cn io i'^'iLlc i.i'ia1.e;'ital moiiiiii"r ra',cs itl
S :i :"- Siri:a:ltt; .A.: :'i ei. 171

(a) ljrir-f'lr defrle the icrllgru,'iilg lerms reiate{ lc si:ttielneil"s:

(i) uroan ilei0sl

(i, cefensji'e srtes:

(iiil il'oniieltc)\\'ils, L5l

(b) Lisrlg exa6ples il"orn ar:a,. ],ou iiave s".r"LiiteC. desciibe ancl e:lplain the
q'ays irr r',,hicb ti:e iristot:r ol sefiieu:eni ancl colonisarion is ret'lectecl in
I11l
the rurai landscape. '.I-..i

(c) llri.'.'ll il soii r ti'1,: [Link] proi,.icns; cause'C

.[Link]::-- l-JCrsttra5 i1.:i :'lr- r\
r- l
l':rniii ui'han gic,rriir in l.,ttiititrj es 'rrr.)U. iravr [Link]. ii

l(,ij i
 5

6 (a) Expiain and illustrate the terms inner ci4'awl. resiriential segregation. 16]

(b) With reference to examples from More Economicaliy' Developed

Countries (MEDCs). outiine the problems experienced in the cities. 112l

(c) Evaiuate efforts made to alleviate the problems associated u,ith urban
sprawl in an1' countries ,vou have studied. l7l

1 (a) Distinguish betweenpasroral nomaciism and commercial ranching. t6]

(b) With reference to any named Less Economically Developed Countries

(LEDCs), outline the nature and distribution of plantation agriculture. l12l

(c) With reference to an1' LEDC ,vou have stuciied. assess measures taken to
involve locai farmers in plantation agriculture. 17)

S (a) Briefly' describe the characteristics of market garciening. t6]

(b) With reference to both Less Economicalll' Developed Countries

tLEDCs; and More Economically' Developed Countries 0{EDCs;.
examine the problems that have hindered agricuitural developmenl,. [12]

(c) Evaluate measures that have been tahen to increase iivestock production
in ant' L,EDC vou have studied. l,7l

9 (a) Define the terms agglomerarion economie.s and economies o.{'scak. 16]

(b) With reference to ani named \{ore Economicalir. Deveioped Countries

(MEDCsi. accouni for the cieciine in manufacturing industial activin. ilf l

(c) With reference to anl J-ess Econqmicalil Deveioped Coumries (LEDCst.

assess problems faced b1, soverrrments in their effons to revitaiise
industrial growh. L7l

si 56i: .i2(i0E
ITurr cr,er
 (t

10 (a) Brieiiy outline the characteristics ol' ecotouristr^. [6]

(b) Frg.3 shows patterns of tourism in some iUore Economicalii' Developed

Countries (MEDCs) in 1990.

/
N t
I

o\
I

+ V -2.
I 7 ,\ ^l

I
I \.t /v nt /\
i

tLi I

Unrted Krneddm
pa

Eei Tourist
arrtvais

'l,Il:;ffi...
' (mrlhons ) ) I

Poftuga France
::::
, :i,i ^)Daln

Fig.3

Source I). \\raugh. i99(t

Descrihe and expiain th: trencis slror.r,'n. i i:l

(c) To what extent Coss tourism use anci aiso abuse the phy'sicai enlii'onmenil' i 71
 -:

Sertfion t--' iFir:niall ()ptiirns)

\irsrr,'ei {)ile clris;tl(ril il'()i'l.l iill; stclictl

It (8) i'[Link] shr,',r,1 {-:1rrl-g\ rr:;r-it, th,: Luii,pe:rit l-'[Link] (L:l-i tarro lt: i.'.-t:r'r.

(i

-..--.*----.
I '\

lii
u, artlcl;

,rr:l)
. llt-r
,/./ //
'u, ,.,'
\ .1"

-*--.-*-*'-*--r---
\./
__--.-.-
_'-y'
-r/

I ('i

5(t

I(cn r.'r-t
Iuri:;r:ai, i-iriion ii L.,t

l.-i9.,1

l),:slljbr ;ItLj t;C!l-lni I 'ilSf :lltlr\l 1tl iitt' i"l' r, iii'cii)

tlii'ctr, illj
(kri 1^
:.:,u :,r ;-l [Link]'l i I )::i'.i,
t ii' - I^i L i-r Lii.1! .
:-!.1 1l il-.r'i.' s()Lli aJ:
il l',rl'. r'ir',lllL:-,-. ',, !. il.l'\ r.. :liLriii''rr. ii-'l

; U i-,r,
1? tu) Fig.,i shon's thc sc.,urces of primari' air poilutants (in percentage) in the USA
in one r':ai.

i00 Solid rvasts <jisposal

Miscellaneous ^

industrl,

Fuel cornbustion from

stational-\' s0uroes

40

20
"T "imnstrofi

,]_-*---_]
Fic i

I ')
il':srri'5'r ihe i:;:obicitr tiilri:'noliution represelltec rn l:ig. -l
i_ t
ari<i cxirii,rir: 5 I-

rb) i\ itlr leicrcn-^r' io hoth h{ore F,u(;irolnir:irii1' Dcr,'eloJred [Link]

i\'1F,DCs r arrd [Link] F,corronricaill' De,,,'eioncci Couniies li,ED[]s;. e,r'alsate
mciisul'rs [Link] liavc bcen taken tr,rcduct'tiri lrroiriems oi'ajr trilllution. ii3]

.lJ (a) Or-rtiirrs thc 1-r,orc;il cireri:,ctelistics of I:er..,1', iniustr:ialised Courrtries

i'NlC.s). [(r]

(b) L_lsirrg.exan;uies f}om Less Econ6l-rica|li: )gl;gjirpei Ccr_r:irrit-'s iLEDCs;.

er,iirnine the viern thi.t multi-riiliionai o()iir(riation:;(\,liCsj have boih
positivr: and negarive impact crn tlrc [Link] of irosi naii,.us, [1]]

icr I o ri'irat ei;ien1 does tire sociai arid euc;:olt'.i'.'r,,'el1-being c,r I-i-DC:, heip
lis Llnalrri:stand liobal inequalitr;t',' . L7]

.i i, - lt,lliil
14 (a) Fig.5 shou,s the vicious cy'cle oi cier,elopmenl,

iittle income to
save or invest ----.-
no mone' lo \
buy goods \
\'\
\\
low incom small rnarket
tl for industries

U
tt
rt
Iow output
per person tl
tt
t\ ilttle mvesfment tn neu'
rndustnes anC sen,ices
\\
\\

baciiward people

unrierdeveioped
resources

Fig. 6

Describe ano expiain the cvcie of develop;neni sirou,n. I

L,_i

(b) Viith referenoe tci seiecred exermples. silcru in u,har w,a),s, and for
[Link] reasons. regionai probierns var-\ irom countl'\' tc' countrJ', i r :l
Ir-.1

l. .a . .I:0.)l
ZtrMts Ats W Ii S CH O O I- F".-YdMIli :{'F I O I{ S C O t-I },{ C m
General Certificate oi' Education Ath,ancetl Level

POSSIELE r\.1{SWF,ItS

JU l{E ?{}08

GEOGFL{PHY w56la2
 )
(a t Li!!
- c,irtain base map to sltor^, streets
- seelr- pennission
- pre-surveyipre-1ss1/pilot survev/rnocii survey/preliminaryifamiiiarize
o'We" implies tQ&rnWorli
- drr:icle 16r wor[, sclio of as a leAm "l'^ [Link] sOlo.
ricsign a qllestionnaire on iitter tonnage t2

[Link]!
- sanrpiing at points
- sce/ollse5,e iitrer;'ilong seiected strects or at pointr rvit!t obserl'alion schedr:1e
- loca',e surve,l' points e.g. rubirish piis'heaos
- iirlervier.r'local aurirorities personnel
- oolieci sa"mples .:f litter
- ;rcimir,ister questicrnnaire i3

elal,rl_litl_e1*u
- rene*'airle 0r noll-renerl'abie
- orgarlic or inorgani,: e .g. rubble
- hiodegradabie oi non-biorjegradable
- iocall1 pxrducecl or 'imponeil' fi'ont e iservircre
- dangercus or n()t e .g. piasiic. Lrrcrken glass
- to>,ic or non-tc;xic
- rccvolable or non-rec\rclable t3

Beqqu

in notrbooi'.rrecot ci sheet
orr questiontraires
r;n bi:se nrap
t1 0]
tapc lscord in qr'phololt ialths't' i decl [1

i'o ) it4 -'--

s:lQ ti-s f de !a-P:9.i!l.!q!Pt
. ;.g. pie charrs -titie. nai-ne. choose size olradius. drarl circie' conven to
s. plol sectors from ll o'clock' allo':ate shade' shade
de grc,e
- ,J]mn:'.tndi"rars;c;,nlDonent'l;mftc"itl
- i.a:"s - si:npi';
- muliipie bars
Cenct'ic max I (ke1' tiLle oll ivrons diagramt
l-ext or ciiagranr onlr ntaritriitm 4 ll0]

(c) l..trptuls-es i-a l iiqdlE r-!o -sl-L'-plelqgr

- sollrce ...lil 'aste
- to rietenr:ine nut-nbetilocation and size o:'iitter bins
- to Cererrninc frec1,;enc1'of iinei coileciion"cleanir-rc. pubiir: places LT)'worjcsrs
- to enable liaisou bctu,eeti cirl, council and ocmpanies that recy'cle r'vaste
- io pake i-iA so as 1c deciric on approJrriaic irstnocis o{'u'asle disposal. e'g'
[Link] u1 dtttnPsitcs
- a\\'areness citmpaiens and edrrcation

Clreiit I n;i:k up to 5 [Link] ::.2,l f5 i [:-i"i

 3

marital status_ 'n

(a) (i) Techniques to shor,r, distri-nution oi_Eroveq
- pie charts - credit (2t for square root' piot sectors from i2 o'ciock anC

convefi to degrees
- divided bars
- compound bars
- multiple bars (specifl' not just bars)

Credit name of diagram (i)

Steps to depend on technique chosen' Text or diagrarn only /10
max 4. Generic max 2 (ker'+ title1

( ii) L'r-ehs[
DisadvaU
- r'isual impression ioss of information as
- it is quanriutive figures are roundeci off
- it is cornParabie
- its versaliie continuous reference tc kel

Credit (1) for each single point. ''! or

3', in an1 order t4 l14l
Ignore triviaiities like time consuming

(b) (i) Stratified sampling

to take into account
- deaiing with different (strata) groups and so need
the relative proportion of these grouos (ii
be macie of the
ideal for small sampies especialll if a comparison .to
is
- q,pes. racial
different ug. gtoupi within a sampieci population' inciusttl
composition t t)

Irl
'.tV.
t\'", >tro rv*'
lr' .' ,
?

5'r raili M ,'t, ' n:'

\
,.o
$,
lr
l'
lrrr
tt
I ', 1

(ii) Random sampiing

- sample drawn in completell"random *'a1

of being selected
- each membe:: of the population has equal chance
numbers (1
- use of random numberiables or hat s1'stem for small )

equal and
- the probabiliq' of inclusion in the sample must be
independent of each member
-i+I

ra . l
 4

(iii) S)'stematic samoiing

5th house
- sample seiected in a rsgular (panern) manner e'g'
ever'YY

[Link]'atintersectionofgridiinesfor
iand-use samPies (1)
so avoids
- sample members seiected at constant intervals and
bunching that ma.v occur with random sampiing
but it m;)' introduce bias into results if sampie
points
- within the study'area (1)
coincide *ith uo*. other reguiar features

I
I t2
i..t i.i
and (1)mark for diagram t6l
For each technrque credit (1) mark for definition

(c) Isolbe
equai data value' ( l"
- an) line drawn on a map connecting piaces of
-(alsocaliedisometriciisopieths)Nocredit^e'[Link]'P,T.
/--'
.r''
,--1- (,),.
,/
,,/
lnterpolation
known measured vaiues. (1)
The insertion of estimated values between
76 21? 28
e.g. o' "'o (i )

Credit (l ) mark ftr definition and (1) mark for iliustration'

t
t
iil. il
- JL-- l

(a) Resressive age-sex structure

apex
-anage-sexstructurebulgingintfrgmiddlebuifairll'nalro\\'atthe
- indicates an ageing population (2)
- tvpical of MEDC's

egnd,

oa Ltli-.
( r)

[Link]^
 5

il^qit:-i.*tt- :!g e- S-LlL,-[i!.: il[g

ai) alle-seli strttcture lhat is utcie at the base hut tapered at the apex
it lnciicatr:s a 5'outhiui popuiation or a rapidll,grou'ing population 6 z)
tr pt;iri ,,1
'[,f)C't I I V)
I ^[Link]*
I

rl
111,6 - t Lc.t,ed
ai Au i tl

1----------r.* - --..::, ,'6'',

"',roi
/_1

ror tiie siill-lurcs. credit i1 t ior- ie,ri lnci ( 1) fcr diagram i6l

(n)
I Ased [Link] , Cirildren
I'
_,_-.__-__ __!
''1Gii, | 't (\o,",
J L]SA 64otu
I

l.^cnva

Ai'genitna

Dcscription Expian;ttion

- ciriidrcri mai(e irp 509'o oi'toiai - alt1assmcni o{'rve altir

popuiation in i{enl'ii colltpated
t,' t(lo c in .l,t'!crt'.ittir
- moie agcd in [Link] (l6o,i,) better iiving conciitiotls
- iess children in US^rt (201';) hetter means oihirth control.
-. IvlEDf,"s more agc'd P:oPle women [Link]
- Lire least acitrits in licnl''a ('itjg';)
- more children ln I,EDC's Irru, iife exJlectaitc\ due to
- lciivcr cieoendenc,r than adults in poor medrcal faciiitie-'
1-lSA anci Arseriiina
- hrglL::r vouth dePendencl'than social anci ccoflonlic reasons
adu.l"s in l(enva e.g. r,irilitl. securil' etc.
- t'S \ r I aueci '.itatt .At [Link]
t6 l('

Creijii (l) for ilcveloped p0ini cr (1t ior ear:h ci*-[Link] anc erpiarlaiion
Coitrpari son u' ithi n o r cl iffi:r"en'r courir.t'ies c oix pared il lj
 t;

!lal!p]e h-zr:-qd-ilLsYt-3i - soltltiorls to prolrlems oi'popuiation gro\'\'til

I'it, credti fbr Problenrs

Ansrle.r' nrLlsi be evaluarivc

- rrrgasi-iresinclude birth relatc'd ancl migratiorl related rleasui es

inirenlive s for snail farnilies - onp pltilci pcilicl aspects to
ire iremiserl
-
- i'isas. restricrions etc

(.lnm) llleasures and

.[Link] niarks fcrr bir.h i'e iatei lrrhJ anc migrarion leiat-eci
evai uati on

\'ieasure :; r'4

F.r aluatiot^' i3
C,enerai aJ.i:i\\iel mA)' -j

i Cirnension r: g hrrthi'e latcd rtlar' 3

\,1urc',i-ian oilc c:..g. max:1 l--lt. il

].'Jr--.)
\c, :ruJil ;;1' .;53;rrial)ott

(a) (i t "iLqptai,q!-1,9,.,i iqllel"

- the iel,el clf.i'enilitl u,hicit popLrlaticrns replace l,hcmselves oi.?,.1

eLt

- [Link] ME,ili_s todi, are nttt able 1f-) do so

through riatural rnct'ease
ol the yor:n$ arrci a high proportion
- rTiosr lvlijDCs iLavc slnall pl'oportiLrn
icvei
ol-r:irl anC rriiilclle-age<i' irencs lou' repiacctrr;ul
-ilhasrestiltedincieoliningpopuiatioilgrorl'lhinaliEurone'aselng
Jriiz;il:'' allC rccrrl':C llhcLlr ;'lrt ;e
t?
OR l-L)C aspect on high t'epiacement leveJ

(r r i r pa[4p-!-]--
-lqpUti,liirtil-can'r'in
[Link]'etr irrc.t tirtri can bc
- iire lnatii'ltut-tl nurnbe ; oi'peoplc iri a
suirpc:neci bv lhe avaiiahie resotlroes at a ccrlain lcve I r;f
iit en1 tt ec iino iog.r'
d ev ei oP

i1
( rciil r I t cain'-il';ig P,'1111

(iil ) -'Lr.r'nqgiap-l-Ll;-lr4irl-lilqr:-,
trnii econotntc
a'[Link]:nsirip obsert'erl betlvi;en popuiatioti grirwtit
der,tiopnieni {ilostr:u nicidei o{ eco der')
ir,ssrioiateC w'itir
changir:g ie'els of hutna' f'[Link] and tirorlali'.1
industnal isiiticn and urban t sttiion
'v"'ith'1 sia'J's
trencis tra:ed througl: time in D'l niodci
,,1 I ol
C r:dir 1 i r *acn sin-ult ;roint
(b') (il Descriprion

Eg:'pt maintained 3n' highest position - 193211996

overall drop lor all countries - 1 932 to 1996
significant drop in chile from 238 to l2 per 1000 between 1932
and 1996 or japan. ltaiy', France (an.v one)
ali countries considered. maximum was 238 (1932) but had dropFed
toamaximumofTSperl000(1996)orminimum_193]and1996
the range in 1932 *'as 238 maximum and 50 minimum but this
droppel to 78 maximum and 3 per 1t)00 minirnum b,v 1996'
USA and France iorvest since l9-12
lndia and Nicaragua ciropped bi' half'

Credit (1) mark for descriPtion

t6
No credit for reaciing off figures

Accc)unt
- improved dietslfood suPPll'
-betterhealthcaredeliveryaimedatinfantsandchildrenin
LEDCs. berq'een the two Periods
- high levels of urbanisation
- better h1'giene and sanitation in MEDCs
-saferdrinkingwaterinbothLEDC.sandMEDCssincel932.
hence the deciine
- qualin heaith care. now more accessible in both MEDCs and
LEDCS
- immunisation against 6 child-killer diseases
t6
- health eciucation

Credit ( 1) mark uP to 6 for reasons

Credit (2) marks for weli explaineC point
[1]l

(cl Evaluative answer

- on maternai morraiitl NOT infant mortalitl rates'

I- f"guiit" ,bortion of complicateC pregnancies' e'g' USA.
.emancipationofwomenSoaSto.",o,.[Link]
barriers confronting females in home environment
- improving diets. sanitation, h;'giene' education
-aoequate-basicmarernalhea][Link]
-trainingmeciicalstafiandlir,ingincentivesforthemtosta!,iretention
aliowances
- adequate suPPil, of drugs
- more numerous and advanced health deiivery centres I'ii
- efforts done through gender empowermsnt measures
(GEM'I
t4
Measures t^
l_1
Assessment
iredit (2) marks for deveioPed point (measure and evaiuation)
Ceneral ans\\er max' -1
i 7t I1 i'l
aI L' JL-'.I
One erample onil'max,
No creciit for sPeculation
 8

5 ra) (i) "Llrbed-9]!s"

- aiso called urban spheres (no credit)

-thatareathatisundertheinfluenceofanurbancentre
goocis. but
- the area to which the urban cenfie provides services and
also gets the same from. (interaction)
")

(ii) "Defensive sites"

- sites that were meant for defence during eariier days of settlernent
establishment
- sites like hill toPs' islands etc
- sites chosen for- securit,v reasons 12

(iii) "Frontier tolr'ns"

- towns further inland from where resources were siphoned

.usedasbasesandtransitroutesforexploitationl)16]
(b)

;,,i*:tiffi'nmen'lAc'l

. g;$d$ffi"
production was for
no transrion nerworks to link villages because
subs'istence
isolated and dispersed cEntres offering social senices e.g. c'iinics' schoois
and ciiP tanks
at fringes of game
no er,idence of planning as settlements are found
reserves
hnear pa$ern aiong rivers 0{ile) for fertile soils -
irrigation
ruins, caves. paintings, old cathedrals

up to
Credit (2) marks for developed point and single
5

General answer max' 5

One examPle on[1'max' 6

3d16
1 e t6 t12l

(c) Measures

- stringent Poliution lau's

- buiiding flats
- iou' cost housing
- cooperatives (housing) and building brigades
- operations Murambatsvina/Garikai
- more Police Patrois
- housing loans
 9

decentraiisattOn - resefiiement/ne$' Iou'nsrsateliite tolt'nsiciorrnito;"r

green belt to culb urban sPrawl
11

l-1
Evaluaticn
General answer max 3

Credit (2) for deveioPed Point

One examPle onil'max 4

No marks for speculative language [7][25]

6 (at "ltrnercln"
(i
an area of diiapidated, obsolete buiidings with multipie occupation )

the deca-ving part of a citl'(CBD) (1)

industry is moving out of this area. and so is employment (1)
(also called transiiion or Milight zone) No credit 14

Reserve mark (i) fcrr exampie of inner-cin

"Residgntial segregation'l

- diagram showing suburbs (1)

-
- demarcation of residences for sub-groups within a rvider population based on
race. income, ethnicity or other criteria'
- e.g. Belvedere. Mbare. Kuwadzama (1)
Cretiii (1) for each singie point t6l
"l
(b) Ph)'sic-al factor - related nroblems

urban heat island

deca1, and obsoiescence of oidest pan oiciq i.e. the inner ciq. old
industrial areas
inadequate roacl svstems and consequent traffic problems

: IXfJI'T:"T.i::l;::f*il:Xution,creditporlutiononce)
uncontrolied expansion into unsuitable sites (sium settlements)
earthquakes e s San Francisco)
: ":fr":il?i:[Link];":'oods
F-conomic oroblems

- decline of former inner cit.v-- inciustries

- unemploYment
- decline in traditional manufacturing industries
- suburbanisation of industry and resultani land-use conflicl on the
citl'
edges

Government (.Planninq) Problems

to
- aciminisirative fragmentation of the cin' area making ciecisions ciiffrcuh
*uk" a, man. arithorities are involved in the aciministration of the built- up
area
 i0
tension and conflict befvveen planners and entrepreneurs
who ciemand
uncontrolled economic development
probiems of social injustice. desision-making in the citl'ma1'merell'
ieflect existing patterns of power and weaith
. difficulry of ,itublirhirg agreed criteria for change. varying
groups have
inlerists which cause social tensions. tor example
genuineiy conflicting-created
London ciook iands disputes over whether to house the iocais or
'yuppies'

Problems to do wilh population shifts

- ageing population increases due to iou'birth rate

left hehind in the
- a[ed ind deprived elements of the indigenous population
inner citl' when upwardl-v mobile and young move awa)
_ underpri'ilegeci move into inner citiis to take advantage of cheap

accommodation

Social probiemJ

- crime (drug trafficking)

contrast berween rich ind poor can lead to political
unrest
- cit,v decal,too Sharp
- contrast betu,een suburban grou,th and inner
populations - discrimination
- immigr-ation and problems relating to multi-cultural
- squatiersettlements(shantytowns)lghettosi
- shortage andior expensive accommodation

up to 6'
Credit 2 for cieveloped points (? x 6) and single
At }east 2 dimensions for a full answer
General ans\\'er and 1 dimension max 5
One examPie onll'max 6
i12l
Generic max 4 if referring to LEDCs

(c) Eramoie - based

Use of evaluative ianettage

Efforts

- multi-storel' buildings to avoid horizontai expansion

- estabiishment of 'green belts' in MEDCs
- ring roaCs as outer iimits e"g' Harare Driv.e
-ne\\'townsalrogetherlgrowthpointsfordou'nstreambeneficiarl'
- designation ofareas /4
- restrictive building iicences etc

Evaluation
i-1
Generai ans\\;e: max 3 r-trrar
llr--'
C)ne examPle onl1' max '1'
 ll
1 (ai ]r_g{tUa1-llg!1aol11l seasonai ilcirerlletitilnigiation tr, .rearcir oi' plts;Llr:s altCl vvatei.
Donc jb1 snbsisrence rrostir'. Ttelr on seasonzil rhvlhnl ancl naiural iltlsiures, Non-
penrarle ni,

e:rrL:[Link]-111g- i<eeping livestoli' in paddocl<s, I)ctte lor saie' Animais

feci on natut'al (pasture) ancj cattle suppiemcntarl fecil. ?,ero graztrtg in cold
season (pensiccii feedin g ). permallent.

Lise of u'hije . bu'., pl1glgas- .:--__-

Llqllypi is irnpronarrt iot conrpariscJt
iiol conrparatir,e mrix 2
'fo matcli ihe plinis i,-lr f'.ril clrtnparisotl (l >. -l r [6]

(i:; l:_arurs
- i)crennial or seasnnai
- gove rnmeni crt ncd
- fiarastatal or f clreign-t'''"i'ncd
- scientificalii'ntan:rtied
- c3pital intensive -ircat'r i;ipitai tru:ia) - h:avi' [Link] ri1'capital
- I1l{.)l)ocu}turirl
.- mcchanizeci
- labi-rur-in1ensivc
- iargre [racts of larrc] (4i]'J har/ertcnsive
- ffiiri'[Link])nalandibr';ignicoinmeiciai
- prosessing ciorte ai 01' trelir the plantution
- research anil deveioPment
- rain grcv,ll) itr irrigateC 16

D_tsil-toljlrc,n
- it: sparsl'ir Pol'itla1';.1 ar:as
- h3l (irr L;'elts S 'i ,, .',r,, rlld
- ilat io'a'-11,'ing a:ca:
- higiriands'piateaus. basiris - irarl,vtr
- iatitudinal po:ilticn * Lrorrioal regions l6

Credir (2t fbr ocvcioped noint"s CIR

Credir ( i ) marll for singlc pciris up to 6 nature and ciisu"ibution scparateit'
Cerieral ans\,\'er nra:: 5 Gencric nrax 3 if re1'erLing rc lvlEDCs lll]
One c.[. max t,

ic) Evliualive ans\\iei. Col-lriirY snecific

Mqg$nq!
- research ai-rd develonment
- markst
- iand reforin an6 gs lacetsi e.g. input rluppofl scligtrie. e.g. sc-ei:i arrd iertilise:'s
- otitgri')werli e.g. l'^ati';o. '\bet'fcvle
- scttlei'flarmers e.g. N{i;uasine
- ioarts fiom iand Lrani'l
- education and tralning
- i;ifi';[Link] du'eloirttren, ,
-
n

cr)-sP,errtilus
 1:

.4risxtaq[]
eni oPPofLun iti es
enr p1,:l1';n
irandii:aps [Link] as i'ncl'*'irou ' corrllpllilll
lacl: o1-cppitai
mari<els closed
pirl'sical lrrnirations - droiight atrdlor floocis
t3
irnpioved standiirds of living

General ait:l1n/31' mal' -'

Generi;' ti:iax I if refers to ir'4i:DCs .?tT1il
| 'lt--'l
lr.{clre rlian .)ite. e.g. rnzt:; 4

(.l iriiracte i^i stic: ilii:i ltd r:

inu 1ti- :r'onpin g, d'.r'.iule cr()llplll!1

ii'i"igatd
intei ii\/ s
high :ariral inPuls
fi-r-i i l.s' i-] o lvers
iirt',u'i n i: ol ve Ir: iab i tl -t.
ircar,) ir:t-ni::al a.r,riliioatiori
clrlttlicrc ial
stnalllabour fi-rrce
[Link] ciose io cin' centre l"radiiional)
- filaybe t;lechanized
- .i;ic;t'il;.aitt't:lr:lJslC- !r':J:: houses
- iliglr reltrli-;5 pcr t:rli'' ale 3
Cr-eiiii (lifor s:ngle Pcint
I6.l
.r, 1 l;rs spr::,.i i litivt lan'[Link]:

{Fi I). l lrinilrat-r:r-s:

Cieel Peace antl [:,tivirc;ittle]ttal Protecieci Areas

j..r.,u=. in cietnanci '.1ue unpala"abiiilv ol'fiMCis
.lcr

srnall siz_e oi ianrs:- q-11) ha. or less) oo

ih.r* is neecl for intsusificati(in
it,t hn;ring tcr b: viable
irrherttance laws ini"thet brtal:
i'agnrent:riion:- cliffi cirlt to usie machinei"r''
iioil'r [Link] lat'mer-s al
ui,i,',. ianii Failtis can be rnatie bigger b; kluvir-rE
o ,2193 gLrsi
e'g' ltall ' Spain' Pcttugal' Scurh
ianc lerttrt,- rhc latiitrnciia svstern
i,,'here 1he''' iive and no
,Airlerica Prlrilts t" tf"t L')l liintiiorcls ili citres
i-rftenanls
i*frn,'.,[Link] ,rl' inlcstrncnt orj faims cr cr'-rnciitions
prlcr pricil-ig..,,'.u... iiprices ar9 tOil lor^.
this result-" ill'.rr,ine la}ies,.
ancl "bt"it"iel' lrloulltL'.lns" or ieduction
irl iand uncier prociui:tion
iacli o1'capital
lati' of knt-iu'lcdgr: ari'j sliiii:'
cirnratic iifflcuities
pc-,or soiis
crtn seivat i sm an cl ir:si sta'ili-'s
trilnspori alld .oll-llliunication and techtiologl
Da,()r
rampant crJirupil()n ieaiiills to l '"l' ;niilst;'ibtrtion
ol inolttr
 t-.

(1) mark for single_point up to 6

credit (2) for developed points and creciit
General answer and one dimension (LEDC or
MEDC) max 5 il:l
(cj Evaluative answer. Country specific

Measures

- competitions/shou'sforauctioningiivestock
- ioan faciiities
- \'accinations against foot anci mouth
- disease control
- research and development - lv{atopos crossbreeding
- education and training
- heifer scheme b1'CSC
- guaranteecl makerts br e'g CSC
t4
- co-oPeratives

Asse ssments

-landinvasionshaveledtocommercialfarmersabandoningtheir
operations
.lowprodttctionieveisduetolackofknouhowbiinexperiencedfarmers
ecoiogical regions
- spread of ciisease due to movoment across
grazing
- better qualitl'due to increased i3
* ne\\' innovative ideas have impioved quaiin
- etc

:-'i - assessment
Baianced answgr to have at least one
General answer max 3 iTllrsl
More than one examPle max 4

(ar Aggiomeration economies (economies ofconcentration)

-theadvantagestoafirmoflocatinginanexisting'urban-industrialcentre
,,vhich occJr ,,'hen finns linkeci b1 ourchases of
- ma!, ue or ticaiization.
toeether
materials and flrnished goods iocate close
-,[Link].
personal
fu*". [Link] tlm", and benei comm*nicarion allo*'ing 1j
contaci betlveen firms
Economies of soaie

.thegainsbl'n,al,ofreducedcostsofprociuctionperunitofoutput
- arising fiom large scaie production ," [6]
thel' can be internal and external
-l

(b) Exampie-based answer - Refer to a MEDC

-disappearanoec|uaditionaimarketssincecoalisnotasimpcfiantaSoulce
of fuel as it was in the Past
 14

significantiv
- inabilit},to compete $,itir ner,r' industrial regions which have
the Newil'
trower iroduction cosrs e.g. the steel industq,of Brazil
and
industriaiized countries. Asian Ti gers
- faiiure to invest in modern machineq' and production techniques
- inabiiitv to afiract neu' industries to old regions because of unattractive
upp"u,u,,""ofoldindustriailandscape,withsubstandardhousing'a
poiluted environment and large areas of derelict iand

Credit(2)fordevelopedpoint(2x6)orcredit(i)sin'glepointsupto6'
General ans\,!'er max (5) Generic 3 referring to LE'DCs
One e.g. onlY max 6 I12l

(c) Evaluative answer, Severai LEDCs to be quoted

Problems

- forex shortage
- corruPtion
- bureaucracy
' technological handicaP
- Poiitical interference
- sabotage b.r the MEDCs
- iuel and Power Probiems
- transPon Probiems
- low' consumption - little disposabie income
- tradd;il; hinder trade u,ith other regions e.g. European Union
- cheaper products dumped from MEDCs
-vagariesofweather-e'[Link].
l,nilever. Biue Ribbon ur. iff""t"d b1, droughts etc. 13

tr €fnr1q

- tracirng biocs e^g' ECO\\;'AS' SADC' PTA

of zlsco
_ bilaterai reiatioi.i.,ip, e.g. china [Link] -- refurbishment
blast furnace
- importing technical expertise
- importing technolog.v
!.)
) '

AssessmentsveD'successfulorfaiieddismall'v'iackoffunds'i:
fragmentation of Poiicl. etc
1 to l\4EDCs
Generai answer max 3, Generic max refer
Credit (2) for developed or evaluateci problems
[7]t?51
One e.g. onl1'max 4

10 (a) Characteri stics inc I udes

- small numbers of tourists

- nature based
- iittle Poliution
- consen'ation led or driven
- invoives travelling to unspoilt re sources and adventure
 t--
I.,

- il irit't-,ivelr explot'atior"
Creciit ( 1 I marl; fcr singic pornts
AIicii', sne:uietiln t5l

('n; !)e=:[Link]!

- obvrc,us Daitells is irrcvernetrt rif large rtuttrbers oi'toulists iiom the m0re
northerlr, cottnlries to the south e.1',. Gerrnanl'
- f'orlusal. Sirain. Circece have fell ciepanttres
- Franee. irelancl. l-1li. D*ninarl;' iiave a i,-aiance belx'een cielianiltes ancl
ari^i,,'ais
- [-t,txenr'oourg piLlticiparioli is touri:;tn in insigrilical]i eIC

Gertnanl' ciepartttre is 4 ritnr:s ntorc: than rrrrivais

i(l
-
!..lp]al-a!-er

'rhi:i'roilh inciuds:, nlore affluettr, coirriiries e .g [Link]' I:rattce .

witcse initabiLani-. ca| aliorti t0 t]-avoi a[ri-oaci fi;r [Link]'s
North is mt:ch cooier anci wetter 1hnn sc'utir
f-ijd. Ilelgiunr ar3 ttiure inciustriaiize.c thcrcibre less atira;'iivc - poliutiotr
c0nceil]!i
Spain. Portpgai. Gi.:il-c SCt I.1(r rca;Cn i(i ieave l1',eir og'n alliagtil'e
climarre arid scenerr to hoiidal' abroad
t(
ther alsc-r aitracl ir-ruitsts [ron abroai] duc', tC thsse aCv;rniages
[Link] i di si:rin inari or,

credir (l) it,:: sinqle pc,irtrs - d:scriptioi"i and c:;,-,lanalior-r or cre'iit t-l tl t l
| ,- j
iieveloptci loini (1 r (,r

l.r \-,, jr_r ,.,:.q.,-il-

\ - t i: _.._.q. -r,:fn.1:,lj -[Link]
j._--jjy..t.-
l

L.v-!,

- Sjll:Jla' irlal [Link]-\

- ni(-r'iintain ;lirl-ibin3 - i'ires;1 rvaliiing i''g lrr iincan,. Pvrences .{ips
- :tan(l ba'.nii-lg
- s'.irr o;Ll,hinl
- al;hin;
L,it-t' rr
- .aia:'.:-'uf':.ft.
- (',aves visits
- [Link]. si:i;i-rg and sitilitit
- ge)'set sa'.ttra lritli't
,:l /) (2

.1!l,iit1

lanu pollution
graffrii iri oaves
o\el'[Link] oi rescit'ls iik':'1oi'esLs atlcl be;lclre:
:lass toiti'isni caltse s :r.,ii erosion
iti
(i ll
 i6
Credt I
frrr a dr:ve)operi rroinr [Link]; or singis uplo4
i:ui1 answe"'l^ t-o c:iiver botlr iinrensiitn:
U:;ed vs ,,rbuseci
{)ne dimi:nsron iLlsed ol Ahused on}'.,), }l;r>, 4 t?tt1 (t
L, li--J l

il ial
I)[Link]'intilrir
{
Explariatiop
: __-_ -___

- il4ore rrii
, t i (r
ir [_ilr (tiLtort,i liran in Iien3,a more vehici*. Jinousiiiar; il Ei,j-**.: I
\ - - /q) c,Jnr: corrntries in EI-l aie endo,*ed
_-i{";;j;,,; ' ilith tire resclurces
;;;;- tl[;
I

- ir,",,,1, ;;;;rtr= --. m;r n-,o; ;AaTii il;iirrric-uinr-

ttsteitri r:nij rcrnc in EL, ci:eaner
- i :/.ilclr ltLltrlel;'rrr:i'aird lothint,-
,A.i'lo'.i t;cirrrt,ir-'[Link] riifi-erer:co *.no [Link] .

i'. ali il, i.:nr.r i;r K:nri anri q()urJe in cuni,ictered

risl<iY
^irt{ rcii'i-, Ei: ,,,:.r Kervil uses nonc - ill I ,.rses moi.e [Link] it ciue: t.<; resource
ol'it enijgr.r,ment
'.-,-,..--_-*-..]
I

- ].',errva uie.c i597,, :li.r".,ir.r and [Link], trut - nothing t:i ii in i-.i;. iiut cheap and
ttlllilX i:i! 1t1 ErL,l, i rcadiil,avajl:brc in [Link]
r),:)1ir i-lt'e;.i.:i usc a in:ost ihe sil-t-li{': - i-iEP oroduction requirenrr:nr.s 'i

I i:1., li:;,:L rnore [Link]' ncit-:^cne\\rairies and i - rctiewlabie"c are chcap anc arailable
Iie rr a ilir-i;-e 1-gr,ato'[Link], 16 - iiwareness on environnrental issues
,- tr;irnical aor,ancelrrcnt il'l irL, 11r

ernloit ii)

Lrcctit tlr iiri e;ipiairtcc n,'.lint il ;r 6,i c;r crccl ir tlt lc;r-ciesci-rpLron and elcounl un lc sir-
ft;i t,aln.
{- i'rtcii r'e:tiii:t'.r ttll. iI ira-. no;:r'edii.
i)ai1;i-ris r.\ i-1:t i-,[Link] VlIDC - i,i:ii(- [Link] ivilirin ttnl
i,"l

rbl i-lQtI{L-.:::._ititc I{giel'ei",le ri, [Link]: MLll,'-'s :nc l_[i)Cs ,a,il] nta.i<e at.]s\\,er
hiei:i.. :i-:clilabir-' .

Ati'l;.'l!!i

grce n eiie t.l. 'irii-,ir-rei

iefbresialr,tn altc :ific.l:staiil,ri e"g. TJiilbabi' j. \\ioodi.)t" lor rvood {uel
r', iiici *itergi e.s. Fia:r;l;t tr-r iii5ilsl-t,, lrosi in .,alieys olhorticulturc,
:tc1ar ;[Link] it-r suitti'. ;l:lt,ai,;:, anri rr,e atlret
tidal q:l*rqv
bi0sas
gcolir:rrnal
use 0f more eneigl,,saving apiliances i.c. elfici,:nr use of tile energY
rrs.'orr-:h e g. SiltDC iri Zinrbabne
1e gisialion

\tt:rrrn1.:i ro bc u,r:li i::,oil:ir.,ecj anci [Link]

 l1
Assessmenl - trees ralie toc iong to gror.r

- infancv stage
- lacii of funding
- lack of technoioev
- conservaiism
- no tangible policl, or policies and strategies misdirected
- ver)'successful
- panl5,'successfui
- failed ciismalir

General answer max 6

One e.g. onlv max 7 lf 3l[25]

1 I r'aj l)escription

- miscellaneous is doubie soiid waste

- transportation is more than three time s greater as a contribulor than
industry
air po, u'li on ( s 5 %)
iff :x?:?x.": J:Jfi il"ff :il}'il:ii:r'lo
the least contributor to iir poliution i-c solid w'aste disposai
the combined contribution of industry and miscellaneous is equai to that of fuei
solid waste is the ieast contributor 16

Expianation

more carsi vehicles due to affluence and high e;onomic acrivitl

poliutants primarill. frorn burninc fuels (fossiit
high industriaiization levels. due to a iot of pianrs. airpollution high from
industr'1,
soiid waste is recvclable and biodesradable

- t1::::?I:;,[i:xffiHs,T,llo.*],ffi,,"n orsoiven,s

Creciit (2t for expiained point or creCit f l tfor descriptron and

:rplanation each up to 6 t6 l1:]
ful Measures on reciucing air poliution

Education and arrareness camoaigns

eiiminating leaded gasoline

: i:il:1ili":;#txt;i:? :1,:::[Link]:::*ffiff:iJ:fi::iJ]JiJ;
convenlion on Long-Range Transboundarl' Air Poliution ( 1 979)
reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases e.s. carbon dioxide
through fiamework convention on ciimate change (.1992 - Earth Summit
in Rio cie Janeiro
Brou,'n Agenda and -[Link] 21 - C.B
cleaning up air through a series of Clean Air Acrs (1963. 1965. 1970.
l9ii tn US.^'. UK)
using oleanei buming fueis in the most poliuted ciries
 l8

rechnoiogical operations which remove sulphur in coal before

it is
burned e.g. in steei making
using scrubbers to remove pollutants from effluent
gases

using precipitators and filters, gauzes

reducing energ.v consumption through use of rnore efficienr
appliances
by using catalytic
confoniing to iighter ail pipe emission standards
converters to treat exhaust fumes
retiring okler vehiciesipresoribed towered chimneys
implementing rigorous vehicie inspection programmes
car pool
*ulring trur*l more energl' efficient b1'rewarding those who
means of transport e'g bic,vcles' or mass transit
o, ur.
"lt"*ative
rooftop gardens act as natural iungs
ISO certification
n

Evaluation

- no supervision and reinforcement

- lack of a*'areness
on some
- povertl stricken societies cannot afford to spend mone'v
measures
- iack of exPertise
- Iack of technologl
- fragmented Po1ic1'
t6
- .o,iuption, briberl'' embezziernent of funds

General ans\\'er and one dimension oni-v LEDC

or MEDC max 6
[ 1 3][r5]
One example onl1'max 7

i_1 (a) Characteristics ofNeu'lr' lndustrializeci Countrie=s

N{an1 are mostl}, in East Asia i.e South Korea' Hong Kong' Singapore'
Taiu'an. Cirina. fnailand. \1ala)'sia and in South America e'g' Brazil'

' emplol a 1ot of cheaP iabour

- soecializins in high-tech goods
of a poor quaiitl
- goods produced en masse and cheapll' and o1len
- steaciiri *oi,ins-ngfrom primary,to socondary
manufactunng industtl'
with
- mosttr:o- on closecl i1,rr"* i,e, doing their own thing
iittie "help" frorn the u'esi
e.g. home- markei
-----1.^.
- the roie oi government is of paramounr importance
protection
- policy of imporl-substitution adopted
and technoiogical ransfer
- there is involvement of MllCs. giobalization
-[Link]
.rich,.,ou,..base(China)orthewilltoimportbecauseofapoorresource
base (SingaPore)
- other relevant answers accepterl
- infrastructurai development

6 i6l
Credit (1) for single points up to
 lqj

(br Positive efiects

i

[Link];Ltrabit: 1-raianrlr: of il:llm::'ll'. i

etlc i 0 \,i-tt *ni :rr:ai ic,t r po1irical inter{ii'ence

-qoc iai selt,ices
provisittn iiltci econornic vuincrabilit-. il'
or [Link] ;|rr_'1, pull our

irr;cirt:, [Link]-'llC\ SUfiCI"ltL;,)l, expltitation oi locr,l s

tecirnoio gicai tt'ansicr. rviriet: gap berlr''gen t:ich

edi;catior ancl siiiils irailt it-l ll ancl pooi-
r:S, i,t nltrr'li;:a; [Link],,:: r:: i,.i r'- saiaries i(-r \\'(lrliei-s
pr.)ot'

l-[: s(. i Llrc:i:i siDnoning resoltrces' a; tc.l

infi'tL:;"''uctl"ire d'.: t'r: I opil eril - :i.,Slt tO filt,liril:' ._/ )ilnir'iCt
l't,-ails. t'aii. barrl.::, urtt il i,t',ttt';n'. ic.'"ati tti :n
i)irecl Forui gtl in vc.<r"nlini
t6
fillf, 'CNII i6

Crcdit ilr :in!1t i-'l:l;rl:

t'lr:r. hrtl x
ijsnei-ai ail:',\\' j:' (rtr r*i':rtr:r- i{.r s,Pii iflc \i )i f i o cr) r.t n'iii e*i ) l, ni I [Link] nra -'i

1:l
OIle e .xatrri-,1t oii11 anci rlrc iir11'e1i1iorr [Link] 6 I

L .l.,.rr1i
i-i!ii(i(l!
,, .;r1q .1,..r l\(.)'r. lia,Li!tl,r\ !llria:ll1a

!ii!al-,triant
iirorLafe c,i lte ili:at illir.r()lliltl and laoliitirs
unelr0lovnlel)t 1evcI:. iIiiiil
Ir::i jtt'rt: ri t:otl itrrrj )lJt'\ ll1 l(rl :

liitr' 6Pn
slc,i'r inciustriai iie ve iopl11Jl'11 ln€:ans ",iii3!lual .'1'Iiri"'l1ic11i itl hurlan 'tltti
ei:otiolt'l ic reso'rtrces
l-rich Ievels of iliiterao'
iicc on il odt,ii i i,n prc'i"r ic:ris
i

snv ir(intrl t:nta ] d:giada'iton

lrl'.1il ini,-asirue itlra: ilr:1i'l'i' runi t4
I r-rv. techt tol ogioai rlct' elopir,l't;t

i.-cl1--e.\t:[Link]-sg-ylnl!:pr'lbi!li-lt"14-rgci.r" rlr ltirllryrl -t

s-sq-e-;r
-!i!ie .

t.n'r]laiicll issues - ili::lr brrth ia":

in I sm frna gcrttl e rr'r. and r: i :,:lirDrtl r'rl aii' I i'.

:orritlti,,:, it:\fi..:l:,'lni,.. i.t.i'.''-'.'i.'-:,1 it,''.:'l1l'ilr-'i]L: of I i,-t('t

i h ;izarc'j's
n a! Lrri.r
lov' iei,cis of ie;irllLrlilij\
\\'ars - ci vilrr:ihni.;
l;'ail itilnal j:slrc:. ;. trl' iiS':':<t:
"..p:.:l;l
Crecirlil)icraciev:irrtl:,-i prinii).!.[Link]:.:;in;riepolrltsr-rrediiiirttl'' lcrr f\1
()r're clii::;ensioii rtnl1 nia.', i L'ti
l'Jl"- i
 2()

I
I

i
I

tr+ ia) Descripticrn Exularratic-rrr

-'"1l

rro nl0ncY tO i::t.t.^, E0(tiis ca:rnoi save alrd inve si

coi'rsunipt-irtrr rernains depressed tiiere are iewet" hli,.ur:r5
irrciusrries prod uce iittle rnarlie I is depressed
itLdustries dr., nct gr0\n:: si.-lnls nt., [Link]..vledg; pqd sk!li9
fcio up nt, exploilers
fewrnc ner*, indusirics: pcitfrje dLre tc; littie inVesl"meilt [Link]
rt--rnain 0:ioliw ard lr,ti tn:c:tr,c i(, .itinl:lia'i.e
resoLirce ! iie iciic i nirtsi.r; ai gri-r l,rth
i

culput per per"s{ln .e i,tains i.r1r' r61 I lit

l

Creciit ill) rrarlis ftrt [Link].:i pi.;rr11, or cl'urjit ( i ) ibi" cie:;ci:ip;.ion anrl explanation
ua:I'. [Link] tl t-., I Il,
r1-,,
ilq_i,i ii:g,r atlal j1; !r,1 ;m s va.r

Dtirru lati i.;;"t gr'ori.'i-ii ia|*:l va rj

slarvalio:i aiid. inai n uiril"i orr
r"irc|,j gitl nr obi em srfl oolls
sn(rli a:'? l,; s,tiCi,,,ratcitl
sltr.,r irdusli iai cic',,'eioprrtctti
l:cli ol so;ial anicnitic:;
lovi'fi.i-).P
:prcai i r; i. ii isr:ascs uniciritrill iahie
aL:sen,:: i,i iniiial aclvaniage:i dui: tc leci: oi'rc:loLrr,jci

\i'l-. +1" n1 ,'lirtr( \ !lr'-

pei-il:her', is exploitr:d bv 1i"rt c()?"e - b;:cl<-uvash,'spreaci clr'e:i:,

[Link]., latio;: pre ssrire
rr at u:a I,i i sasrei^srgrc.l i ca. i rn sta i; i i ir.v
i r.

li;.ir: mailiet nolenti:ti .- pc,ven)'

slilt ed .r:)iel-t-lil')i!-tt policl,- peripher-a1 aielis neglctcteil - c,r iu: :iiiai(j g\
loc nlai\. oiC anC -\,arLrn!. pr.:o1l):
iacl o1 iilsrur'.rc bas: anri i'inance

Cenctal ,rri^i.!;\'"rr. )r] ci:lit'iliirisol., ot" rrampie s - nta>l 5

(lreriti (li io: di:r,r:J:,pi.c l:i:,in,..: anC [Link] urj t(l 7
Ottc r:'atttnlr: r,i:'. - ntt.\. ( i I'1-,'j
iI ',- l1-- !
ii'- .).-"i.
.i r#\
il,.:.t '
ii "*-J:

!-^-€_L
[Link], _*
t/ [Link](t., e'.^En

EII\{RAH \\'F; S rr i,I O *l,

H K&h,i [H AT"I Oir" S C O LiN C
(,*perai (,[Link] of' [,rlur;ariun Arivaprced Lel,eI
tr L

GE,(}[Link]{\' 91 56,,:
I'.'i'^]'l:;li :
\ii1. I-\IIrtr,'!z 1!:ll( \l:iL t/rla
..w6ti.r..ti _(irr,' )r..J,fl\._. I l irours

airirtiollai me.'i er:air

Ai;str, cf r,.rrircr

t,
I

TIh'Iti .l iroiir:,

tr n- S'i'RL C'l' I (i
r N S'I(] {-',;r H ii i [] i\'l' i. !

nallft altsr\\,ji t,[Link].i

.\ns.r'::i ftiui' tl r-ri:st,lon:r

.,\ttSr'.';: (rI)(r Lr,-1j.i;ir,1r ji,.'t., ).[Link];, .1..

11;1, :r_..i:i,.jt. :jt:,-:lilrl lJ iulcl $ns iruc:iii(ir, i'ont
Sr:ciioll I
-\t'rit.l
\'(tll: lljj:r\" 3is .r;t ijrl rcl)-lia,li i{;..-,,,,r;. rrrri)!; l,i\.-
I;'[Link] Lt:;:^ [Link] : litar ,'t,t. .1rc.-': :..1'llt!',r;1. 1itrii.i. :l:-, ,;;;,

ti\ F Oil\td T'I L)l\. Fr- )i( (..,r.,tr i Lu {}l,'[' t]_5

'i'i'rt
:':umbcr c)1'lri:ij"i,s rs I:i'1'.--il in t-,1.a:1,,;:i:. i , l;l llt: r:tii i'1 [Link]-',}t c1,"il,stit-xt ()i i)3ii i-ju:,rir.t(lli.
1'ou shr,ulil n.t;r!:c i'elerf:r'r;(: 1.[, appt()irriiii.( :'iri:'I:l*-',, siiriiir;i li ihr ij:1C o;- tht iia: jj.r.,out. \\/Jtcic
ili;S; u:', raisi'C,I'l l, L..,1i:..i;t:i-.
\-ou lrE advised l"c sirei:rri iro lorrgci tii;lit =j lir,;iui::. tr,-, S:c1 irrit ,i.
You are lclnincled c,i lire neec iti [Link] 1r-r,l:ii:,i' iiril .-1;;:r'itt,;1,,;ni;.iori

1ri'iuieri iritges arrd -l hl:r;;r i'!egr:,.

i'l n..n
^'rt l.r
 2

Sec{iorl A ii};'acticals )

Ansr,,,ei one qr-trslion fi't,iti tiris sectlorl

iiucstion-
\-c,u ai* adYtsed rp 5peni1 not t-norP rhan 4:: mittiltes Qn this

rnariuf'actLtrir-rr secior t'0i'S.,{DC;:pprliiiqs in 20f}i}

1 Tri)le 1 show:. tiic [Link]-i oi rit.
'f:ibtre i
* *-t
'\riii,,te
in miliior LIS$ I

i
,i
l.l1l',1 I

:r: ;+.)()

5 r(,(r

i- -rili,
"'.tt'l l ii''i.i

[Link]'.r'.i:ti a8i;

ti(; i)(i(;

(1 :,{il
. rin;iiinili I

7'irni:;ii^;i,, ,:i8 [t0it I

'.r

7...i
'
r./ ;.. ,i-. ' '.':':i'tiJl.-. \,1' .r. ul'.i
, ilSr'; .
Irtl

rjSe ii'Sh01i t"ire SamC

(l)) lr, Lri'ltt alC, {rCj;;t}](: l-l;l()'r-hi-: ti-r';ltlCrli \1()Li \i'.rul(i
E]
infirir-iatror: f

Llsei iti lil'i

(c) \\"hat ar,; lhc acli;it1'"11!r.3:i end ot:;ati"alll:tl(ls oj-'.he nreLhlid
o"'llr ih(' 3ng i ou ilat'e r:i'i'ir''r.' iri i b'l ?
t) i

{dl Usc the lia-ra in l';,i5ie I rt: sh;r" li'u ic'lio'*'ing:

t/
li i
 (ai A suburban shopping compiex was openeci recentl),
on the edge of a
iarge cin'. \'ou a:-e [Link] to carn' out
an inr.,estigation tci cietermine
its spircre of influence.

(i) Dll*' up a questio*aire oi I0 questions that r,ou

would use ro
coliecr infcrrrnation about the spiere of influenc.
of tt e suburba'
complex.

(ii) Outline and jus,ir ho* r'ou rvould chr,os: peopie to inre^,ieu i15]
(bl Describe hou 1,ou would present vour results
to shor,r [Link] vou
qnh::: ol
discovered ahout thsI spneis nr tnliuence
in"fi,,-.^ " of'the suburban '
[Link]
complex.
l6t
fc) De-scribe an' othe:" method 1'ou wouid use ro d,elinears tiie spherc
influence of the sh()ppins ccmplcx.
of
t4 |
l+l

l r <.i ' 1. r-,r,r

ITu:r rro'e:
 4

Section B (Human Core)

,Answer two questions fr'om this section

(a) Define the terms inlant mortalitl' and ltfe expectanc)'' t6t
L-j

(b) Fig.1 shows aduit mortalitf in Less Economicalll'f)eveioped Countries

IEDCs),
5t)
i--l Femaie J tvtaie

39.5

30
7.
!
* ')fi

Lon income Lower middle Upper middie

IIICOIDe lncome
NOTE: Adult monaliq' is the probabilit;- al ag: l5 of dyrng before 5{'
gxpressei as a Dercentage
fSbUnCf . lVorld Deveiopmenl Repor'' 1990r

Eio 1

fiS Describe the trencis shorvn in Fig' i'

(iii .{ccount fbr the causes of rnot'laiir' dliferences betu'een va:iou:s
nopulatron groups in L,ess Economicallr D:relopec count;ies
iLEDCst. l1-1

(c) \\'irh reference to an)' one [Link], evaiuate the contril"'utions meLie L^'r
lion-Governmental Organisarions (NGC-c r tn intprc'r'ing hearth f aciiities
for the rural popuiation, i7]

q I 5b'-i )ilOci
 5

4 (a) Define the termsTb rced migr"ation and brctin drain.

t6l
(bt Fig. 2 shows nei internarional migration between
19g5 and 1990.

USA
Australiaf
Canada r
Saudi Arabia
Cote d'Ivoire
France
rI -
Gains

UAE I
-1000 -500 I 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300r)
I unitec Kingdom
I South Korea
r Etiriopia
S" Lanka
I
l_-. Coiombia
Losses i Ei Salvador
lndra
l pahstan
lChina
;
l
Lebanon
i-I Phiiipin.s ISOURCE: S:orld BattLThe Wbrld
-%+ Mexico Affairs compttnion. Gerald Segal, lggil

Fig. 2

(ll Describe the pattern of migraticrr shou,n in Fig.2.

(ii} E>lamine the causes and impacl cf net mrgration shoun

in both
Less Economicailr Deveioped countriesiLencrr a-nd lv{ore
Economicalll, l)evelooed Countries (MEDCs t. r1-1
I ) )t
i^-l

(cj Evaiuate the impact of brain drain ro the de'eiopmenl of'an'

one LFDC
1'ou have studied. r?r
t-/J

:) i 5tr,': )'il'J0 i.

lT rrrr ^-'^"
 6

';ium clearancc' t6r

5 ta,l Expiain the terrns cin' 'entt'e anC

(b) Fig.3 shou's urban densifv gradients in N{ore Economicallr'

Counul'
Developed Country ffmbCl and Less Economicalll'Developed
(LEDC.i cities.

nse a:rd fall oi

celral densiues

conunurng nse of
centlar deosiues

/-
crn csnue
duua'

LEDCS

Fig. 3

t i: \\tal ciiffeiences are reflectcd b1 the tlao graphs?

si'rou'n in
tiil .l\cco"n: for '"ne cliflerences in the gradieni changes
Eic i Ilr
prograrffne in a LEDC i ott
(c) Assess the success of anr sium clearance
have stuciieii.
iil
l6l
6 (a) Define ?t'ecn ncl: and n()1 lo\..'tl'
Coutitrles
(b) With reference tc' clties in lvlore Economicaliv Deveioped
(\4EDCs),ouliinetheelforlsthalhavebeenmaoetocontaintheoutu'arrd |'lr -'
L -.!
expansion oi cities.

aflrmilts macis in L:ss Lcononri;ali1 D:r'"iopeo f

ortntrtss
tci -3,SSCSS
i-l
I'LEDCs r tc, Jiscowage rural oeponulaticn

o, 5ii : Ij:()i)i
 7

(ai Brieilr c:.:piain the iclea tiral popr-rlatiotl :{rc'.i't}l coulc1 ieerd tt, an ir-'rez'tsc
iri agriculrur-ai Prlrcucri c,ri" Iol

(br Fig. ,:1 relatioriship botu'oen [Link]: groq'th a1d

Shc.I,s tire filoi
prcxlr-rcii or in Tr-opieal Alrioa,

ilui)d l'r|guciiol I'er (.aitrtl i

l
i,5 r
:

l
9i-) i"
I
!

8-. i-
I

--i
I

-r--- -r --l7!
I

i 9tl r -i)l' b5 6(, /)' irii 6t 76 71

/)
:.:s, J
it)t
(/
I

I
J.i]';:-
1

,J 1/
,.*
I

l
\l
::..19a i- \,,
:,'lii L.
,l I

Ert-t.: 8:1-9{i .)(i-gi !):''20(Xl

(ii Desc;:ilre'''ilr tr:iii: sli;'rit ii. I i; ''

cjirtlitl* tn3 r-i'rrr:'l! lei:o ll,i;crl ic'illlslile i'ciod secuiiq'in lit-''i

iiit r11l
I . --1
(,'(rr-lnlt-\' I ou nil-,'t' siuiii :;i.

tlie impaci 3i t::triiral j;sasicil. t,n agriculturel irrCrrluclion

til an1'
(c) AsSeSs
re giijll \'ou [Link]','e :tiiiie;r.
l7l

E:.lpia|r. brjefi,, il:.i: le;-itls i.-ir+'(t' il.{'[Link] airci Scirrllllic

/o\
ttzdtl'tc'!eilt'ci1l
Iril
('i
ct.| .icI'ms.
(r-l:til
(1.,; \\'itli reicicltart ii) ct-,ilni:i3i')'ol-i ilei:' :sll'liiier' c'tljarl lro""'i'ii:: ;i.,i
'r'.'l :1ll i-riliu;al ()1]ll)ut' L]
Rer,,:riu',toi-t hi.l:. hcti;.1 'rr, .[Link]

(c) l-'r..,rr.,r,-'ir
i \ Gjrl!!\r
.,1'..,i:'{:'j:ll.,.l'..r1 t;t;'r.:1. . ,.:.. .. :';''l'. i'.'. r 'ir;'-i'!'-' l: '''"'iill:'l;'
liJi-'"; liliill;ili1t'.ri ul I i:) ,

"-3t.r

't t.-
 o

9 (.a) Distirrguish betwee'the formai

$ector and the informar sector in
economic activities.
t6l
(b) shows the participation rare of
fit;
trade,' service-q. produetion and
Zimbabwe,s population in informal
iUegitmate activities.

s'" 60

I
A- An

tr ){-i
rd

Metropoiitan Squatters

!-!,r'i-TI
Tiade
fuJ ffi Productiot
E Services
[--l llega]

Fig. 5
(il Desci"ibe the trencis shown in Fig. j,

(ii; outrine the co,triburi,-,n cf tjle inrornraj

srctc: tci rhe de'eiopment
of Zirribabu,e's economl. since J9g[r.
r11t
(c) with re{'erence ro manuf'[Link]*
in anr counir-l 1,oii ha,,,s
studied. asses^s the extent to *,ri-.h
the policr, Ul^.t empo\&.errnent has
been sucoessful. "l I lt
t'l
10 (a) Outiine the characteristics 01. mass tourism,
i5l
(b) outline [Link] anci [Link]
biought about by, impro'emenrs
i;:r Information l'echnologt,0T)
in thiiourisCira,oi,..,,",
"
tll:l
(c) Evaluate the measures useci t0 prcmore
tourisrn in areas you have st*dred,.
[7]

I i5o,': \t00E
 9

Section C (Human Options)

Answer one guestion from this section.

1i Sitth reference to a mrnin" area in a Less Economicallr, Developeci Country,

(LED(;,t.

(a) outiine the conditions. other tharr ph-r,sical. that have influenced mining
activities: iI ll
fb) discuss the benefits and cosrs associatecl q'ith mining of the mineral in
the area chos:n.
i13]
i-7 (z) Define the terms ent'irrLnmentai managernen! uto ,sustainahia
cicreiopmett. i i0l
(bi \llith reference rc) a Less Ecoironicalll'Deverooed country,0EDCr
studied. assess the attempts made ro ucgracie degraded rural
environments. i15l
1'? (a) \\'ith
reference to a Less Econornical)i DeveJoped Countn 6EDC r.
explain the factors that irave led to the cievelopmeni olits road ancl
railwav netrvorli. ii 2l
(bi Evaluate effons made to address probiems associated [Link] the urbar:
rrofiunuter ransncn sYstem in an1, counln vou har,e studiecl.
i13]

l1 (a1 Using reievanl exampl:s. exr;iain in: difieiences bsrween dsr,'eiopmeni

ani economic groutir. ll0l
(b) \\iithreference tri:, regior,l'ou irave stuciiec.. ciiscuss irc,r,r it-s deveionmeni
iras heen influenced b1 internal and e::ren:al factc,rs. if -5]

-rr I 5i; ': l.ll00i

 ZtMtsAEWE SCHOOL EXAMINATIO]\S CO{JNCIL
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level

POSSIBLE ANSWERS

1\OVEVtBER 2008

GEOGITAPHY ets6tt2
 L

l. (a) TechLiq,qes

Either - Pie chari or

- corflP..)ttrld barsldivided bars or
- bar graphs or
- proportional syrrrbois e'g. circies

e.s. For pie oha!1 bePtLan

- convert 7o or calculate degrees - draw axes

- cira*, circle - label counrries on x axis and valttes ott y
aris
- piot scctors or measure ange ls - plot Lrars or construct of sanre width
--k")'forshaclingorlabel-shade'coiourorlabel
- title - title
Credit 1 nrark for a steP
'fext cr diagram cniS max 5, Generic 2 ntarlis 18]

Nanre 1 rnark and steps in the rlcscription of the n'rethod 7 mariis'

i
(b) 1

candiciares shor-rld not nalrle the same teclrnique used in

(a).

Generic - ma^ t i'7 tB]

(c) Advantases Cthq-Igg11'1iq1]sgql-liriltls

pie chartibar charts are eolnDact and comparatit'e, bui proportiotrai

symbols
-
are sPread all ovet the maP
- anJ, slight variations in siie of symhols gives a wrong
iinpression (1o-*s ci
information)

Credit2fbrdevelopedpoint(2'2.1)Disregardtrivialities
Single pornls up to 3, N^o comparison- max 2 [51

(d) (il lrl-qal

l'lie total [Link] + number of units' i'e' 21 252'22

(ii) \4Bciian

value
- rearrange data in ascenciirrg or descending order anrl the centre
is the meciian, i.e' 12 500

(iii) For (i) and (ii;, accept calcttlations made or ibrmuiae

Canclidates to illustrate lhe clispersion graph
 3

(iv.l e.g.
--.-
i

' '11Pt. C,,tOr\\e

I ir I

i
!- - -- na eo itt

1,
i orelr gi'ia'rlile
tl
L----l
l)o not mark definitions lor (iii) and [Link])
Credit fcrmulae: - Izi x (n-l)
l,ower quartile
Upperquartile-%x(n+1) t4l [25]

2 (,a'S (i) -@estrpgnaiie-dssls!

- the questions have io relate the customers on their origirr

- purpose of visit
- high or lower order goods
- mode of transPotl
- frequency of visit
- al"ernative shoPPing centres
- 0g€, sex. income' level of education

can also be a group of questions focused on shop owners on services the,r

provide.

- telephone calls exchange

- get addresses ofcheque purchasers
- if credit offered, get addresses of customers
- exlent of delivery if it sells expensive goods etc'
- commuter destinations
- posl office delivery boxes

The candidate mav focus on one o{'the above'

NB: Customers ma),be in the fielcl or at shopping mallsiconrplexes,'10

(ii) Choice of People to intervieu'

- sampling method and justificatiott of the method 15 [l 5]

(b) Procedure of desire lines

a dotteC iine on the margins to enclose

- ::nTl!. places ororigin anrl shopping complex

r" link
place dots at the piace of origin on tnap
title
ke1'

Credit 1 lcrr each singie Point

 o{ nfluu,ce

[6]
Generic - max 2.

(c) Other rnethod

- the gravity modelto cletermine break-off point (1)

Formula
PiPj
TU ^
Lt-
tu

Where Ti-i : interaction befiveen area ij

TJ a constant
Pij : population of the areas i, j
j
ot.J distance between areas i,

Explanation (l ) t4l [2s]

(a)bfutnrsrtalllyisthedeath(1)-ofchildrenundertheageoflyear(1)due
ro delivery cfrptications or infections or poor care later (1) 13

to die or to.
Lil,e expectanc), is the average age that an)' person is expected
group of people
live (1). It can-aiso be definid as the average iife span
of a
approximately 40 years
born in the same year in an area (1). in LEDCs it's
and in N'lEDCs it's 65 Years (1) 13 16l

(b) (i) The trends being shown in Fig'1 may include

- mortalit,v rate decreases as income increases

group
- the iargest percentage of those [Link] die are in the low income
- mal.. die in large numbers across ail the income groups
_ tn,ice as many ltw income earners die if compared to the
r-rpper

middle income
in the
- the proporrion of those u,ho die between males and females
lower and upper middle income is nearly the sarne

Credit 2 for develoPed Point

t6
Comparison to be across not within the same group
 j
(iil Reasilrls fbr nrol1alit), [Link] irt variclts populaticn groupS val}::

Income - irigh/lorv

: ;:':T Tung, adurts, agerr

' place of residenoe - rural or rtrban
" sex -- inale/fetlrale
- occupation - ernployed or unernployed
" diffurences in levels of education
- provision oIirea]th facilitles etc.

Cre<tit 2 {br rlevelopecl point and credit I rnark for sirigle point
upto3
ilo comparlsonigeneral- rvtan 3- otte [Link] - lriax 4 16 [l2l

(c) Non-governrnental organizatioils f i'.lCOs) itave been heiping irrrprove health

facilities lor [Link] people mostly through (accept l'oreign governments):

donation c-.1 l'unds

eclucation and skills trainir,g
attacltiirg expecl healtirltecltnical experts
building clinics, toilets, dip tanks fbr peopie
donating meciicines
lood aid
protected rvelis and boreholes

l{owevcr sor:re of the ciorratecl equipnierti or <irugs at'e ohsolete ol have

expired
resper:tivel\'.

Credit 2 fbr an assessed atlempt'

Contribution 14 Eva[iation 13

General ans\\ier max j. Ceneric mar 3

More than one LEIIC * lllax 4 or relers to 1o"\ll preople
lrlo creiiii for speculativc langr-rage l7l i2-{]

(a) their will, whetlrer

1 ESlggfuflg&!1q! refers to mo\/ement of irrdii,iduals against
withiuiiilriiss bcrunciaries. It oan be a result of persecutioir" depottation,
slavery or resettlement. 13

is the exoclus of edLrcated or skilled personne I fcrr otlier regions

or
Etgjjldlai!
countries i,vhere tfiere are perceived g1eetter pastures e.g' Zimbabwe - UiK
t3 t6l
(b) (il Description-ofpa$-e-ru,illlu^gle1qi

-USAhasthelargestgainv,'hiieMexicohasthelargestloss
- ccuntries that record gains in migration are developed e.g. usA,
Attstreiiir, Canada
- oit - rich counlries like UAE and Arabia also record gains irt
migratiott
- [Link]. Cote d'lvoire recc'rd same gains
- U.K is the onil'hiE,DC with a net migration loss
 6

-Corec,lvoireistlreoniyAfi.icanC0Ltntr},recordinganetgain
- Philippines, Lebanon, china, Pakistan record alnrtrsl same losses

Creclit I for singie Points 16

(ii) can focus on the eoonomiC, gxvllonntental,

QAiUgg are varied but candidates
t**Gt politicai problems sttch as war 13

and reoeiving areas.

]Ilpeql shoulcl be trvo dimensional i,e. to botlt source
-fr. i,rp^"t coLrld be assessed in terms oi'proyision of social services'
entpioyment,devel.:[Link],aswellaspoliticaltensicrns./3
t 1?l
One c',imension niax I lor botir causes and impact L'"1

impact of brain cirairr can he evidenced by

(c) Qgestion is country-specific but

:;horlage of sltille<] personnel in health, eijucation in

capacity building
-
- stegnant transport sector
- poor agriculttrrai prrilr'ction
- [Link] o1'tunds - Ilorne l'ink

Credit 2 1'or an assessed irnPact

General answer nlax 3
One dirnension tnax 5 (positive or negative
only)
Generic tna-x')
jv{ore than 3p,g I FDC - l'nax.4 l7l [2s]

(cBD) or
{.4) llgcentre; terlrl usecl usrialil,,tc refer to the clentral Business flistrict
is a
dOr.,n t,')iVIi. It is thc tnost accessiblr:
parr of the citl' 13

and unwofth)' sfrtlctures of the citl'

Sium ciearance: the process of removing illegal
in Zimbabwe in 2005'
n, ro,',n. .'\ good exatnple is "Operation l\luranrbatsvina"
t\ t6.1

(b) (i) DiifeEl-ss!

- in \4EDCs ther.e is a rise anci lailof centraldensities rvhile in LIlDcs

the centrai derlsities cortlintte to rise
-Inlr,[Link]
densitl whilst the ciensity gradient in l-EDCs in stable
as the cit)'
- In I-EDCs urban densitl,'giadients have remainecl constant
grows s1111r'ards rvhile in MEDCs there is art increase

Cred!t 1 rr,arli for single Points'

l{o oomparison - tnax 2
15

(ii) A ccount glLlhld i [Link]'99

in the forrn 'rf
- MEDC oities irave well-developed transporl si's^iel-i)s
and hence ntan'v"
personal cars, ll'liiss transit s)'Stems ancl railwal' lines
pe,:pte pref"er to staY in the commuter zone (afl'iuencel
_ there is less need to
intprovernents in wireless technology also means
visit the CBD
 7

decentralization of CBD functions to suburban areas

differentials in income
in respect of size of settlement - LEDC smaller than MEDC citl' so
more functions

credit 2 for developed points and single points up to 4 17 [12]

(c) The question is country,-specific, Most common are SA, Zimbabrve, India, Brazil,
Argentina. Candidates need to evaluate the aims, methodology and results of slum
clearance.

Name of programm e /1

Positive effects

- irnproved h1'giene and sanitation

- reduced prevalence of diseases/pollution
- social eviis (theft) reduced
- reduced congestion on essential social services like schools. clinic etc.
- restored beautl' of residential areas 13

Negative effects

- homelessness due to clearance of backyard shacks

- [Link]
- loss ol income especiall.v informal traders
- increase in social evils due to loss of accomtnodation and
jobs l3

General- max 3
credit 2 for developed point ([Link]) single points - max 3 marks
One dimension ntax'1
Genetic - max 2 [Link] to N'IEDC I7l t25l

6 (a) Green belt

A section of undisturbed vegetation belt around the citi"in which no building activitl'
. is allowecl. The cit1, cannotixpand beyond this ring. $/ithin the green
belt. onh'
parks and golf courses are allowed as developments' /3

Nerv town

completeli, free standing urban centre planned on the periphery o[ a citf

in
response to the redisribution of population and services. lt is self-contained
socialiy
and economically rvell balanced' i3 t6'l

(b) ExamPle-based answer

Candidates need to name a city in the MEDC. An outiine of eflorts in needed'

Efforts u,ill depend on the example chosen, Comtnon efforts include

infill of open spaces

gentrification
use of green belts
 8

- stringent building laws

- decentralization of services to other towns
- high taxation in target areas
- building of satellite towlis
- vertical and underground development

Credit 2 for a deveioPed Point

I example only Max 6
General Answer Max 5 no citY
Single points credit uP to 6
Generic max 4 refbr to I-EDC il21

(c)

- industrialization of rural areas

- decentralization e.g. growth points
- housing projects for rural people
- rural water Projects
- rural electrification
- granting title deeds to rural dwellers
- setting uP informal industries
- self-hilpprojects sponsored by government or NGOs etc'
- Iand reform

Attempts 14 Evaluation 13

General ans\\'er max 3 One e.g. only max 4 Ul [251

Boserup's ideas
(a) candidates could implicitll, or explicitly refer to Esther

- The basis cf the discussion is that necessity is the mother of invention

- in agricutiu.., popuiation increase couid extend the market for leaci agricultural
to the
produce, increase' the pool of labour, increase laxation base,
establishment of dov,,nstream induslries e.g. fertilisers
etc.

Credit I for developed point, single * max 3 i6l

&)(i)|oodproductionpercapitadecreasingx,hilepopulationgrowthrs
lncreaslng
population
rooo [Link] fluctuating betrveen 1g61 and 1g6g while
growth rose constantl)'
6eni,een 1g60 to Ig65 and ig65 to 1g70 popularion
grourh was
constant (2,5) but food production per capita fell to about
8-<9i,

Credit 2 for deve loperl point and single points up to 3 15

(ii) - inPut scheme

- building of strategic grain reserves
- use of an earll'warning s)'stem
-appointingamember,-[Link],tobeinchargeoffoodsecuritl,
- removing tariffs on food imPorts
- liaising on production of essential crops
- establishing a common agricultural policy'
- green revoiution and technolog,v - max 2 marks
 g

'2
Clrr:dit fol a developed poiirt singie up to ;i
General answer max 3 l'i l"i2)

(c) LEI)Cs are usrralll,al'fected b1'naturai disasters (nrt credit for disa-^ier nanle)

- natural disasters could mean litlle or no pr"ciiuction in Lf:[]Cs wirile in Ir,lEDCs

thei, coiild mean decreaseci production
- droughts, floods. locust [Link], riiseases in plallts or livestocli e.g. loot anci
lnouiir, fi'ost etc.
- iu-rpirct depends on t,ragnitude ancl state oi'prcparedne-ss

Credit 2 for developed puini

General answe i' (or re lerence to r;ttc ct-runti] ) lnax 3

At letrst 2 natural disasters for l'ul1 mai'ks 111

! I
I?1i
t-'l

(a.) GLCqr is a breakthrough in plant breeding that ptodLrced high yielding

Sfliiltl1ia]l
yarieties (I-lY'Vs). a package of lertiiizerr;, insecticides. hclbiciries. fungicicles.
niacftineri 1br harvesting and planting, water control equipinetli, loans and grants.
training scltentes^ inarkering and [Link] [Link]:s. agrai'ian refortn.

Credit 1 frrr bio-chernica.l. niechanical and socio-ec,ot'totttic in;lol'ati(lns . 13

Scientific tnanqg-e-[]-ent--qi faul5 is il s1'siematic approaclt to the managenrent of

larnring in t'hicir teciinoiogi'. researeh. technical krr'.lw-horv are used e,g'
biofcchnolog,r'or geneiic,:ngirieering in which the genr:tic nrake-up oi'an orgarrisnt
is altered,rsirrg sy,lthetic horinones to exploit its strenglhs or retnove ils weaknesses
t3 i6l
(tr) intensificaLiott leacis r;o irrcreased oittpt-tt tlrroi"rgh:

- neu'seeCs anci II'r'Vs

- agroche micals
- [Link]\,l breeciirig siock
- stock nranagement
- vacc ir-tat io rt s
- clips and silc,s
- traelor:; irnd irarveslcrs
- i-i:ilgationschetlles
- eciucation alrd train;ns
- ioatts ancl granis
- land reforn-t
- detnonstration farms etc.

Credit 2 fbr de..'eloped point anci single [Link] up to 6.

Certeral answer max 5
'l'hailanrl, lr4exico. Viettratn,
One exatnple onl.v nrax 6. [Link] include InL'iia.
Ziiubatrrve, Kenl'a, N'iala1'sia, T'aiwalt and Pakistan' i 12]
 l0
(o) [Link]-qg!*]re-p!s]-tr-v-e ardiQr-ryqgelive

Positive Negative

- reclaniation of marginal areas - flooding problems due to damming

- water control itr Breas prone to - npw strains prone ro wgtBr dise4sss
flooding since darns regulate rivcr and insects
flow - eutrophieation leading to weed
- soil fertilitr improved growth
- hettcr farrring [Link]-crop rotation - ciisturbance olanimal and plarrt
anci nri:red farrning species
- silt deposit and inoreased inllltration - u'ater-iogging leads to firngal
due to s..-,il conscrvation rylethods. infections
- saiinization due 1.r: excessive
iirigation.
- soil erosion and siltaliori

Credit 2 for developed point and single up to 4

No reference, t.o 8(b) or Cencral irar, 3
One c,,iairrple oniy iiom 8(bj or ()ne diinension rel'erring to positive or rregative only
ntar- 4
Ans,aei'r.r) be supported hy evidence of the Green Revolution consequences, i.e.
fiont India, N4exico, Philippines, Europe etc'
No credit for speculetive [Link] [7] [25]
9 (a) {p5u'er '.o Lre cortrpatative .

EC1ixaLseclqf : is the oftlciai. regLrlarised cr legtrl secior of li:e econot-ttv cotlprising

olregistererj companies u'ho pay'tax and condLtct husiness as lter tlre c'ountr)"s
lau's, operaies in iacllries. qLialitv contrtil 13

h_&rma] S!r_QI!r; the iliegai srcror ivhose activities inciude hawking, manufacturing
and seryice indiistries. prc-rduction anc uollstructic.n as well as immcra! activities. It
is ncrt registered, operatg5 311r-.'r').iere. lack of ciualiry control.
ilreciit 2 for a fi:ll <.:ontparisor,
l''lo compariscit nrax ) 13 t5]
(b) (i) Trc:lds

- trade dominates tlte inforrnal sector

- ti:ade in metropoliian areas is aimo:;t equivalent to that of'squatter areas
and so fhe satne is trtte fiir rurai anil urtran area:l
- rurai areas dc not have illegiti:late activities
- illegitimate actiyities are higliest in sqLratter areas wlrere they sLtrpass
pl cductrrrn and serr ices.
- prodriction irr rural areas almost the same as tltat of ttrban areas
- se rvices alrnost the sanne in rural and sqttattcr areas

Cr,.rdit 1 tor sirrgle de scriptiorr. I {'t

 11

{ir) Contributicin ti['itr.i^rti'rtial sector

- training of sk-illed r^lanpower

- reducing unrler-cmploylrellt and unempioiffiont
- generating income fcrr the krwly paid n*d insreasin$ ihe GDP
- stimulating entrepreneurial development
- increasing the purchasing power of participants
- has at times worked against developrnent tirrough tnoney launclering,
raising inflation. creating artificiai shortages, and producing sub-standard
gaotls, recluces government revenue base
- supplies the forrnal ;sector with gootls though Corre secretly e.g. furniture
tt downto'wn shoPs t5

L'rerlit 2 [Link] poin'rs or singie up to 3

Generic max 2 if inappr<-rpriate exantple

General answer max2, no examPle .

Accept pttsitive anrilor negative response 112)

In\ &-g&[Link]![Link]*y/SI and candirlates need to assqss

- low tax and interest. raie:;

- pcrlic,v ensuring that Black: arc no\r in manageriai sector
- aiso that Blacks are no\\' owners of incilistiy
- hlai:lis ena'bied to take part in ihe stcck exchange
- biacks ha";e been emporvereci u'ith technicai skills
- preference in marketir:g; local content rend sharsholding rnajority

Cr"'dit 2 lor deveioped points

i-r]
L/ I
r1<1
t-"
General answer max 3; ilccept positive and rregattve itnuaci J

10 (a) Ch-ryac1'ryS$-tt*o*IpA:s-!!l1il!q-1

.- lnvsivos package icilr.s

- iise of tour operators
- visiting of well-knou'n places like \jictona Falls
- there is a lot of advei'tising
- large nuntbers of toirrists
- degradingenvironment

Credit I fcir single poinis t6l

(b) Cpporturrities anci [Link] broright b-v information tcchnology into tourism

g-plglu!$i-et

- rnarketitrg of tourist resorts through internet, CDs

- online booking of pianes and coaches
- online viewing of exchange rates
- ascertirir,ing wh*ther the ciestination is safe or lloi
- making frans nationaltransactions etc' i8
 12

ehgi-L_eages

- videci-c<lnferencing, faxes. sateliite iink-ups etc, are reciucing the need to travel
hence worh against tourism
- lbr t,IiDCs, costs are too high and trained persernqel absent

Crerlit 2 for cleveloped point ar:d sirrgle poini up to 6 14 tlz)

(c) Creat Lirnpopo 'Iranslrontier Park, European tlnion, East Africa are examples of
tif9?rS"
Accept ip{iviciual countries * Zimbabwe, Kenya, Scuth Afiica, Spain, Portugal,
Cleece e{c.
Eursp gaula!-art-tilcerurgl: (speci iic)

- Rcgicna! I)evelopnrent Pund as a ccherent tourist poiicy

- iruprovernent of vrater sttpply, electricity anti accomnrodation
- he lping the balance of paynrent of poorer EU countries e.g. Portugal
- integratiirg transpo$- routes e.g. Europe-rail and "8" roads
- retnL-ving passpori and customs control
- evcntLially introducing c',rmmon passports and driving liceni:es
- [Link] common currency - Euro
- Eut'ocard/PassPort

Qlkr m [Link] ul -alhpl-aigs!

- protecting anC preserving the natural anii cultural resources/reSof. areas

- .rdvenisirig orr print and electronic nledia ahroacl, regicnally, itcally
- tourist boards
- iuiprove irrfrastructure - hoteis, lodges, moteis, roads, railwaf iines
- ituprove iransport * bt:ses, trains, planes, ship, metro, trams
- holidal'packages
- rnass tourism 14

Eveiqalon

- low [Link]-tout clue to politicai reasorls

- baci publicity has scared away tourists to attractive destinatioirs like Zinrbablve
- a lct of them i re ncble measures but hrrve iieen hijacked try unscrupuious
Poiiiicians
- inembel'counrries cf scx:e areas like Ei-J reject idea of commcn curency
- some governments pay lip seryice to the tourist'/entijres on ;r regicnal
ta
level

Credit Z 1"or a well evaiuated tneasure

General answer max -?
One e.g. onlY rnax 4
Measuies l4 l:valuation 13 i7l [25]

i 1 (a) A good answel [Link]! depeird on the example chosEn e,g. Redctiil, Buchwa,
Cnpp"rtreit. Cr:nilitions are unique to each arsa and these could be q!p-i31, 9qry-q81q
and pqlilicql,
Possible alisv"'ers inclutle
 13

Social - technical l<now-how'

- labour force - skilled/unskilledisemiskilled

- infrastructurai - bani<s, schoois, roads, raiiways
- approval of local leadership, e.g. Niger delta crisis 14

Economic

- water supplies
- capitai availabiliry'
- technological innovation
- market demand
- power supplies
- qualitl' of'mineral t4

Political
- political stabiliti'
- government polic1,,
- internationalrelations
More than one LEDC. e.g. max 7, general- max 5
i4
At least 2 dimensions for full answer
One dimension max 3
Generic max 2, refers to MEDC
Credit 2 for developed point for all the dimensions, single points up ro 6. [12]

(b) Costs and benefits are dependent on area chosen. Use of scale check for a balanced
answer.

Positive (benefits) Negative (costs)

Economic - emplovmentgeneration - profits repatriated

- forex - unemplovment
- attracts investment and - regional disparitl'
development 13 i3

Social - infrastructure - specialised equipment is

- social amenities white elephant
- raw materials to other - povert), ciue to retrenchment,s
industries - exploitation of workers
- ghost to\4'ns
t2 - social decadence /3

Environmental openlng up remote areas - pollution

use ol idle resources - subsidence
- flooding
- destrdction of ecosl,stem
t1 - loss of agric land 12

General aniwer max 6. Generic max 4, refbrs to MEDC

One dimension (environmental. social or + and - only) max 6 [1i] [25]
 14

12 (a) Etytrqnmentat tvtalq - eflective and active measure gearecl toward

protection, conservation and preservatior-r of the environment (heritage or natural
resources) by a government, organisation or individual 15

Sustainable development:- seeks to maintain a balance between the satisfaction of

human needs and the preservation of the physical environment in which people live
on. Wise use of resources today while reserving for future generations.

Credit 2 for a developed point single up to 5 15 tl0l

(b) Rural sefflements in LEDCs should be used. Efforts to revive declined rural
settlements are example-specific but some include

- controlled resource exploitation

- resettlement
- afforestation and reforestation
- rural electrification
- introduction of cottage industries
- access to loans
- crop rotation, terracing, contour ploughing
- identification and development of re source-based industries e.g. Sanyati,
Maphisa.
- altemative sources of fuel
- refocusing on other beneficial activities e.g. eco-tourism, Campfire
- capacitl, building (skills training and empowerment)
- paddocking, destocking, gulll' reclamation

Accept aftempts to rehabilitate deforested lands, eroded areas, mining and degraded
tourist areas.
Attempts 17
Evaluation t7

Cenerai answer - max 7

lvlore than one countr,v example max 8 and one rural envircnment only quoted
Generic ans\\'er max 4, refers to MEDC [15] I25l
13 (.a) Factors leading to the development of road and rail netrvorks depend on exarnple
chosen. PhS,sical. political, social, economic and development factors should be
addressed.

General answer max 5. One dimension max 4. Credit 2 for a developed point,
Singles up to 6
Generic max 3. refers to MEDC [12]

(b) ProLrlems associated with urban commuter transport s)'stem can be evaluated thus

controlling the fare structures (effort)

: :::Iilx;x: l.:;,,j:nxrJiffi;[,'i,ffi
deregulation of transport sector (effort)
:'"T?Il. expensive (assessment)

freedom train/commuter train (effort)

: #,Ttil:fJ'-l'J?J$J#""'sment)
 1(
tJ

Irrobier-,r - ;1 Assessmcni - /r1

E,ficrt - i5
General Arrsrver lvlax 5 Ir 3 i l2s]

14 (a) Dp:giqg:feJ! is a process invoiving riualitative r-,hange uslrrlll)'in tlte ec<;nomic

.,;1nti.::i

- inlproverrreirt in tire tccitnologicai, o,:lrtica.l. soe ro-cultiira[. ccltrrirnic conditiotis

oitiie posl{:t secliotr of sr:cict,t
- resources of'a natic-tn are ptit int.r 6iroc!uctive urea

Clsdit 2 lor clcveloped poini ('i [Link] ano single poittls up 1.r;11 15

l:qalfqlltl-q_gry_l.{h is the inciease [Link] pr,-]duciive capacity anC outpttt of a counirl'

rus'uali-,' in tertns oi'Gl'iP.
- arly e1?;r1 that helps the gi'orvth olliie ecunclr-y. fcr susrailtable incrcase itl ilte
econotnic standard of living
- ii's rneasltred in terlls [Link], inccme nnd sociai services
credit (21 for developerl i:oint 12,2,1) and single points up io -i 15 [lt]l
(it; Anst,,er:;lioulC t!,:,pencI ttlt resiotl chosen c.g. Orinc,r;o, SADC, natirrnai. SE
i,c*'veld. t'-,itropcan Utiio;.r

]r!qii]-al

- rratural resources - iand. li'a1er. trritlerais" vegela"iotl

- itupitrn ie:iolircei - cconolnicalil aciive ireople" kriowiedge^ sl'lilis' cultur"e
locai poiicies - govst-1l1')lenl'irrcal govei'nfiient
t8
-
L:1qt-Lltil

- lra,le e.g. increase cr ciei:line in tieilari*l for Ioc;rl goods and services
- iitrport alcl expori rt:Etricl-iotis (fol a nationai levell
- loleigrt ltolie ie s -' sitlt'i rr'il-.

Ciedit 2. ft;r developcC poirrt aril singie Pi:itris up to B.

Cerreral anriu'er tna>l 7

Morc ti:arr orie re giot-t - rrrtrx tt 17 Li 5 i t 2 5I
 E
'+
#
t ot [Link]*a.. B.*ur.n.r!

ZIMBABWE SCHOOL E}LAMINATIOh{S COUNCIL

General Certificate of Education Adt'anced Level

GEOGRAPHY 9t5612
PAPER.2

JUNE 2OO9 SESSION -3 hours

Additionai materiais:
,{nsrver paper

TIME 3 hours

TTT. STRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write -vour name. Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the ans'wer
paper.' ansn'er booki et.

Answ'er four questions.

Answer one question from Section A. fwo questlons iiom Secrion B and one question from
Section C.
S'rite your answers on the separate answer paper proi'ided.
If you use more than one sheet of paper. fasten the sheets together,

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end cf each question or part question.
You should make reference to appropnate examples. stuciied in the fielci or the classroorn. r.r'here
these are relevant to a question.
You are acivised to spend no longer than'+5 minutes on Section A,
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in 1'our answers.

This question paper consists of 6 printed pages and 2 blank pages'

Coprright: Zimbabwe School Examtnations Ccuncil. 11009

ozlMSEC J2ooc [Turn over
 2

Section A (Practicals)

Ansu'er one question from this section.

You are adr,'ised to spend not mors than 4j minutes on this question.

I You are required to study'the spatial distribution o1'point settlements in an area.

You are provided with atopograohical map of the area iscaie I : 15 000i.

(a) Describe and illustrate how -,-ou would use the Nearest Neighbour Index
{\l\ri) in -"-our stud-v-. [10]

(b) interpret the Nlii and explain its significance in settiement stuciies. [7]

(c) State the importance of the scaie oithe topouraphicai n:ap useC in such
r't l
studies. L- l

(d) [trat are the advantages and <iisadr,antages of using a questionnaire as

a method of data coliection? t6l

2 \'ou are asked to carn' out a field sun'ev to determine the extent oi the imer
citv zone of a town.

(a) Describe the sieps y'ou would take to carry out the surver i8l

(b) \\'hat inciicators n'ouid vou use to delimit the extent oithe [Link]
citl' zcne' [*]

(c) Explain ilsu' r,ou u,ould present vour findings in the form of a diaeram. l5]

(d) Hou'rr,'ould tou'n pianners use the infbrmation collected from this
survev to solve probiems of the inner citt' zone? [4]
 3

Section B (I-h-lman Core)

.[Link]" lwo cluesrions {icm this ser:tion

3 (a) Explaiir iht ierrns ,rcc.)nomical!-\, r;c'tn,e yso;ruiarian an,J [Link] poputuli1n.16)

(h) 'fable I shoi,i,s populatron srructures of fbur countries.

Tabie I

Perceuraqe of"total poluiation in age grout)

I lt -- l- .,cars
r,(.trllS l_r
l _. * h.] arsi c)clr,gt
1'.
\ f ars
1

n.+ \/ears O\eI

I
\j
6_\ \,eel"s
o_\
I

,to
I
I
Cciuniry'.4 +o -+1
,t (\
I
I
I
Group X
I

-_-*__+*_

Countrv B ia 59
-i)

iiill _i_
rl I
i i C,runtn c. i :a I I
o;
l

Ciroup 1'

Describe anci suggest reasons for 1"he i'ariatic,ns shcr.r,n in Tabie i. Ir 2]

(c) \.\/ith relererlce to a l,ess [Link] ile'elopeci country, (LllDC)

1'z61 lisr"s studied. evaluate nieasures iakcn 1o reduce mortalitv in
rural areas
L7l

4 (u) Bri efi,v expiain the terrr p r -tyt tti :t- t i o rt .t t rlt. ct tt re .
I6l
(bl With refereiioe to ar:1 reuirln -vou har'; sti.l<iieci. ouliine the faciors
that attract rnigrants. l-1 ?l
L'-l

(c) To [Link] exteni dces nrigration create a baience beru,een areas o1'
overpopularit l ancl are:is oi' under;ropulation? LIse examples to.
SuppOn'\'0ur answcr. 1,7)

q'Sh 1 !'r0r,a

[Turn over
 .,+

(a) \\'ilh thL' aiii of ciiarl;',Lrns. d:1rne ihc, iollrturinc terrns

(i) prirnate citl

(ii) sphere oi infliience l6]

(b) 'fl;itir i'eference io exanipies lroin L-r-ss llcc:r1omjg3ii1,
De,,,eioired
Counrries ( I-.]:l)Cs;..Litline iiie i'acro:-s iea<iing,,o prirnacr
li2]
(c) Assess c,ffoi-ts beins inacie tri,i-l.-LlLs ir l"edress tire probleni uf primrrcv l7l
(a) I-rjstrnr:uislr bctv,,een [Link]-in,tt.
ilr(i:ti b,:i.t and 16]

(h) \\'itir ret'crence tc citii,:s voi-l irave stuciicd. outiinc the rl:asiil-rs.,l,hi ii is
riecessarv to conlrol lite out\\,ard expansion of citles, I I -. J

{c\ R'ith rti-et"r:r-irr- t(, :i-,untiie--; i,tru iri:ve :;tucLed, crilicaili, eX&mrlrir tt-tc
pr+blems assoctateii uil"it :.ale liite ioil,ns.
L7I

(rt Outiine lirrkirgc:, iiiat cxisi vn,rtirrn tire auriculiure :jecror.

i6l
{hi Flg. i shor.,.'s cnarrgulr patteinr ln arriicuitural prociuciior,. in a
i,ess E,:i,rnoiticali.,., l]evelorcd (,ountrv r LEDC i.
4 I

I t, -1
I
I
Key
ffi Tobacuo
I
I

o i I

I
I [iTn Aaize
8 ) I

f:j I {orlicuitrire
i
(.)
i m Smail grains
Ei -1
,

I
I

€6 -1
i

=E
=_l

=
5
'; /t
u'i

1 985 I 990 2000 2005 Years

Fig" I

Describe and e:lpiain the peiterrrs snv'vvn rn Fig. I r11t

Lt-l
()
I:6,j il0i)o
 5

(c) \\'ith referencero a named cit',,. assess attempts that har,'e been macie
to regulate urban agriculture.
t7l

8 (r) Briefl1' ourline the characteristics of pasroral nomaciism. i6l

(b) \r'irh refbrence ro examples vou have stuciied" describe and explain the
relative importance of the phl,sical, economic anci poiitical factors that
influence the nature of pastorai farming. lt'l
t,-]
(c) \\rith reference ro a counrn'vou have studied. evaiuate problems f-aced
b1 communal farmers in rheir effons to improve iivestock production. i7l

9 (a) Define the terms ouarternor., inciustn, and indusrrial esmte. t6]
(b) with reference to examples 1'ou have studred. outline the problems that
arise from the concentration of service industries. I 12]

(c) \l/rth reference to examples. assess lhe measures being taken to revive
declining industrial regions. J)
l0 (a) Define the terms resort and recreation. t5l
(b) Fig. 2 shor.r,s ianduse in a coastai resort.

c*Im

KEY
t?rrffir
kxxxl zone of caravan sites. chaiets etc
ixxxl
zone of large hoteis and prestige facilities
mm
zone of small hotels and guest houses

ffi zone of industrl,, serr,'ices

T zone of' suburban residence

zone of bed-and-breakfasts along arterial routewavs

Fig.2
g i-iiri: i200o

[Turn over
 6

Describe and expiain the paftern of landuse in the coastal resort shown
in rrs '. r l .1'l
It-]

(c) \\'ith reference ro areas studied. discuss the deciine of seaside resorts.
t7l

Section C (Human Options)

Answer one question from this section.

1l (a) compare and contrasr thermai anci hydro-erectric power stations in

respecr of their

(i) siting.

(ii; costs of prociuction (both economic and environmentai). and

(iiit output capacir'' r I ilj

t ^-

(b) w'ith reference to examples, assess the role of electricity as a factor in

industrial iocaticin. [i0]
t1 (a) Brief'I1' explaln the fcrllor,[Link] terms as they' are used in environmentai
management:

(i) reuse and recyciing ofresources:

(ii) reducrion of pollution;

(iii) prevention of poilution:

(iv) treatment and disposal of w,astes.

[ 1]l
(b) [rithreference to an], counrry you have studied. discuss anemprs
made to reduce pollution b1, aericuirurai industries.
[13]
l3 (a) Distinguish between visible expofis and, invisible expo,s, t6j
(b) with reference to any trading blocs you have studied. describe and
explain factors affecting trading pattems.
li 2l
(c) with referencero a Less Economicall"v Deveiopeci country (LEDC)
you have studied" e'aluate efforts being macie to promote trade.
t7l
14 \tr/ith reference to one counln't'ou have stu<iied [Link] shou,s regionai
inequaiities.

(a) describe the inequaliries it experiences, and

[1:]
(b) assess attempts that have been made to reduce the inequalities [Link] h31,s
described in (a) above'
e1s5, r200e
Ii-,]
 UIMtsAB\,\/E SCF{$OL EXAMiFi,q'XtrONS CO LJN C iL
General Cerrificate af' Lducatior -[Link] Level

f,OSSi BI."E A\ 5 \\' E }tS

J U}[, 2(}{}9

GE,C}GE.A.I}FI}
.tt
vi fb/uj
- - lu\&.
 2

(al (i) f'rocedui'e and calcuiation ol Nearesi Nei ghbour anal\,sis (N.l*. hrdex)
- ciefine the boundarics of the area under study (1)
- trace off the bounrjaries ( I ,l
- mark the poiuts at ceutre oi'settlemerrit (l )
- nuriiber the points u'ithin the area (i)
- measure the clistanues from each (1)
poini to its nearest" ni:ighbour poirrt (l)
- record ea;h distance in a table (1 )
e.g. from point 1 tcr point 2 distance C.2 km
,,\E- sketr:h to shoil points and distance is also ;i"ecirtaLllc,
l-l_l-:--
'r
'+
,
Y.
,v.:- ---PtJ i
t4- "a
,'v
{i.- ' -'t
-;rf
, _ _r.L\
\, P a" --r-Y

- 'r$6-

- total ti:e cirstance,; betri,een tire poinLs i1.)

- rrlrtain the ntsan rcrbserved meanl (:1
)
- ciivicie the nunber oiooints br ther arca in iirn: ol rnj
i I noints
-
(l)
4 i.:!n
- rvork out1iie exf,\ected rrsarr L,\r insr:rting delsitl rnici
ihe ibrmula ('1)
- caicuialicn [Link] forrnuia (2)

\.\.1 = lD.,i/f,i
\\ {)/
tvli ere.

D: ir-,ean drsiance betll,ea:r) eacfr Doilr'r anc its noarest nerghboirr

cair:uiarec i:r iindrns

pcin'; and its nea;'esi nei gi',irour c:rlc uiaiecl lr i-tndtng

ici,'\ rt'he:'::

d = cech itrdrvidual Ci-;rance

i..i = the number oi'pt-rints under siucir
A : the size oilhe aiea urder str:d'.,

Credit (1) fbL each poi;rL anij reserve (l)

marks for i'onnula correctl)
prcsented anci applled Don'i crerjit de r,'eloperi points I0l
 3

(b) inlglplgl4if-ql - resuits van berw'een C ani

l' li
- IiNl'il is 0 - complete clustering
i.0 - compiete ranciom, 0'23 iinear clustering
2.15 - comPlete regular

OR
- vaiues belor,' 1.0 show tenciency torn'ards clustering
- values above 1,0 shorn'tendencl'towards uniformiry' /3

why there
Sienificance- the Rn r,alues help to arrive at an explanation
_ oiminerais
is clusrering e.g. i'ertiie soiis. gocd \4,ater suppir.
existence
- is dispersion e.g. in a dr1 or artd area
- and sparse popuiation
is random pattern e.g. due to harsh conditions
- pianning e'g' under resenlement
is ordered or reguiaipattern due to
- comparison of Irn'c areas can be done
14
Credit (lt mark singie points 171

(c) A I :15 000 maP is large scale maP' it

- piot bounciaries clearly" shou'n compared
shou's a lot of cietail.

[:"i:r'"t"1],ro caicuiare disrances and to place noints on the

centre of the settlement'
tf l
Credit (1) mark singie Points
(di rr-^-^ l^
so there is consisten*
,t"rd"rdque;ioniur. u*r"d r. ail respondenrs
^a
_
- answers can be quaiified
- caters for confidentialin' esr,eoiall-v if postecl
- can anall'se results later
- can be stored as recorcis for comparisons
- can be Posted to save time
bs asked in one dosument
- it allou's several and a varietl' of questions to
- has direct contacl with the respondents
- it's a Primary data source
ii
- several intervieu's are heiC at on3 time etc'

Disadvalrtases
- some ma] not post back the ciocumeni
- ma\ gei lost in trzrnsit
- can onlv be completed br1 literate peopie
- language Problems
- lack oI co-oPeration
.peonlemal,besuspiciousiiaskedabouttheirlrabitsSothe},hesirate
have cornpleted it before
or ma]- be rude o, [Link]' initabie if thel'
-riccumentsma)'notaiiou'anlexplanationt'irespondents(ciosed)
- false hooci/untruthfulnessi i-ving
age' sexi
- biased information in manl'aspects e'g" area' time'
Credit (i) for singie points (dc not crecilt developed)
''3 i6l if 5l
 4

(a) Step to be takqn [Link] IikeiJ'

(1)
' pre-surve)'
(1)
- seek permission
(l)
- obtain base maP
(1)
- decide on method (sampling) e'g' transect
(1)
- observation
(1)
-recording
(1)
- decide on whether to work as team or solo
(1r
- intervieu's
- questionnaire acimrnisterinc
{i )

(1r
- deplo,v team mates or identifl' surve)i points
Credit (1) for single points (not developed)
I)on't credit draft/ciesign questionnaire t8l

(bt lndicators to deiimit the extent

-iaffic and pedestrian congestion (P)
- lou' incomes iels)
(e)
- facton ^ r,r,hoiesales, warehouses, retaii shops closures .
docks (P)
- foo, otO Oiiapidated. structuralil'unsound buiidings -
(P)
- abandcned railwa.r and bus termini
(S
- empt)' multi-occupation buildings t
- of [Link]' popuiation hence unbalanced population
"on..[Link]
structure (S)
- insufficien'. Poiicing (S)
- concenlralion of ior,r'er - socio-economic grcups
e.g drug peddiers (e's) . .,-_ assistance
_-^:^+^, (e's)
- tigi', pioportions of tire unemployed' in need of state
- noise (P)
(P)
- absence or broken dou'n public utiiities
- lou education levels (S)
- io cover phplal social' economic dimensions

/3 t3 /2 in an1''order
lbj
Creciit ii) ior eacli single ooint'

(c) Present4lion of fi nciin gs: possibil

- sketch maP
f--7

irn er c,.fo - oLrif,r ione

?onc

-colouredmap*showingindifferentcolourstheextentofiheinner
ciq"marked bv the ph1'sica1 indicators
To describe one onl) for a full ans\vsr
til
Diagram '2 Text t3 t- )
(,1I t; _t t o tiS jr-o i s LA.ll1
=!q
- 19 illr,rsstl'r'ren1 in trade anC commerce-plans fcl state-of-the-at1 n:ai is
- re development * renovation/renen'al to suit. pLrblic acceptabiiitl'
anil or modern architeclure
- upgrading utilities e.g. siwers
.bruiidings
' neu'
- ciemolition'io crcale space
- realigning roads and parliing areas
Credit (1) for each single Point. i 4 []5'|

{al fu o rr()ur-ry,a"ii:-s9-11-v-a p-9-pqlq!l o 1

- re{'ers to oeciple aged bel,vi:en I5 ancl 64
- v,,hii sirpnon the roo ),Ouog anci the tor) olC \\/lto Cilnntrl supf)Ort
themseives
the unernpir;rec J
- it rncluCes troih the emnioyed anci

l'\btktng-p_c,tpu i at iq1
- ti..).o* are the empio';ec people $'iihin the econotnical)5' active
1,.[Link]
- it rei'ei:s to the tvcrxers
- il also inciuCes chii,jren {heiou 1ir) and oid PeoPle (above 5:lt
t'hLr are in einpiovnlen1 t. I {1
1 t(t'
Credir (i)1'or eacn singie Polnl

(br Ilerc-Uptr-al

- Grcur, X [Link] havc a high pr:opcr-tiolt oipeonie in the ti* l4

r,ear'
aEe groLip as comparcc to Crotto \".
- Ciir'p 1'cr:untt'ies ita'e a higher
o,'i,
oi-tlre aged as comoared tcr Group X
coutiiries.
- N4ore pcopie are in tlre econon'.tc;r1i-r'acilVe ase grJur in Ci"irLtp Y
countrie s tiran in GrouP X
, ()roup X countries vYith their irigir f'eililill are liketr rc Lie L,EDCs
it'hiie [Link] Y are ViF,DCs' 16

Exglal4trrp
-"- - hi;h fenilit,r,in ]-EDCs is a resuli of the IleeC icr use chitdreh
aicheap latour oi a sign of u,hiisl in \,1EDCs children are
'r.lit1.
[Link] as a iia'niiit1,. in I-EDCs ear11 mairiages are oomnron
a:;

cotnpared to iale marriage in the I"4ED[ s

- the i::,r'se prrcentage of agerl pecpie in \{EDCs is a srgn of high ltfe

expecta-nc\,. ur,,"r, io mcdicai [Link] rvirile in l"EDCs the 'lpposiie
is true .

- the MEDCs have a iorv depeleienci ratio due to avaiiabilifl' ol

eiriplo,vmenl arirJ lol', fertilit"t ra'te as compared ro I-EDCs u'here
tireie is unemplc"'mertt and urrderempio)"ffieni 16

Accept ani other icle'ant answcrs. s.g. comparirrg indi'idual countrtes iI'1
Creciit (2) for cieveloped explanation or .Jescriptton /6 reasons
/6'' t'-.1
1

rcl 'fhe fi-,llorr'inu are c()1i1i'nrJn lneasuies

- i:uiloing neu rnerJical heaitir i'ac,ilitie s
- i6ir1 r-.,,,ing access to heaith b; all ciasses
- inrrocluct-ion o1' healtit insurance schsmes
 6

- pritilai")' iiea lth (:are,ij tnn-lunr sati on

- educat [Link] arcrrljsri [Link]
- cievelopment andi,-:r dcplo-,'ment olnrore health personnel -
Creclit (2) for a developecl pr:inl; Measures i4 Assessnrent /3
General ans\\'er - nia.r: i
Mcre than oni: [Link] - nlax 4 t7l t - -,.t

t;t t PonLria'.ion Structurc

(1)
,1,
- often iliustrated usino age - se)': siructures \11
(1)
- cii{,.erent shapes ol Lhcse agu sex slrLlctu;es
dieigrarns alsol (1t
- rviije [Link] rrntl thin aper cr thirr base and ra'ide apex (rnarli.
- this irav impll,a higit ocnencenc\,ratio cii rin ageii-,s pcpulation
(2)
respsctiveilll
C."clir (l ) fiir :;irrgie points up tc 4 end creijit (2) rnarks for the
exPlanation I6l

il.i 1 f, aqi:liEiiiai -4!'i4! ux ! glalls

ctlunl-r\ oi sel'lion oia counlr)/ e.g. S'E' io*'veid or tire Ranci
i?.egit'n aai't lrleln a.
rti r.; L.', i\f-- i.,eCt!i,AE
:-1i (irrirrilt'Li1 ;.Lrl:Illi l.-'u.!-. :.1- '-] r"'r'i<"
- er,tii.,r m'l:t: (,oD: \rirtnlLiu-'
- !righ :crtt:a',i, 'x l3r ci:
- govertirirtsrrt prciiti * Sr,veden--ccrcial seouril schemes
- '[reuer iiving ccnriiiiorls
- piace aric staciiitl
-'h,g1,ata inc'-rtnes anc t7'ail3i; e'g i-iK' Austraiia
- ielit:,=ror:s ioi:l'ance - E,ut'ope
- iaviuraci: climatir; cclicliiionr ';'g' Zirncabu'e
- it:r estlir:r ()nooj-lLlnilics
- prli:i,:a1 at;-nosphere collducive
Crcd jt il i ior .i^1'6'l6rped poinl and singie trp to 6
(,;er'cral alls\lel mar 5' more ihan onc regicrr'- rnax 6

Cl;rl ciinicnsion tla:; 4 (poi' ec'r. pirl'. sociai eic) Ir 2]

(b,l .r-11lf3ea,=! gl-Q1qlllpglaqlin ind-iudgl'pqlrule!114

-.i..ire .,1'n,r.i gitlnill s1,siefi] Cr at a national 61 ;gq]6rna1 1:r,;,i. Human
'bcirrgs *'" "'u rvlticn can i--'e transferred froil rt'here thel are
'
'*ot'u''ce
a'trunciant t(r rireaS ,.t;'def tcit
rural 1o redress ovcr
- i{esenierlrenl irr Ziinbab..r'e i.e, rUrai 1c'' rurai or urban lo
popuiaticn in seirdei areas /
-r- NtEilCs recsii 1nc miqrants I'rorn l'EDCs
.+ [-]r'ban io rural ,nir,.r,l.n, un6cr deccnti'aiization an'j grorvih points'
-: I{iiman berngs can arsc b* a iiabilitl'for no baiance is cr-eatecl at times
f.r cicvcloped areas a!"1*cl *or. und lnore tnigrants from under cre'eloped
areirs th ere fore r,,,ors e n i.r, g th e oi, ellopu iation [Link]'
Credit (?") ibr dsvslc'ped pornt and singie up tc -?

To Lrc balanced i.e, al leirsi olre nositive or negiitive

ClrTe Cimension ancl (ill* e.g, otii,t ntax 4 rft rlil
Ceneral ang\,\rer ma: l' i / I ["".,
 1

{at ri) Frim4ggit)'

;t),,hra manl'times bigger than its second largest
1s
affairs 13
- it doffrirrates lrr terms of eoonomic. sociai ancl pclltical

(ii) Sphele-cJ'qfluellle
- the rura.l area surrounding a to'*nrcitl' whicii is dominated
bv the ciw.
goocis arrC
- the area ro which a town or citl' offers -"ervices and
gets raw materiais,
goocis ano lab,:ur from.
Creciit (l) for det'e lope cl rt'ints (l'1 I t6l

('rr ) F actor:s I eacl i ac!

n g,11o-P11p

- countries with a colonial legacl' (imperial centres)

manl' targe cltles
- srnall countries r,r,ith iimited resourees. cannot supDcli
- agricultural counrries rvirh iimited urbanisation
- t-i*.t coir-rnies (cne tow-r fi;r administraticn)
- poor cout:trirs grneralll
- courrtries v;ith poor resour;e base excepi for agriculture
por-t fbr exports'
- tracie orientalion ieading to dominance of one
Credit (2) fcr ,leveicped point and singie up to 6
General max 5, one sountn'exampie - rna\ 6 ,,",
t''-)
Generic l. iiret'ers to iv{EDC's

zry-qUf q:,-1Cigqlg-$-p'lruAil-probieln:
- effcns rnclude cieeeniralisation
- n*rglii1s1'dormitol toir ns
- ne' tu\\'nS 3ic
measUres Y

assessrnenT. r
Generai ensv,/sl m3\
j
One e.g. onil' rnax +
r'7, Ir fL--iil
I
Generic l

|t\ Creen bg!-l

- A belt of undisiurbed i,e geiatirrn
- lefi or created arouncl the cin to c'Jr5 irs ouilr'ari expansion
- parks anci cther re:reaticna' ia;iiities are the
6nlv ci6:rreloprnenis
\ 1l
alio"T"ed in this zone
wedge' groen corrilor erc
Accept answers that describe ii as a green

ulLutuss (1)
- th.;;tt,onal ben.'een urbran and ruiraiareas
zc-rne
characterislics (1)
- tne area has a ntix of tanc use' social and dernogiaphic
quarrying' market
- it is characterised b1 ihe unpianned settlements' llr
gardening. ihe green belt, etc'
- i, i, ,putt.l,r pi:,puireci and (is ;:isc' r:t'en'eci
tc' as the commtlter zone irl
or rurai-urtan fringe)
t6l
Credri (i t for single Points ' ')
 6

(br Beo:qes-:a' hi-i:L_:l-agaissAryloIonlro I guryard -eruCnlta!-gi-qdal

- io r*st1;,t the cil' from taking away prime agricrriturai ianci
- iarge cities are dilficrilt to administer as thel i:ecc]me congested
*,i'th pecple. 'vehicles and crime
- proi,isioil oi sosiai services becomes oostiy anC citi' may noi cope lvith
the demand e.g. eCucaiion. heaith, waste nlana emenl'
- smaiier cities make it possible tr:-t provide resideiits with adequate
[Link] faciiities"
- environmental issues such as poliution anC land degrirdation become magnified as

cities expand
.4c;:cnt ei:r [Link] r':,ie','cn1 poirl1s.
.A good answei r^,'iiI focus on economic' sociai" teohnicai and
adin rnistre,ive i ssues
A fuli answer shouid cover al ieast 2 dimensions
Reference can be rnade to A;l\ cll\ bc it in LEDC or lv'[EDC
lciimensicn answer max 5 and general I examnle :nax 6'
Credil (2t for a developed point ancl single iip to 6' i1:]

(c) [Link]=.sq I a!e!-v"'lh-sa!9{i!q--!giurs

ih. q;;d, i-*-'*',.*ttit,.;d a full answer can aiso address both negative and

positive asoecls oi sareliite tcwns.

Problerls mel [Link]

- to*j [Link] inCrrstrial deveiopment (high unemolol'rnent)
- pressure c'rn the provision ol social services sush as health' e<itlcation'
via$e managtftenl and re,creation.
- oc()r infraslru;tt'lre {caused bi iou capiml base)
(cannoi
- cver-Cofilinatice Lr) iar"eer ic\\'ns over avaiiable resources
;$nll-1ete eiie clivslr e.g, ior" \^'aler souroes i
it
Creoil proniem,
lJ
Assessmeri'L
General answer max 3
r11 t1<l
One e.E. cnil rnar'i

{a) Canciida'.es e. De;t3c rc, inciude variou:r

- linkages ;.g,. and backward iinkages
r':n;;al. hcrizcntai. forward
- focus-;[Link] b.- on ;:'oD. anirnal and oiher agro-based industries
- anaiYsis ol tnputs. ora'aasaaa an'J o'iiputs c;ouid give a better picttire
Credit (2t ti:velopeil pcints (2 x l)
Single poini:; uP ro 3
R*i^,. (l)for rirecifi; erampies. I5]

('ot
H:-f#ffiy'#:-:mainecl highest o,er ti'ie ?c--v-ear period
- small grains reccrced the highest increase in production since I
Q8-q

- the greatest iall in producrion has been in to'oacco

- hort]culture rose rn I 990 but deciined constantl\' up to 2005
- etc
C.r"edit(1) ior each desciiPtion
,,5
\\'atch out for iraclils c,ff'- ncr crEdii
 I
Ileoi,.:ru:
- maize ri staple looci crcrp
- small r:rains gainccl popuiariq' due to irroiongcd drought-s
- Lrnplantrrci u,tc unrr".,essfui reseltiernent/lattd refortn lt1. licllle coun"ries
- ioss r-.i rnarkets e,g. totracco ciue 1o anti-slnol(e carnpaign
- iura prizes on rvorld

Creclii (11 fbr reasorls takrie linlied to ciescl'iption 16 [12]

(c) .{[Link]
- rlusignated at'e as ic,-r i,ti'blln {iirtnels
- cr;urcii L,)'-lau's titat prilirii:i" cuitiVa'-iotl in c'"naitl area;
* coilrilii ,rrj'fering permits/i;c:tlsrs lo iarlrl
- urunicii:al pc,lic:e patrois
- {inrng cr-ilpri1s.
- .r,,p ,lr,rriuctiotr in pr"oilihiteci areas 11

!-reluqu,qt
- c()rruDti(ln
- frne-s 1oo smali
- [Link]:born iirrmers'
- pa1-rrlls ar'e fre.l ugnt anrl orr:ciilianic so farmers catr avoid tiretri
- citi hr -laivs iaggrng behrn'l sorial changtes'
4 j I 71i'] ill
Cienerei nla-). ---1. moie ii',an one oitl - rra::
'
I ',l!--

jl411o ra I gg-rir 4!i![Link]

- sea,sonal ffiovc1i'relli ir lrearcir oi rla:rture s
- ct'oss !'roliiet ll'r!\'elll31lI L-,-, s0ritc: pasioralists e 'g' Fuiani
praof isinll
-i"rue noniais \ i:si-ls s:tni-nor:ra0s u'itii pill-t c'i'tire iamil;'
iiri'nrilg u i:ilc oiilcl'-' li,ili'l iill pasturss
- riir' on lrllt,ut'zrl lla:it$1':s
- nr-, sci:nijfrs i;[Link]'ieig': of livestocli prcrcluction
- r,ir.j'. j': ritirq:-' -'-
- aiso :rrgi te in oerner tracle lvitii locals of areas ihev invade
,- ;'eLiil I i r trarl. ic'r' .il-rgie poinl l6j
 r0

-l-.-
L

(b) r ; o3sct'tlltlttn e>lplanation I

I
I

phvsical e iimate - ,jerermines the activitl'

reiieliterrain) c.g. goats or shPep
a.r,ai lahiiit"r i)i *,aicr = Kilimaniaro icc tiraws
and rryater is available at tinres
,' gro\uth of pastures gnd water
lor livesrocit
._l
i2

econ0lTllc - capi,;al avallabilin' - 1q beasts. oar q'ages. l"ru:

frll)
- mariiets dn:gs and pa1' fcr tl'aesport
- teclinoiogical leveis - if tnarllets are favourable or no1
- nat'lict flttciuat'i ons; - heip t,-', inodernise to tncrease
- subsir-iie:i vrelcis and imProve quaiil,r
- ioans, ic i:oc,,st r ajter 1:rociul:tion itnd choice
ol aciir,ities ,1

(Yo\ elr'lrneni ooli;i

- -- - can e[-]colirage or discourage e,g'
poiitical
- ciisincentir/3s e .g. goats Masai
irann:,i irr the Sahe 1
- assisi in cietection i-rf diseases.
- l'e :,ealwil agericies vaccines founcl eic.
I
I j-) 11

--.1

Cr:ciii the c.:iis in anr orcicr

C:ti c: ;' i-tll: \\ e I t ; i:- i
;

( )ir: c..trtllPi! r,ilir nl;t' ('

r11l
1-:l
Ctir, [Link] i'efer li \1EDC :gs
I

(c) Candio:ries il fo:.i:. ilt: sr:'lial' ecc,nomlc. pnl'srcai and pciitical faclors
- iaci. c,i capital i:'i
- iaci; ci'' t- rtr -hi'* s 1 l

- lur^,' l:rcis 'r: t.';:l1l',.:: isl

- drcughts ipirl r

- pocli breed:t tph)')

- cattle rustiing ttiieftsl is]
pcople settiing
- pciitical [Link] e s. [Link]".llerl resettiomenl rvitil
size o.[pastures a'ci their carr"f ing
in grurirrg areas thcre.n; aflec:ing rhe
oapaclt) (pn)'l

ClerJir (2i ior ;roint: and singie uD tt' 4'

rJevcic;pcc1 .* .' - ' ,l
C)ne dinion:lion (econornic. social etc) ma)"
4 m':re iiran t.)ne l:Ounlr\ - llidA a
l -r l ta ( l
I I I [-- I
Generai [Link] niax 3
 i1

q
ligrtg {neU-1gq.U1-tl]
:rlr;t;;= -p-.i*i[, indusrries such [Link] cutting' hi-teoh infcrntation
and scuipture
serviees suoi: a.s colrlfiuter assembit'' ressar;h /,i

- such inrJuS'-rres can Iocatc anr *'he;t

:j

::idu$!ira!-tslalq
- ;"*, fo, industrial and coromerciai cievelopment
,;*iO"
sa as to
- it has iess govemmenl restrictir:n and has iou'taxation 13
promote naticnal econorn\
t6l
Credit (l) for develcpe'J points (2'11

lbl Prcb i e rn s 9l--oj(Elq$iaqo ir -u- s qryrac-uEu-iglis

- increasing unemPiol'ment
- iou inciustlal Prcciuction
- traffic congesticn
- residents replaced bv commerciai tand r'rse
- sp*niting n-tore on importeC goods
one sector
- *"nno*L vr'rlnerabilitl' due to dependencl on

to 6
[Link] (1; for riei'eioped poin'" single up
General tnax 5 i11l
L ' "]
One e.g. cnlv max 4

rc) Atiqspliiq,eagutg!.
' irTIProVe c0lnmunlcatl()il3
- establisn neu indttsrrie:
- boost existing hear')' industries (LIFI)
;t; rncentlves i'or ne'q' industries or investments t4
- ner.r techrrcicg'r a;quir:ed

Aqf-egment
General max
One e.3. otril'max
3
4
./j t7l[:5]

i0 :'resl<,:1i:
around
- rLrr""n,tatei fclnn of developmeni u'hicn occu!'s
- a ke1' resLlurce anC tor-irisrn is the prime fulrction
L" spas. citmatic resorts or seasicie re:iol'ts
/'3
-
"un
"rqqEatlld and satisiaction
- '.r'ha.i peoPls do during their' leisure ticle tbr pleasure
passive (e.g' reading) ro resrore the mrnd
- it cai:, be active {e.g sPotl) cl I

anci tire bc;d;

activilies its voiunta+
- it is not work anci pecpie dc-r not c:t paid fi': su:h
fo: a fs\ hour'
- i't is done *'ithln the confines ri Ih. n.,*nuourhuoC.
tc.3 l5l
Crsciit (21 for cieveiopecl point and single up
 12

(b) Letd-$g-paqffl-{eiQ ripti on an d exp i anation

- li"*1.p",*" c.,f .JeveLpmenr along the sea frcntage - maximum seasicic recreation
- hrgh yaiue iand uses ar ihe sea. fiont (large irotels and prestige facilities) - irigh land
vaiues
- deciining/lower value land uses with increasing distance from the sea
(e.g. carivans anci holidal' villages furthest frorn sea) - panicipants enjol'the coast
most
- a varieq olaccornmodation facilities are the major iand uses in the resort
- few service indu*ries ar a distance from the sea frontage - convenience for the
visitors
- major route \4'a1.'s have becj and breakfast facilities
I r 1']
Credit (6) for id and ie (6) Lr;]

(c) Beasentfor decline of seaside resons

- [Link] cf mass tourism at other iocations due to
onew facilities
.a more exotic location
.a more reiiabie climate etc

- risine standards of iivlng and increased aspiraticns

- poliution prt-,biems e'g, oil leakages
- ciestruction of re-qon b,v coastal erosion
- grov,th of other forms of tourlsm like country park' theme parks
- lack oitourist reYenue rc reinvest in sen'ices and facilities
- effect of natr,rral catastl'ophes iike tsunami
a few
- the deciine of '"w'orks hoiirlal's" (the ciosure cf factories for
thc resorts on
weeks and the mass movement of the workers to
their holidal's)

Credii (21 fbr devel:ped point {?-.2' 2'i)

Single irp to 3
Gensrai answer max 3
One e.g. max 4 I7l t:51
 1:,

i
I

i f herrlal IIirP I

f---- ll

1 I (a)ii t
I

sltlng l- ,r,- a1 su'Lrrce oifossii i - crnll'a1- source ofllval'*r with a

"u,.,
-'3 -'I-lwange
[u.;l or ii\^'al 3.r,
r 'n;;;,;';" ''' '-'.c- I iarce irt:aci c'g' lraribr
II ryre.r,r E!, ierinis or instrictioR e's
|I - argor:Ie iI

an;'sire,
:- dlr,\
l- )lL!! *'hetirer
vrrrvf,rrvr flar.
rrqL. gentie Ii = .-
Ev,ri,+ t- ._.- .-,^.,^1 I

, ,r,ii: dc, _ flexibiiir, I - :omirurricari,r[/lransporr

have

]- alons communication
lirres I ll::"1TT...,^..,,^r,--
I for [Link]'. j - nee( i for svacuation I

l- flc:;it,iltt.
i- no nee,l
i- IiLl ll<;u ibt'tlzrctt;ilirrt',
1!li I \.lwrr4Lririr
': t'1
I '!
.l--=-_=-
I

-**----+-
"
(:i i:uo tnateriais r:osti1,' lor non- - renervable ralv tratct'i;ils
iii r cosr;5, 1-
iriodiicl"ion i renern'able
- fi'ee ratv materiais
econoinic i- coal can be d:'i-.,ierr:d
1- fol'coai lvith - iniriai c;aPitai outlal'high,
"n,l",o"i* ior dar, cc,'nstrucliorr
- rutrtring. costs are lorvet'
,.)

lt
gIl,.1;:Ln1ttunt a.i '' i',.'liut - s thc' ai; i)n.i \\ alt:- no cru t isiotrs
'
- :lt-11^"::
r ----^-.. t,^t-ir^r.'iqn
dc'rlrc''r irabi"ai ''[Link]):
I itn"r"r,: I "'' +-lr-'ociing iakes place' hut
- : ,.,{\!ts :a\ C: dcstf ,lr.:llr)ll {t Tl

i I
cfcates a lle\ aquatlc

r)tri L - associaled with tremors

,a
I

Il,
a i-
i *_-*_---.-]------J=-_-- i
I

I -.f..^-..,L,,-,1,,,r.1 nn\r/r
power
I i: .!r. coal' can prodltce
;-rc)al. ;i --can Drodltce allL'[Link] p()\!c
abunclalil
^,,r*,,r ,.o-o^irri
cllls;it)i on fir,:i lvDC c'g'
fit':i t1'nc
I

(iiir I cutpul --;ia'1-r1,.j,.

cisll:lro:' t-rn

i
,I
i i elfrcien*i)
lr 1.D].ijtiUceSciiiierer:til-m,-)ilnlsp3r"i-prtrclucLiondependson
-'' Kariba
'----- e.g.
""*'^""'-E- used
Ullli I technoiog]'
il i North and Karilra Soutir
i I | - outP't affecteci h1' u'eather
ciranges - lou' ciiPacitl,' a1
I .:--^^
lllrei !1

l)ifferenoes and similar ilies to 'oe [Link] loi a c'-;niureirensive ans\\1ei

r f il
i 1-'l
Not compiirative -- n-la): tc

(b) E-1-e tt-t-lit l t r t o r 4 c qg r i a I lirqpsa

l--ss-4,i4:-t o

:;;,1*"rr11y inOustri*. tn*. icioied af pc'ints c'f plwet g'3rleraiion

poir'i'i
- solre inrir-rstries uirir:h us3 i1i-qh ic'cis 'l eiec,tiiclr) :;tili 1c'*.rr 'ieneration
a1
* pioje;r- the (I''iri;riat) prolecl 1'l-:::1"*.,-.,
e.g. alr,iminirirn sineltil'i*. llp'per \''.it:r
il\' power iaciolslnt'e flt)\\31 Julr nc trallsllllllcu
'riiciciern inriitstl,nc-, longet af'lecisll
through hich voitase iines
 \1
-:;iili a iatror sin,;[Link] cotrlr,,rniqs stili ccllsicier lir; [Link] Dower availabiiitl'. its rciia'cilitr

urcdit t I t for lr, :sse:'sed pc,in:

0ne e.g. max -i.
General anslve:i max zl
I I 0J [25]

12 (a) (i) $eq5q4nd recygl-iry..j"iit:g,[Link]€

- rsuse ref'ers r.u the repcatei u:;e ot'the same reSOUf 0!r
in iis original frrm (i
. a ioirtainer is a g-cirtd r:xarnLrle (1
- i^cc1 ;lii:,: reict':: ilr lile l';-'[Link] o1'a. res',rur;e itl a nrliiii'recl
ic,ini tll
e.g, plastic ci- i1lirs..: oan bc reine llcil anci useC again (1)

/iir &g.1,-q!iprr,-q-i p-_il s!

all.
- i'educ,-ion,.-rItroi1uiiurr r"1€r:,1 ltt titi: iniprovetnent of
proCu.;ri0n 'pIoo;:i:tcs ailci ier:hnoiogl' (1.r -ctlcil that ilre rare
o{'[Link];n of 1)ollutailis is cui clor,r'n significantil' (1.;
,,3

(;i r !i.-::'tr r isti,ii i il Li i u i i itit

r

- rciers to rhc u:e oi ai',[Link] ilroouc.t:i or methods sttcir

thai [Link]:j ar3 lol ili'a:eiuci;rj c.g, opiinr-t out fbr' l"iEir
iilsr*aij cl thcrm'.rl pr)\'I.'ril 13

f i.,'.; l5:[Link] an d c i spq-1'i,:1i iLaftS

- invoii,c"s lrc.!-riirg i,,'astl beflorc dispcsin!l it ::afell sr'ic:it
rhat is cioes nol r']i.i!c aiiv ti:rnger ro br-r1h 1|1'; i1v112n belrrS.
anC iii:; f-,r'0ilerl'\ .

- [Link] treatinent tecltniques inclucj: ciiiuling the u';rs"te

ili^ii usillg chen^,ic;-,1i and solv*trt: tiral air: bic'delirarjable
lu rriaiie rvasie iiat';-cics-s
' \\'asie crrn be ijispc,'sc'tl saf i:ir inl.o irrnri filis. ciisusecl
mrnes et,l, J] i2J

(ni itS-atSty:'r SSgt11iUl.-:lpg-q-dr-t. It e i cre;tc:e can be ttrade tcr

"ihe quesrion sr"re,;i{icail),t'equire
eiiher a \.li:.DC ol.i.i:L-l{- . s

a Ciscussion ol silerilnts io reeiu;i: ptilulion irr, 'rite agriculturai sector

CandiCa',es :ould come ul r..''[Link] the fbliotvirtg elftrrts
- use of oio,,ienrr,deii): ferriiizcrs
- i;-ruocjucticn of pe nttac,rltut':'tc reduce need for hcrbicidss
- bannins the use'-rl:iit,:ti;ais stt;ir as ihc usc'::f DDT in agrictrlture
- cornisg L;p r.l ith stringetii eiiliiinr:rcni:;1 iau's- e.g. agr('\-sl'-rr-ai'ing
- investin;t in rescar:i. l-'tl iii: Lls': tli agricul';ural chcrnicals
f,landidates shouirl {,-,;11\ f i, etlcits pcr"tiiining 1o i:r''rp 1ailr-ring.
plantaii,-rns. ;atlie i'an;i in g.,lair"',' lng ctc. (DinrensicLts)
r

atlempt-c ,'1 evaliralion t'6

Cenei"al answcr niax ir

Ceneric creciii tna;" i
i cJitlrn:iiol.l answer tnar 7 Liid lni;r,.: tiian oite 'icrunl:\' e:'anrpl':
A gi'o,-l ans\'ci siiouid it,ci; ai srl::ccsses anii f ailur"es ol' lposiiive
an,i negaiive a:iirects )
 15

l-r {ai Ii:ibiq-I-ulur:.

.il;;;.i1*r..s in the {iilnr ol'prirlai"' prociucts anii triatrufact"urerlgc,oci:;
* Pri:1an produt:ti inciude irroil stuffs. ratl m;ttlrlials anil livestr-tcli. whiie'
manuii clurecl goods a:c proccssed or uiriliaged pi'ociucis
- i,[Link] E);nons aie qLiarr;ii'ia!:1e proci r-rcts
.'j

::lvu!*-uilx,-ni
-'l-hesc al'e 1ioll-qtlantifiairle c];i.a")rt:l [Link]'r:;s valui: rna'' he drffic;uli !o r:aiculare
- tlie-" lnliudc sei',,icr1s sr:,::il ris i.:rut"tsrn' financiai. ti-re tnedia arrd etlucatioti
-1,trs) a;e slrlr.l ro exte;'nal [Link] such a:r holidal inarker;

)ir, i;otriparatii'c ianl:'.taae - irla:l l ,.1

[Link] the lloints lllr colnprehensit'e compe.r'ist-ttr t6j

{b) Caitciiiiiiit shoulcl tnaice rcltrtnile tC zli iettst llrrlr rraclinu tllcc:'. Ci'trttnOtr
lrirc:s it'irlriiie i)l'.A. SAIX ECO\tr'iiS- ASEA i'',t'. eic'

'1 i'ariir..g hcirnceri i'rii:cl; i. a f uliclion oi

- leve I ol cc,,i:esion rvilhin i'irrious blocs
- [Link], ano srint-:. rli :;1Iiili$iC :'JSOui'Ci"S
p'(lP
- lrans-reui(xtai undcis'tiu1rjin5:s anc pe'ls ': s' betlt'eetl ['r'- ;'11161

- r,oirlrcai firciois
- use oi a corrtlrlori .iLIriciII:,' sui--ir ns 1-,S clollar or i-.,ut
- ie'.,r1 1i ;a:iflti. ot]rrle\. CL.
- pi"i1'si::iil proxii:til1' oi'the regicirs
(ln sh3rr. consiicr hisLoricerl. s.:ciai. l6;aiignal anr'1 :l'otiontic i':.;torsl
A irtii ansrvcr silcuicl halr: ai 1r:;tst -j dinrcn:'ion"
creneral a.)tsw3i rna>, 5 reig'erice i0 a c3ufltr],itisi'.:aci cl;
i'trl;
i ditnen:ricxt mar; 4
(-i"c,.jii (ll iLrl rievei,;ped nc,in1 and singie
Li}--r ir. r i-i li-;

jlnnic]'liti
ic ) An!,,lei is c:lamitir-t-.:ls:ii Er.,aiLralir,e languagc ;hciii: n3
{'-oiilmoil eflcrl'.s llaCe [Link] iinTrrot'c t;"acie lnciLide'
-.[Link]:ini.: a t-rading irioc e.g. i''i-.4
- '.,:r;lirta[i;,:t ul li i- * Ll;'l'clr;\
-,rnr'i:in,, iir) nJV" rnarliet:; e.1. 'L,oOli i:iali' pllitct
- marseting Drotluclli tirrrritgit ii-arlc iairs
- sigt: t;:aie iiul^eelrlcnl:i sitcit as. iiilaterai anci multiiaierai
agl'[Link]. nrc fbii'cc .iesti nlltion statits
- reiroval '.li cioubic ia:itiilti m{ichanisrns

(ieneric c;':ciit n-,a:' l

C,enelal alis\\ici' rn;r:; -l
Credit :4 fol eficr'';L arrG '3 iri'el;se:''llen-' tat tril
lVlOre 'rhal ()1ll ,l(riln1l-\ il;illl rplc "' nta:, "i r .l L"-.i
 1{'

)4 \z) Thc qucsrioit is open artd o(rc can ciloose eitirei a J-i:iD(l ol'a MEDC
l'he tl,pe of inequalities exrrerir:nced rvill rlepend with the example
ahosen. Sornt: ansu,cr: lviii {bcus on
. ine,rualitie-q in cir,ic i:arriciiratir"rn
- inequalities in incom': and r,velfnre
- inequaliirus in the icvtri tli'rler"eicprrient ol' iridugtriaiizatior'
- diel and [Link] -' ltrgierir:
- inequalities in rcsottrt,e eildcr'$1filent
- oducatirrn and healtir
./rtcep"i answers thar lr-rok at inetluaiities in lerms rl1''fiteastlretrtents sucli
as per capita irrcomc. lllcfac,\ rale,
'l-iris n,pe oi
a(,cior pa1ielll, i-atiil. \i,'al-ci aiici fbllcl consurnption etc
iCenrit'[Link], ol' inr:q'-iaiities is common in MIIDCs
Credit (2) ,ieveione(l pil1n1-3. singies up 1o 6. senerals li. ntore ihen
t:nc example -
ma.:l 6 I'-l

Ihr Thc ca;ttliciat";s iiccd'.(r a,jiress iior.r fat'cr lc) \vhei e)lteni the aitenrDts
n-r ad ai'i (r ;"': l1 t,t c e n e uiii i i i e.. ii a. v e s u c ce
i q ed c d'

il -Lhc:si:rne (j;iampic identilred in (a)

- lhercr i: [Link] llss
- sLiTJCCSS c'r iaiiure lviil dep*nii on exarnpie cti(rsen
- ciic.,oSi;rs irrr examplc r,r,hets nC at'temllls were maiie 15 5;ii'-p:nalrz1ing
Ca-ndiliaies r-,ouir"l lool'- at
- g;1rwth pc,le the iirics
- ruriti ile r'e lopmelrt - agrariirn refbrnt
" iticiai rrieliat'e scharlllet
- ':rnil1oi't:lent ;:e;reratiln through. e'g' tnlorm;rl selicr
- iei'eiopmeni iiitru -qllremes'
- s:.ii heii' [Link]"
' eiilical ltitiai Proiects etc
llt'l'rl'-; -rliS\r'-li ln,:\ 5. ':': ti:f .' than one e g. - trrax 7
II I l.'il
i .-t
:r'.-;glT:llls ,i1 itssc:rstnent l(; r-- J
 ,..-.:.
,: e-..
,,, ..-,:i. ;.
:' -'-lz'
"#
l

---r.i<d
i t. httoh,nn, t il*n\.andt

ZIN,TBABWE SCHOOL EXAMINATIO}i_S COUNCIL

General Certificate of llducation Advanceel Level

GEOGRAPHY 9156t2
PAPEI{ 2

NO\'EMBER 2OO9 SESSION 3 hc,urs

Addrtioral mareriais
Answe:" paper

TIME 3 hour-c

IN ST'RTJCTIONS TO CA('DI D.4T[ S

V'rrite )iour name. Centre numbei anci candiciate numb3r in the sl:L:es o;'or,ide: oij the zinS-rvei
papgr/answer bciclkiei.

Ansiver four questioirs.

Anst'er [Link] frorn Seclion {. nio cl,r3siic)l1. iiom Se:tior: ts and one question lrom
Section C.
\\irite allsi ,sl's on lhe [Link] anri\\3: llate; piirr id:c
lr()Ltr
i1_r:ou uss niore than onc sheet criFapcr. ibsi:n ln: si::eI-. tr.,c:1_her..

I}i F(.}R},IAT} 0 N F-OR CAN [Link] S

The number oimarlis is given in brackeis I I a: tne 3nG cieach questrorr or pan,-rLr.siicr1.
You shoulti makc ref'eronce trr anpropriat: eram:-.ies. stLrdied in the iield c.,,r tire cie. sroc..in. [Link]
tlrcse are reievanl io a ouest:,-'n.
You are advised io snei:d no icnser ti:an 4-< mutui3s on SecLiirn.A.
\"ou are reminded of the need frrr good English and .:iear presenration in vour ans\l,ers.

This question paper consists of 8 printecl pages.

.-or,r irsni. [Link].r\\ : S:hur;. [Link].-. ( oulcii. l\:()()cl

\ r. r: i i!1 i ir L )! l.i)itt.
[Link] tler
 ?

Seccion A (Practicals)

Ansr,r,er one ques1ion fi'om ihis sectiun

l'ou are advised to spend nct irore than 45 minuies on this quesiicn.

Tabie i shou,s the regionai rilstriburion of tourist nighis (rn millionsl in a More
Economicalil' Developed Crruntn' TMFDCI in 198 1.

Table 1

Tourist BoarC .\:"ca C.t'.'erseas \'isitors l.l,g2, \'rsrrors

tl
().

4i
35

r.
l:
l()
l

t2i
a .1

i.I I
t1

I
a 4A
I

t_
N
I
I

lr j

1 i,
lL

ta) (i) Name and descrine a iechniqrr.e vou wc,uld use 10 accuraieij,
present the <iata si:own in Tahle 1, rQl
[('j

(ii) identifi,' another ieclmique u,hich couiC o,: usi:C to presenl the
same data. i1l
 1
1

(i:.t Jrig. i sitov.,s, oi'i sin:: oi'r,i^lrlol's ir,:i poi'ruial recreation areil ir, s',inlmi:r'on a Sunciar
aiicri.}| ),JI],

'lf
,,i
(]):r..t il)rllilli jnrrlSllt(r:
a -.. .ll'11(ct
- ./
r)'
)/'

u -- _:rS
,*=

L;lti./, ril!
:,i l:(:)(.))j

l., h N'i
:iLii{ltlY

Itig. 1
I

t;\
lU N ri n'.: in'l t'[Link] .ltg rt-r I i.1 ili i. -..1
sc rl in Figt. I and cl,:sc;'isr in iielail hou Lirc
[Link]' \. ;! .j' :r..:.l .l,l':lu' irl
IJ

(ii) .rsins: tlte l;l:[Link]

i5i

{c) (i) 1l i sti n.: iirsl,'1,:1, .an rni i ir g lt-,cil-ii ques

(iir It:,,-,[Link] ;rit.. .)ile r'rl'lh;' santiritt-tu i,::oitrti;tLra::-. ,,t I cit ir' . ,,1. '. ,'
1i.'t/l, r.r': ,.rJir,,!i. i ':
t*

\
^,,.r.,' !
r.-,,,,;r-,.
I \ lr rlL. L!!
l
i)';i iti.r iii'r't riiirSlii)n ()it [Link]
1o cail-t'\ A:-'lil [Link]:, <',i ne
I
wli sc'itlccl
i'aintei:-q [Link].i iil cii n-r alli CII n i s i;'., t:iti,":s,

(a) $'itat i,incl of inii-,lneiiLri: ,' uulil r,ou coil;::i

(hr Llou vr,oulC r'1lu i:iirli. cl-tr':'i ou'. a;-rcl inr [ield
r -t
sLrvl'r l./l
"'
(ci C)ritirire [Link]*ins vLrii \\,o;ti..1 ,.rcr ll ';h,: r ol lxtioir r',1' ilie ri:iii " lri
(,1) \\rit1i the aiii <',i a dirurur-, r l,i r.r,-c ,rr* 1lr,- ,-i l r,

co1iec1:,-'r t--'
i -)

:'l l1 rr
 .{

Scctjon I1 (Hilmalr Corel

Al:lsr.r,ei' fivo que:;1rrrns iiotil i.i-rrs sc;[Link]

3 (a) Dcflrte the Lei-n'ls ltoyttticrrioit /1t'{'t\ut'(, utrJ ot;[Link]:tirti.i L6l

{t}) \\'itit re{'erelrcir lo c>;atlnlcs il-oin ir4ur,: [:lololnjcriii'I)evelolreci

(,cuntries (\,lEDLlsi anC I.,es-. i:.cri:rol:-ricalil i),:.r,cloned Cor-Lnuic:.
i'i,Ei-lCs;. erplarn i,t,* 11t-ritr.r1,lTir',n irtj'(ritr1;1;jr_rp. c,,ilt bl: L:sc,:j tr:
ni-edict and solr,c noituiaiion {:..)\\:iit pr()iicl}1s iif]
(ci .[Link]:;:s thc ati:tliris m:lclc ic soilc Fcirillalirrit 121qrii,,1ii i.:rohi,--I.l-].s iri arr.
r:ouritri ;s t,ou har,e [Link] le J i7l
O (a) [Link]-u,r:en nti,[Link] a:i, i.'[Link](rtiot:. l(,1

(b) [Link] ani cotiti':rst [Link] natllr'. an,J rcsults oi inici'aiiori in i; N4orc-
i:corionticiili) l)rirq:1ct-:rd i iruntl\ ('\4EDal1 ar;d a I.,ess F:c,.,rronii:ailv
Ilr:r,cirrn',-.o Coillttlr (1.1-.1)(lf vou 1t;_rr.,< snrdiecl Lf
jl
(c) \tr':iir r::f'.-': eDCC t(:: scir:cteC f tar-t:ril,::.t- cvaiiialc [Link] lr-rr1-.n3i oI t:rrlration
r.:rr llre rcceivln:, l-Lr::t(ilt.
[f f

5 (a) Disttnrr-risit ira'rv',r:cn ti di',[Link] 1o.,\,tl iurc' a sll:iii'.c 1or,r,n i6.l

 5

(b) Fig. I shou,s th: iocation oi iiiifer:ni urban landuses

Ir
.F- .--''f+
\t
I \zone I zone zone
l\i I ?
-
A

I \^ |
t\t
I\I
econolnlc {\t
t\ \
oi I\\I
Il\\r r \i
I

locatioal I r\l
rent l'\
I i\.
F- l\.
l'\. i\
iIIN -|-t\ '.
il'\'\
t .l \
i1\
CBD

Distance tionr
/- in r nor+a
!.1i\ LvtLll!

r&IrO$Se

i-anduse

[Link]
I

F'io a

\L'ith refereilce tc, e><arnples. describe ani explzLin thr- naiure ancl iocation of the
iifferent landuse 7,ofle:: sirtr-,r'n in Fie. l. tl i at
L -l

(c) \\/ith reference tL) an"\, Mole [Link] Deveioped Countn, (\4EDCr
cities vou have stucjiei" assess anempts rna,le rc, imlro\.e ihe lir,ing
condllicns ot r:iin<'r::ies. i1 )

9l5a : N21'ar(

il'urr, (lvg*
 6

6 {a; Dtfine the ierms gentrilicciltrtn and tn^hur, re n?v'ul .

i6l
(b) \\'ith reference to urbal, are a.i vou ha-t,s studreii. accouni f'or ihe [Link]
of areas of lovl and high porulation ciensitr rr.i
t 1- j .

(c) \\'ith reference tc) e:<anipjes stuclierJ. assess the irapact o1' subur'oanisat,ion
on the q:rui"aoi--ir clf citles oi 10!\'11s. | 'r-
lt

(a) i)i slinguish i.e',u,e::r ! cr,i ri i. c i o t' rt). ar\t) i r-t ; t (i t c )'t Lu' t :t.'
rL\:

{h) Shcrir,hirr,r auC r,r,hr, sensi;nal varia-tior-rs in ci;mate afiecl farmirrg Inore ir-1

trr)J-:rcai ii-ran tenrpc:air :eLtion: i1:r

(cl \\-iti: reiereil.:e to se'iecled erartnles. shc,il'i-c, whai extelrl iarmers on ti'te
iringe a,:eas triilcit frorn comrnercial ia:ninl i-l)

(a) Describ'e hc';, atrilrilrular ianiuse and nioijirciion have been affected liv
iand consoiiciarron. i t;l

(b) Fig.3 shcr.r's tite Iocaticii oiagricujtural production

Slnaii c:t1' '*r,ith its or,,,n t:ads alga

3 Cerrtral cin
Nai'igable r-ri'er
i I \lai'[i: garc'inl]iq
and mii: ETi;tiuJi,orr rrl:r i r..,n :ai:::ini. ta:;.r\r
E:Etr Ull-l-li and naslr_r.rr:
;==
r.,4 irrewoo.-l and llm:::
proCuction l'.nree-fl rid sirs:e i:)

Crcp faimrng'"[Link] faliou [Link],;cil iai-rnln g

-i
Fig. :
,A,ccoun1 for ihe r,ariarions in the rr-rtensil. an,-i ti'ne ol farminc :,ih,.ria,n
Ui .r19. r. i1\l
lr-l

rnl tc ieduc: the intract of [Link] ccnditions on

.,\ssess rneasiire.:
acricuiiural prirduciion in aiii crrrrntries .'ou har e srudiect I'T'

r;1 i1, : '.:

 7

I (a) (iutiine ihe cirllerences 'Detu,een

a(giorneiation arid cleglc,merratiorr. I5l

(b) t\.itli reiercl]uc 1() indr"rstlial rcgioi-r:r ],oii have stutlicc,l. exanriile the
operalion of an1' threc oi'the loliou,ing i-actors of productron:

{i) capitai outlal':

(ii) rau' rrateriais:

(iii) s(lr/einlnenr. rrolicies:

, ir r ',,,'* '.^-1,',' ) \,1 )t(tla.

lr., --\,tlU:tilf

ilal
(t ) mallie,. [Link] Ir-l
(c) 'lo r,"hat e.'ileni rs it true tirat [Link] i:cono;nicallr Dcvcionr:d Cor:niries
il,L-:DCsi lace a lot o1'prubiem-c in impli:n.:en'Lins irr{iusti:i;ri policics.
hence iheir iou, ievels of rn<.lustrialisatic;n' i7 i

I0 {.a) iJnefir' desr:rihe lhe cilaractcl'istirs o1'':he elpioriiiti-xt slage c}f touri:it
devr:iopmcrit. i6]

(i)) \\iit-lr ieicrencr to a gir':n i-:'Sion.',o,,r itavr: str-,ciiccl. outlinc l,hc lirctors
that hlrvc cnoourrri:e i tirr- g:'or,r'lit rr{- ii.s tourisri.r irrcir-rsu'r, i 1l I

(ci Write a col-nila:aiivi assessnr::ni oi'lirr: in'rpa.c-, oitourisnl or hl

cettlrrphr 0f anr t1i {} ilt-ca): ', ,:Li 11.t r'a sitiiiitij i7l

Serction (- (FIuman ()ptionsr

.\nsu,el 0ne littsiioit .lt t)nr tli: . :,::tir_,t:

11 (a) \\'itl: [Link] to both \4<ir':;rciirlonti [Link] i)sveiopeil [Link]

i\4ilDC:rt r',nci I-css Er:otiomicarrr Der ei,-rn.:c Ct,unlries i'I-Ef)Cs).
c>tpiatn ulit' iiiff'elen1 couniries r,rs: ciiiiei-.11. soLlrces o1'pou'cr. L 1-'l

(b) ,{-qsess measures being talicn bv [Link] i:ountries to cllsLu'e

seif-sr"[Link]\ ut cnersv s',"tnplr [1tii

11 (a) \\iith r-efer-cnr,-c

lr) r:rban and luial ai-eas \:.)ti have si,,rdieC. cirmliare
and contrasl l-ire r::uisl:; and eilccts oi'cnr,ir"onmer"ital de graciiiiion. [13]

(h) \\ittit refe;:e nc;r 1tr cot-irttl'ics srtuclicd. assc\s nlca)Lu.'s iaken to [Link]
poilution causi il br ttc e .';[Link] oi'r:,-[Link]-iirlliai ir-rcis ll l]

ii :-I.: r)\'., "

 ('
ir

13 (a) Dci]ne *,ire icrtn:, nettr,ot'i:. itocit'tncl r'oLrta: es, thev are used in transnort
stuciies l0l

tltr) irig. ri .sltoivs a tlitllspot-t nerwori, cievelor-rrrenl moclel (Ror-rLe

l)ei':iopnrenr N4odel l.

6
l

rii il
'il iii*J
i*
I

Hla_::,
l'--;-----*"- l
_r.._"/._.,\*l
*---l
l-_f
l\-A444

l_*u +1
+
{,* Ji
i

,l +-
[Link],f.*. c \r'4
!'^i.
ii>-/-/!^-r'--*
I
;

irig. -l

]-f esci ire lit-r l ::;-iia;li ti--,c Li';irds sillr.r,n in iriu 4 l10i

(c) ";.;;,'gt'. 1, ,.r ....)U:t:.:.t:S s:UCte,l. ti:.;.J.S:11t,. :, i. rr: Irr ,[Link]

\i'i1l;
lcchnoiolr rlT in [Link].;n{,rl itetg,ori, cjer.,ciolmeltl ancl ntanageilent. Iq]
1l (a)
tf ])escrib,c iinl. crir iaji, ti't: clr-c-1:,,';rinh:rr rciali,.rtrsliilt brlu,eer \,1ore
ilconor-nicalir Der i. jiirc.j [Link]:'ic"s (\4lrDC-s i and i.,::^s l,-.r:ononticalii
l)cveloped L-c-"iritries ( L l,:iC's i. I;al
L', -l

thi Assess t"l:e- eifectiri eite:js rii'r:i:iL'r:-i:ii cicr 3isp111ollt n(lltCifS u jthin one
nan;ed collnii\ .

'Iir -' ll''r

 Z I h{Ii AB \&,' }I S C LT {} O L E XAh/i T]\ A T I O h. S C O LI I\i C I L,
{iencral Certificate ol" edtlcation Advanctrd Level

PTJSSTBI-E ANSH,'ERS

I\OVE,MIiER:(iG9

GEOG}TAPH}' 91 s6/02
 1

I (r..) Lij \anre _r!_iq9,lii:ii]ttg multrole irars

- individLral bars (2 sirnpie bars)
- pie chart
- divicjeij bar g:"aphs :'1
I
-i)l1)IlC'tllr(i i

P-rcAgd-Ule i:", drat Urr -it4l:

- dravl axes ( i )
- iabel axes ( i )
- ch,rose appronriate scale (.1)
- .jrau'bars slri:re v,,inth {i)
- ric;icil .,r iliirJti..' r.'ir.'rrrr-'ri,
- shacie il {.1)
- ritie (1 )

- ker('l; i
iiiatrani or te;{i on1., mirx .j
Gcrrei-ic cri:iiit I (ker - titlr). Don't credit line ti-aphics l8l

,'ii) . rnl olher lnethcd - rlot tc rename tiie tecJiniclue in iali i) |I j

(br til \q,li qf_icqlfd$Ug*- riesii'e iirr; [Link] ,'i

[Link] diagrtun I

Siqirti1--{Lq1yifg - c,btain haise :r;rir ii r

- cielelmine thi: .. rsitor's pla:r ol c,r'igrns at the

desrinaricn ( I i
- play: ciois ;i plai:e ,.ri'rttigiri c,n niap il)
,f-d" :;irai:iii iines i'l i Il',:rn llec.e of origitr io cenlre
- ritie r I
- kef ii, i6
(iene:rc -- rnar : L7j

iii r :J!ryl4g-e-s-qi!_cj1l_c, jrrE_rl1q-p

- \ isi,iar (lr Dict,orial inlrressior, iin':pre:ssir'* graphiciillr ) (1 )
- cieai analr sis cir tirr e\lcni oi []re resori's sphele o; inf'lucnce (l)

If.l _i fil r U: ASi . :=-_-_.-li_:. i:.__,.l l r llt a rl

- c.'nscu;'itre o: tnerutnt (i I

- 11r'1 u ttai,". j'.at.'', ,: , , ,

- iaciors noi slo\\ n e g. pirr -iilal r I i

Credil 3lcrl-t
.,\ccuraie 'r'alid ior" -slr:;i{ltd iime v,,ire n sLlrve) l,,.'as donc ( I )i5]

(c) ii't S:StgpgllS=_$jllplng i-r uherebr vaiues ai'c si:lectec it: a reqlilar
\\'av e.g. chocsing aiicr an inlerr,at ol'i0 peopk:
(rvhereas. but. meirnr,r'iijie. moreover, rviriist. irc,tr'e"r,s,'" on other iriird)

itrg&[Link] is a teciinique wirich iderrtifie:' signifi;ant

groups of iinorvn size rvrirrir"r r"he pelr"eni popuiatioii in c;i'cier'Lcr
,3nlrllie coverage of'all thc sLrb-sroup:. i.e prrni-riation i:< divia:ci
irrto calegoiies/iaj,e:-s,-strata accexdinc to e.S. cclour. sex. irict,rlr:.
'oc
i. car rancicrtr-r 3l
,,"it
i\ s1 .'lnari:.
 3

To bc ccmpai'ative^ iull ccnrparisL)Ii i'lreoit I mari;-i

Nor- co;nparative rnax I :nari''
ljl

(ii) evcni'; spread: characteristics rnore

$'islgrnarlc sarqpling - popuiation
uniionlr. rvide area c()verage: faster' nc bias

reprssenteC in the sample;

Slraiiilsd-lainpUtg - aii sub-grclrps
propofticnal representation assureC: ciiversirl
incorporated. no btas
.Aiior,', specularton. eitherior' nc'l ootl" Credil
(ll sineie points. i2l i25l

(al [Link]!ryules
- t-,-pe oi farming ( 1) cr srops
- #ur"" ii; t-vpe (ll availab'iiit1'(i )cost (i) of labor"rr
- level cf rnechanlzation (equipment and tools (1)
- capital outia\: for e'g' labour' seeds ii t
- output oer unit area or man ltours 11i(intensitl
- size offarm (1 )

- calendar of activities ( i )
- linkages backu'arrj an'J fonvarn ( I )

- plil'sical set'up on the farm (l ; ctc i4

- infrastrrlcture - silcs. barns' road' diptanks' dams
( i)

About tl-rqI rnarkerin: stra":gieJ

- ievei of demand ili
- comDetitivenes-s (i )
- marke,. t),pc ( I I iocairon ili
- transpol't costs mooe (i )
- Price leveis i 1 r. Profir: )
i1
(i
- qualiq, anC qijar"'itr of products t

- taxation r1r on:''al:rs

- market fluctu3.-icl-rs I i l
- subsiiiic5 antr l::::"ir e' :t'
- adveflising(i) i4 i8l
Crecilt ( I r ft-rr sinlit n: :n'-s

('o t Pian
l;asemapiil
seeii pen'irissictr r i i
ore-surver i I )
(1)
cie;ide oir n'hethel to u'ork solo or as a ream
"i" or "r'e'' :reiiiabie
dran qucstionnaire 11 t
locate sulve\ Pornts ( 1 )

_-._
Carn'oLtt-
observation i1 )

questionnaii-e acim:nistering ( i )
iuterviews ( 1' - as'x quest;ons
depiol team mates to [Link]\ p(-)lnts (i)
samplinr: technique i ) (
 4

Record inforrnation
- recori on qttcslionrrarre ( 1 )
- recorc on record sneets { 1 ) note hooii
- record ttit hase map (1) or land use rnap
- tabirs ( 1) ,')
- videc camera recc'rding (1)
Credir (1 t single Points i71

(c) Pro'n I gn5-lllrqir tq be e4gogfl91'"-el

- ianguage barrier (1 )
- isnoranee (1 )
- taisehoctii untrurirfuiness/lf ing ('i ) rvrong information
- illiteracl' (1 )
- biasecl inionrration (11
hesitatio]i'
- lacl" oi co-cperation ii i e.g. hosiiiitl' rudeness resistance.
r,'i oience. suipici on. arro gafi c e. re.i ection' harassment"
shyness'
aggressiveness( I )
- tisht oi- sl!"cns. securil i I '

- inaccessioiliq (1)
- re:ncten:ss (1J

Credit (l ) singie Points i:P to i i5j

id) Alternatives
- pie chan e.g. shc,rvtng hsci2raEe 96rr:elod b.,'dii'fer:enr
crops or quantities
rrroducec
-choropieth,shaciingmelili-}[Link],ofproduciiori
- muitipie bars Io shorr iirformaticn ffon'i riif,ferent t'arms on e"g' caprtzri
i,utia!. of animais. he:tarage urider riifrerenr crops etc
- l-e,';i orrl\ illa\ 3. Diagr:rnr ci:rries al1 Credit (i) fo;" each steD irr-.!
Aiilv' snecuiaiioll L- il--'l

is on availabie resources b1 an increasinl

ih: sirair exrj;i:a
{.i) Pgtff]-q!:gL!-::r{9
, [Link],,or,threalen::;'.scurces tll There
,r*r*,**;l is a general cie''urir:ratiori irl
i,.,'iug stan:arcis i i :llrgcsitor" ''\ il 'll
'r\\'dln[ "3

- occuiatior; exc:-ecis the rescurics (ir [Link] ar':r'iabi: ievel "i

-[Link]-pl to [Link] liVing staindards ti
tecllnolog., ii llt"s a'ci1'uanrie siiuallon tl rand it ieatis
)

i? i6l

g
Sdt4-Lqnl'"o t'rc!I *t
a'r, l &-edtqllln-ql;irlpql-qlror^l^qlc$1iU:t [Link]
- Negative or z-Sro s,r,-,.Lt.!ii'al: - ni.' laboui
- ittvite sxpatria',c esr,:t'lit:
- incentives for babl i'oonr e ;.'
\{EDC s. redunilant eCucat icr''11-) i rn aripcr$'er
Sr.r'eqcn and Cc:-nranr -

- binn controi
- H i eh t, tllluqlq-t:[Link]
the f-lrrancia; resourc3s - educarion anC [Link]
- strairr crn
- empi or';1.ien1 clj'fiortuniti es ceciirl* campaigns t.;: Zli'{}rPC
Zinrbab''.ve
 j

- loutiifut dependenci' lqaq hlgli! LEI{=i - funds rcr bc shannclieC touatd-q

- prsssur'; oll s',cial s3:\'ic'js s:hooi;. hcspimls. :iini:.

- Agg{depeodqs-h Gh !-MEDC s

- strain r:n Pension furrds - trrension schemes

- expensive redesigning of infrastr''"rcture - re-engaging the otd
- fail of business
- poiitical eonserv'atism

- i{igl f,rotaliti rars .;e!ED"e; - improveC rnedical facilitie.c

- reCuces the pri.,fessionai rianpc,r"':r - educatior, on sanitation anC
h:'giene
- counseiling on AIDS and FII\'

[Link]'mcftaiit":gtes in-I,{11-DCs ht i liig ciinics" irosprtals. ploi'ision of

e\Dectanc \ meciication. oid neooie's homes
high ageci nopulation pensions

Iii gh inur: i grati or; in MLp-L'-:Sri gratiol - r'cstri:ttons on imrrii':raticn 3.c.

- green carci ictteltes

LlD9q
- racial tensions - r,isa controis
- economic grain due to repatriation of funcis - eccnomic incentives
-'nrain drain - poiilical change-<

(3) for LEDCs 16

[Link] (1) f'cr singie point for prediciion (3r and soiutions
Ref rr.r MEDCs onlv nia>; 5. Gen,:ra, r-na:'
LELrC-s or i
One oounttl' exan:pie irorn eaci: r"'irrid i:: aoeqLiale
Credit spea:.riative iansua''e 14pp35rt' i1?]

(c) l)cr't credit attempts" Lrui assessnteirl oni' '

Creciit deveiope<i points (l). sinlle points - max

zl

General ansl4ler max 1,. ore eranplS r'lillJ. max 4 I

N'{EDC e$s;Iirent
!ELtQasses*qme$
- strong r:sistance from rural peorrie. [Link] on econc'micalll activr:
reiigrous anc.i i:ulrurai grouP-" - rgiircmerl'. homes il'eli -:at:red
- no resollrces for in BE\*Ei.L-X ;ountrie'
- areas ioo rSrnotc - srcial unt"est due to
ccnservatisrn and cultulal rni;r-
xenophobia
- Iaci< oi f:_rnds - lon'population grou'th in
- \'sn' [Link] ii:r infant suge China after tire "one child
- famill' -size reduced to '1 ma1 aiso heip in polici"'
soiving financial hardshiPs
Il ,lir L--1lr

fcr
(a) \Lrgali-q1 is oennanent. l'. invoives change olpiace of resicierlc:
period i.e. at \eas'i one )'eai': can be internai or exremal il)
( \\'lrereasihclvever'but,'mean*'hiie'u'hiist'w'hiie)
 t,

Circulalql. is short c1"'clicai repeiitive movements (i I crf less than one veai on a ciailr
basis foi worli,'sci'tooi or seasonaliyzmonthll" Does nor affect total Ponulaiicti
ofa ccunt,-'\. or citr. (11 mostly' interna)
(i ).

Not comparative i.e. definitions onll'. max 2' l5l

&) l-c be comparative

- high volume - less votume

- rural to urban - urban to rural
- interiinra i:rban - inter urban
Nature - male dotninated - both sexes
of - economicalil active - eideril anci economicalll' active
migrat:on - extenral {.more emigration)l - irrternal (niore inrmigrationl
- short distances i
l
- shorr dlsrances
- migrate dtte Io Puli factors - migrate due to Push factors
e.g. jobs i
e.u. pol)ution. cost of
,livtng
,-1

stialn on resources ln social amentttes ano

receiving areas
I

Resul',s I
iiifiastructure cieveioPed
of - overpclpt-ti3' [Link]' 1'. srg'lwdilrg - lov,'communi4 sPirit due
migration - loq' [Link] of living i
io man\ oid oeoPie ir.
- increasecJ manpower
I

recei\.1lng area
,^]
Ji
]

- increased cheaP manPor'ver

General ans\ter rtax 5' more than one --e'g' max 6 r11'!
\o conrparison * max 5. One ciimension (L'EDC/MEDC)- max 6 lr'l

Example based
- P rbr Z heim tn \\,'est Germanr'receiving migrants irotli Tttrxev
- South .r^irica *'migranls fi:om rest o1'Sorithern Afri;an

Pcs:trve intnacts
- inno'r'aiiort leacts i(l ,rnore eccii':n:ic developmeni
-moremanpo\\er:.glaboui"fcirceinabuncianc-*inriirtlpoorlr
shunneJ t 1 th: to.;ai necplc
- cultrrra] enrichrnenl

li-egaux-rnpas:s
ciue to increased'.'lemancj
/
o: i oi:s
-,r-,"t',pi"i'rn eni f

- increaseC inJlalictl and renis

- alienation
- p00r iiving conditions
- pciice haiassnrent
- racial tension
- cuiurai Cistonion
- social vices

General ans\\ er ancl one dimension onl.r' max 3

Cne exampie onil max ''l li'r-d";
l . i [-- j
Credit (2) de'r'elrped points. single points - mar 4
 .1

i a') !}!-rur-lpi. ie}'l] a stnali to',vrr isolalerj frcnt othei [Link]'ciries i-ll'l{'}\\'lis'
ancl its active resiCient popula-rion ;on1mLI13 for ei:rplclvn-tenl eiseu'ltere. ll
h resuits fi'oftr tire irrt,lt'th ancl redistrihution r-ri'pcpulation r-'f large
urhanilneli"gpclitan cenires e,g. Clritr-rrigt'iz:a fqr ]-iarare (1;, urostll
resi<ientr:r1 [Link] , 1) i'*herea.s,rviilgl'vvhil-rt,'iior','evc'l/i'lut)

SAIejirlit lonI is anv tol'n illat is closeir related to or ilcpenrlent':n a

1m'ge:" cit,r i I I vet it is 1;h-.y'si;al};i scparale fic''rn ii and has a t:orporate
etisterrce Ci-its i-i..1'n: l;as iltr tcottorrric hase t;t'pi'O|;UIS;ve indrtstrl'S':l
offe'r's rri-)r. tiiafi rcsidi:ntia.i il tl.g. lr4ihon iicvnes (ll.

)irr r:ornp,qr-ativc lJnguagt ntlr. l

Creciii ('f ttii,rrirs fbr ;t i'r:ll ;i)IIll-arl: jsori (2 l, -')
') t6l

ibj Ii::scrrrrtiOn ani expiaitirliirtr ittr' tiaii-tl'r ar rci io':ailon ol'1"he iand U:iC ZOIIeS

ir, 'oe ulstinlL.

l;;::;r:,*ilre L: piain

iri,,ii'r.,* illiir," Jrcmt rra- tpa..lr rr-lr,1-i-

iiltenqi\'rr iise t-r1.' iantl. r'eiail cxilense o[- iani] (lo":ational renl
shops rall bLiiidirrgs irrgir I

acceqsibiiitr -- weii cr:veioPeC

1.1'ai-r Spori.
I

' lan: u,e I iitii'.istri;ti

ieS:, tlllla]fL:ii\rs ncarSr t,he tnai'ii.r:1"

rnarl Ll i :r:iilili l'r !l rr:oui,'e s 1at'uc spacs

t' irrin '. hid ibr oottimercial iancl
l

:.:se I resicieniial
1r:x!'r ill::r:.ii rr ll,:ationirl reni decreltses
cir:s: il' ittciits;irial atcas
oui 'oiieo itr ol.h:r zonss hv o''her
ianc usel:

cisan :tti i ru;littrJni. spacloLl:

ir,u jt1 .i;,r. ,.,.1:1.115i',g aii'oldarlilit.
1

i.-.i,;aLion I larii [Link]: j :itr ientre ' uiiiirgilts:. i() pa) rcnt
' - hrrirest biddrr
---=-'-_*-
i

Lti-lt :-l l*rltgi?" - -- - --l-- ..':r$-grq iutt-Lgtt'43]u|y: --l

-[iq
-ijiii
*f-i-ifi[.[Link]:,:--,lsnd t*tl+-!:iilr i!c] e!11'
i..:i : ,3r-tskirts'per'ipherai - ertrcngir':
:,1 i r-rr"iirl ffinil: ,''l ,'?--
--.---!------

CreCit i1) single poin'. {irr iescriniiotl olr llatLire . erplanalion oil'n31Li:'c'
descriction on lccariln. [Link] ctt [Link]
Resen'e (li rriarks rb;: exatllnlsrt ior cities,zittlss
)r.4a:l i0 ii nlr c.r. o;1z,rne is gir'ett [ 1r]
 I
{rJ CoLrntric,. sr,ecific - LI( (llradibrcl.l-,eice:;ier) LlS.'r (Cjuif Coast: Nerr'Orieansl
Ilefer Lo titr,.se graniei resicence rrol asr'lurn seelters - to emt-rhasise on bona ficie
rr-r:;ident!,

A'.leri1pt:. h,' publ;c atitiroritiesiprivate nafillership

,1-{s[urt t4
- denrolitioii and rebuilriing of diiapidated slum slructures
- r'enof iition ,-;t refurkrishment
-.ioi-. creatiiin * firs,. ;',riorit1 tc lhe tninorir-r'
- salre stitilijards of r.r'orkrng ccnditicins
- in-iprt',virrrr arrC art f:'ee 1;rolislon of edrtca';ion. irealtil iacilitles
- s;or:ia1 rvclfiirc (un:rnoiovtxen1. irensfit)
- upgrarirng sitnitation irtli r'tat*r supplr

.4-i-re:uxlil ':i
- tOr, e Xp:nri','e,
- rel' r-; 1,.s iiiiil iil i ri ori ri e srnt a.i ot'i li cs
- g..Jvernmerli ieiicLive rritil to revcits h1 rrrinorities. tro piannecl pi'oitcts
(:enerai &r,i!r'et trax :. r() ilentit)n of trtin0rit\ Llli-][Link].
One eran-,Dle c,lcii-r - i)tir\ 4
Ceneric "- rnar' l t7j [251

(rjl Lrg"lll]iic-l-Uq! i:, e process.'r'1tr:re:bv tirc social charactcr oi'an c;!i dilaprdated
ir"if,lout,,,roci is c:harigi:i (i'clioveledX 1.r br [Link] ir:filtration r',f p:"ofessionals
[Link],'cr hign inconre grriupsil i lricill sr:eliirrg i:enLrai ii-rcalii;n: f'oi pui'poscs ol
nresiige t c.. Rtdse"'ie'"r itl l-ilrar:. i3

i-.-i,qqLiij]fry4il c.t'rettoi'.tr'icrr ls e pro,.lcss olgi\''inI oicl parts rlf a lovr'n esrreciall)

i.r-ri;ir-*;laieiifr(l':. Tfrearcas',\,i11 bereccielopeci (ltfbr-iirel rvill havefalierr
.. iar rs tublir. accep'"abiirt" is ';oncernecl (1 ).
'3 [5f
",,,,',,,
(D) :lecillc ot ,-rrbalt areirs fi'otr diiiir:nt ccuntri:s- [Link]'nie rsilsollS are

l,"cli-lilr L'
- r]:r,ls: ,.ri rtnplovtnt;ri xrnc:ntiatior r:. g. industrie:
- 1r:,.'ci oi irr::rnre
- r:e soiti'ae .' irci l, *'nt t tii

b!f41
- etirnicitl i \\'atelfai l -s )

- itiicir,n ilildsevi:rr,
- edu;aticn

ilq-1Uis
- 91'lqr11;AL 1:,:ae1 - p"il::rre -;iir.

Acti_rLiry-Ua{ve
- it,;a. a!-rilt(-'riti'i:: r,il.';l,l'- a:ll'

ll-rusli 'I'a,it'tl
- ciinlale -- (--aoe
- r'eiief -- sheitered harbc,-itrs
 Cf

L-reiiii (l) ior ilcvclcpeci poir,t:,. singie s ur, I0 (r

1rt ieast I Gtuttnsiotis f'ol" fuil ans\\rel'

Cleneral ansll'el' 5 and one diintnsiort oili-v. rnax 4

Oire urba,ri area -- oni" - maX 6 lt 2l

{c) E:'arnpie lrassd * i"e:ei','inS anC seitding arcas

P-cu:iLu'i eltastr
- in;reased [Link]
- cj ivet's i i'icati ot'i * cl'.:cet itral i :rat i on
- inrritipiier e if i:ct-r
- oui olr iiliflsilon cosi.s foi *'ol'it-t-t:':- in chain slorss
- jnciur:;triai expansi,:tn e.g. srna11 scaie oi'[Link] industries ([Link]

\qgatryle{ilct.s
- ciccentlaiistr"tioil creates i:.1ps in iraCe ancl comirercc
- [Link],r'"/men1 iet'elr, 3C Up iu ci1) centre
- c,vefi rari i n g ft,l' ll. snl a l i s uburl-'ar, ilt''pul ati oti

Ceneral ans\\'er tlar 5 oi rcicl lo oosiiivc oi llcgalive Lllli-\

'ic reici il irt icasr. oiic ii:ipii:i cn oitv centi€r Or suilr:rban disirict {br
iruii ansri'er. ri- r".:ie ls 1'-) a)ile ilnir - lriar i
[Link] (11 i cievcioucd pttinrs. :.ing1e - rn;rx 4 i 'rl-'-'l

(l
i-a1c-1q!rpr* it i:' a social iroiiii:ai and itltisiative prtlce ss ain:e c at redr"essir".g
t
(<1 i

3CC3SS 'LO lan'i irr a coLtriir.) . ii in..,t.,ives agrarian rr:yoiltior,

(i i anc rurlrl cievelonnlel'lt
,'1
, rr \ ..r.-,^it.
v(ri,*.-,1.\ buiicirr,:. i i I (\\'het'ea5, ibut/irowtvcri'r'irilsi)
=.

10

l5l

ibr )\0'r exitl nPi'; i-riised

tilr;itrr .1iir,,,,.
__.-_-_._-__---i-
- -icmpe;'ature
ci,iixale
u(,il :-- ri;G;tcai;l, -,,,,1-. - Teinperlr'ture depressiotl:'

i lc,, an 'i '-i: i

'i
.;.. I
' Ia"''r" - \\Iinters cool and rvct
\\ llltcrs c'\n: - $tr.'ri ing 't'cl tha'.r irrS
De fi cit ai Ir, c, i -.ilt :,: , -" Moderate tej'Ilpeiatllre and rainfall
i,1

\\'ii1 - .-;rrd r,-rllc',i 1;i r'' ;:;^' - F"r*nr,iui tarming due lr'i riroisiurer
i i- l,es: proclu,,:tlou l
abundancc ai1 ..'ear
- lrriratioll Qil ci)irni3:-:ia; hr:,:il; - Phl'sical i;rnitatrons are challengeci l.,rl

- Cror"' srr:,rli gaitls l"ili;!t svnthetic ircrnt'..ltre s [Link]-i hollses'

I r'r'[Link] hot iind cili'coniltions irrigation
ln sttnittic: l)1.'ir:J"'ltr:l hi1'll
I - \\iet [Link]'t llie\ irean froorl:
f, ,^h,-.,.:11,i Llli i( 1..\n(
lil:- 111a
(iU5l;\'\ 'r'r )
lr 'l
 t()

For ir comprcitensive ailswei 1r: addrel;s aspccl-s oi'I1l and 1y['

[Link] (il rnarii lor single point.
CJnt dirni:nsion onll' [Link] 5 - tropii;ailtemperate or ho*,/vvh)'onlt'
rr 1l
Allcrr speculative ianguage ir-.1

(c I E>lant p1e based - oui grov''ers,rsefl ie ;' iat nlers

.- seasrtttal en-rPl o\/ment
* r*ad1' [Link] fol'Producs
* inpuis
-- uslng itt irastrucl"ule
.. [Link]. edtlcetion. Lechni:aJ k-no""r''[Link]
* res,:aic'ii zit'li d*vr:i t.,1-''ileni
* reqle ;r oi on,n iiolciiiigs. sullpl)'itlg [Link] t'r csii'ite
-- exploir:rticn d'-le lo uniler pricing
General ans\ 'er
One s*1t:cleC e.t^ani';li: ma-:l 4 i-;rr1{r
(.redit 1i.; rie relcned oclnts" sirglc irp to 4 l/ll--l

(.a) Laud r:oi'i-*olioi-riiorr i:e"s:

- c(-)r'i'r ni ci'ci a i i -rr:d auri c Li ture
1

- i::,,i labt,itr n::cdsci

- [Link]; fal-ms havi-t [Link] use of lni:chiiterl'lii<e tracti-rrs
- capital intensive,lhruher input:.
- hightr [Link],l-)tits pt:r hs::iai'e, pcr marl"1 itotrrs - pi"ociuciivit5'
- imltrlved \val,er ,'nailagelnen'! a-trcl cot:rol

Crcr-lir (1t singlr pgin1s 1rl10 6: iJ)nrirri'.:, ior a cl':v'e1c'llrd IOin'. c)..:: L(;]

llli ii.t ::ils re;t!a)ns icrr iht i ai-iations in

il,.li:-: --'
; '-:111nJ'-* --I;.r;,1c.':-
- l:.a;Si_r.1"i _(rtjtS
- [Link]:l]ri:,s i,,. [Link] -- i.:crgases front ir:arliei
- tler:.:ilnu [Link]-L; irerisha'ni1it} r

- liirii-j... ,r';- -' ,;-,- :,':rl'cl fitt;litetlions

,'f-)
- ClCn,-r':l-1 ia :3tl:
t'. 'r,o nl f r,'-rr ir- ,-

- irt-r i-ti c tt t',i r'.r

I

- dairf ing
- cereal fa:ntinr
- ibresrry
- ranclring /0

Creciit (iJ) marks ji:r a',.''1,i,-de'reiopcc pr:ini (1 :l 5)

Rcserr,c (J) marils l'oi r'xp)ai:lirtg [Link] roie of ihe iiver l1r 1

(c) Exalnpile-ba.scc1
crl agi icuituia 1 producLion
$e-aqyres to rcouce imnitci oi phi'sical conditions
- irt'igarior.: si'.iremes - [Link]. S.E 1ou'veld
- s)'niileiicr lspl-;11r:tes lo shcllett gt()'t\ iris s'Jalln\
a11,r
- r.>r,'ri -..:il'i'.lcillls
- Srectrll'.'ttscs
- lancl reciamation -- OiravaniJo' D'*lra' Netherlatrciss
' Llsc r:i i:Rlliz;r.
 lr
- smudge pots. n'incimilis tc recuce fiost
- hy'cirogen hom'ns
- rvindtrre ali s
- zero grazint
- cloud seeding
- cover crr,rDsl'rnul r:htrrg
- dams to reguiate rivers [Link] flooci control
- drr:ught resistant crops
- pesticides. insecticides. hernicides. fungicicies
- terracing t4

Assgs:rngi
- too exp:n:ii'c
- po\,,er o!"na'iure overcome or no1 overcorrie e,g. u,indbrealis
- side effects e.s. [Link]' of some srain srrains
- Salinisation * iand becomes less productive
- eutrophrcation ariri dr:ath of aquaric iife

One example onll iiiax 4

Gerrerai answer rnax 3 ,_i t7]i1.5]

9 ta) Comparati're lanfuage calied for" OR polnts ro niatch rn table.

Aggiomerallo[ t)eglomeration

- spatiai gra4$-g iogethei olactiviiies - forces (i.e. diseconomies. exrsrnai

anri peopie for mutual trenefit diseconcrnies) ieading to the
.&gg!=-€nrrarrc! of rncustrial a,ctir in
irorn maror metropolitan areas

-.A5i!qf4!l-a! of pr3du611te activities ir - clusterinii raises the per unrt

;l3se proxilnil tc c-rne another r()s1 oirlanufacturine,produ:tior so
inlreprsn3urs u,iii di:pq$g

- efilcierrcr improved throueh the - th*r a';oid high rents. rate ra:{atl.;x
callecti,,,e use oi'infrasiru;tuii- and :rnensir e iabout

- l-glg-f.]]l4lhe$ are sensraied and ihis - {!nrinisiiing profitabilin oi rerurn:-i

aiso aids the circuiarion of capital from ccnoentration oifirms
ccr':lrnodities iai:our and infonnatiorr
- ciifficuliies in manauing a ili"m
resultinc in siou developmeni

Nc, diffbrences or not compar*:d - max I marf:s 16l

fb) Exarnples mar inciucie - ZISCC. Ruhr. [Link]. \4anchesrer

'fo examine :cale" lccation and narure .-f the reslc,ns.

(i) Canitai Outiq),

- u'or-klng capitai ([Link],r). phvsical (frxed; capital. [Link] capitai. mgner
fiom \il{C.s. soyerrim3nr.
- reiirrbishmenr of machinen bi hireci expatriate expertise . office
automariorr serl'ices^ u,a!:es and salaries.
- so;ial arnenities lL :. I r
 l:
iiit &aul_vl-Aprull
gross or" Lrur. ra\\ rnari:riair - fcrotioose incitrsu'ies e.g. ZISCCT - Red;lifi.
F-egion -- coai ficm |{r,'ange
Car assembl.i rntermecitate iocation nol lisd dolvn b1 raw materials
(lx2t
(iii) -Gqveluu:entf-,r-ijq,
- environmenral [ax,s
- direct ccritrol b1 naticnalisation * restrii:tions and inducemEnts to pi-ivate
enterprises e.g.. insrituting regionai planning:- through
- eguji\ sheres. g-ovenrntent i,\ 't1s ceftaino,'n in ZiSCO
- divers i ircaiion' deceniral iseti on
* corrorale tar ler. cl:, ol tax iroiidal s
* labour ia1'-s (2 r 2;

(ir') lcqlqu][Link].i
lai'ge "*cale production Jbr iall in cost rriproduc+.ion per unit and output
increi'ses e g Deep South IJS'4' L''un '' Sreei snielting - Car Manufacturing
e.g. Pitrsb,urgh - cr.,as',al ship i:uiiciing (l x 1i

(r') [Link]
lat'ge inark er. presti gi o us rvealth l aiira;i m an ufactui-i n g ind ustri es
e.g. i.)F., tJS.{ (2 x 2l

Creiii: i2) iieveiop:i poinrs sinqie-s up to 6 ti'l 14 itt

Cne region -- n-lax a -
Ceneral sp5r\'3i-- tna.1. i [f f ]

i:r.r Canoiciai:s tr'n: ai-gu;'ne:l'iaiir:. Exarnpie-based ansr''uei

ltqbiems
- iou is'..ei. c: ::aDiiaiisarion
- iorl iecnno,ogl ieveis
- iait. ci et. .:'r:::: a
- politicai tn-iiabi i ii',
- govemlneni p iic.'

L!}rsY gr*Irtgi"i.[' -i:ig i--!"i-:'. : !l',s

- fbreign invesinrgn.. e .1r. {_li-,inr-,ti eor,cft'im3nl ta, :,'.is;i,il-l ZisCC
- MNCs 'll'rCs
- governtrent pr-ii,'1 E.P'Z r'r faiied iri ZiinFab*e

Cr';riir i2i firr ce",'ei<-,peil il(.ii:rl:- s:r-li* p"ili'r '- r :'1 '{
Clen:rai {riswel i4ax 3
One e>.arnpie - ma:i :' iil i?51

iC (al Charaeieristics ,:i thil Exliioratrcir, [Link] r,iil,:rurisi iie|siopmeri'l

' smail nilr:'ner r',i'lou:i:;i:r
- unspoi lt natui'ai erli'ii-onn:1.,1
- unsl::r:i1t ;Ltiture :,
- 5ia':es are iiitig kno"r'1,'i"cn'tr:,it':
- fera icurist iaciii;,ies ;::'.is:',
- ),orint adv<,1;tlill-ciili 1-,1)uI1-q11'j i;i i:i'oite':r;fiii i)rlf"i lnnotitl'ir'; ti}[Link] ir')i
 13

[Link] i sitrgir I',,rint

ib) Specific tc a ioi"irisi t'cgion e.g. FasiAirila. Southern Afiica. [Link]"anear,, Easrcrn
tlighiands. l-ii:ryrr:rpl I [Link] lrri:ntier Irirrii. ctc.

Pl:,.::.4..1. -,aQitf
- mountains * folC -r volraitic
- iirrestsibotani:ai {arciens
- liot spr:ings ; gevsers
- r,i.,Jcan0es
- ricsen sancir seac itild r,ra-qes
- :,prinr linr -- Fl'anr:c
- :,,rils- llec. [Link]. Deac.i
- Fedi piains - inse lbercs * Bismar":.lr Ro;1..
'.'\f ican plaieaLi
- Falls anri raoids - Niagara, \'icloria i;aiis
-',\'iidlil.- rantc pariis
- rir,ers. ij.:llas. estuarics. ial<es
- climatc
- htaarhcs r':Ia.

-1!! itr,! c'JI c ric fqi ipi.)

- more iriiorne
- nrori l:isriil iirne
- hoiicar pziili;,.ges
- l.i'irir ::fior-t rcvO Uti i:tl I

- L:usi;r:ss tolrisn-i
- ilnr,ri,r",:,-l cili.l-rl:r'uitilliiioir :.', sielri, c.g. I'i

[Link]"i1tt iq I al d 1tL:-.1.i i si l t-l-_ a I ::- "q1qI

- l', hc,is;rrr
- :i. \l:riil l,:rJ \t PJt::il,Lri
- Hcthl:'lr:tn ,.i L,!ll,'. hi:'-:" [Link]'-e)
- t3ig Ren -- i or;ccn
- traciliional dance. r,.,oci aili cress
- circii.; -- Ri-rrne
- Oper;: arrrj ;Li1il:;-;,ri iesiii';Li * Rio iie .Ianeirci's Sertrna tian':i
- stfne" r'r or:i ani rnela, :i:uiptllr3
- lh r!n I r ! \14111 a

- iristorical sit:s -- Cirlai l-irnbahive

- p,r'i'arr-rids - i:5_' rt
- n:itt$,:s
- Starite L,f [Link]'
- Dlstrcr irir'-l , I [Link]:. .l ltll.. I i 1r '

- Eiffci l-ower' (F ranc,-: )

Credii t'l) ior der,:iop:ri pr-in'.s - [r-cc]ir llt singie poinls itn lo 6 ciepenciing on
e:lairipie chosen. i::uiors, iiave to bc balarrcsci

[ieneral ,',rit,iit,e I * lle,l ,ri

lirie Illmension -- \,iax o irnil ij're fe rs ii, a ccr,ii'tii'.'
.\i i:asr In'o iiilrieirsioris ir:r' a frrll ansr" e i.
\,{i:r'e than cne r":gion - me)i 6 llll
 14

ii:) [Link] iangriege to be usccl

I)e p:ends 0n [Link] chr..scr,.

S:ir,n Pigj:s:i:ls Ert-r:iru:r-qltiii

- cultLrral r:nrichment or " deveir-rprnent of- - cnvironmental
dscacience infra::[Link] degradrrtion
- pcillution

- cnrre e.E. - einpicr', llent ilenersliolt - deptetion o1"

prrtiiitlil i{ }ri rc:;c,';rces dite

IO OVel'Ll:'ie

- eCOIla)ll'11: Slagn;:iIiOn tls

rcsourcc:i .rt'c chant,elled
l. \\,t! J! l, rLiil(!'l . \),1:i .

2. ':. 3 Anl ordcr

Lienerai 4nsuer iv4ax i

One dtln ens io;l Ma>. 4 (t'c' Sr-'cia l,'Eoci--'En y ironrrrental on i-r" I
(lne area * Iriax t [7] []5i

I l (al [live an accoilni/ieesoll:i -' i'lol ;tlttn'irt' srrc;iitc

- a,'ailaiiiirtf 0l'ti-rr: iesoLlrire e g. c':a1. 1\'atei. uranittnr
- l,[Link]^!-ll1it)n'r pctiicr *'resiri :..[Link]! rli tn(iourir!:3nlenl {:ln use ui-soile s()Llrces c.g.
ui'iiti ititri ir, ivlLlDCs
- r(:iei,. of it;hnologv
- -.ini',:rl ,r', ;u tabilitl'
- Ljl'i- 1-SA
- il,Li:..:-' ;-riiieiltial
- 3li)grii ce cnd':r'.1'mcrl'i"
- Poriii;;l ul::enainiies
- aarlrjjil:i ir, rLrblit sai',;ti' ancl sccuriil t)n tls{: of sontc s()lll!'.c:r

-':
:t-i3.1 .,:: i'or I 'Jc':',,eloi,'tci point. creiiit (i t single tlp tc 8.
C.i":cri ,
(irtc ditn:[Link] ii-E,D(' oi'lvtF-DC onil,) anrj generiil arrs\\rer max I [15]

(b) ('anditiar-ts tr. reier tir ai isasi t"rvi. c<)uniries or a Lricc iiite S AI)C' for tuli ans\,ver

.lUqar-ruqs
- Soutl",ern .{fii;an c'f,rniries - energl pool
- expans:ici-r of lia:"inl, 'r,' Baloi'a gorge - prcrpti:;aI
- i.i', dicr:.:j nr^'ir:i jstt:rrpllu
- pLr1\'ei station { irrci'lilal i-ltr.'anr:e) rt:nr:.!r'alion
- er,pioiurion of a1r:riiaili,e s - iroe-i. nr-rctear. u ind. solar. ueothennal {LiSA. Canada.
LrK. Llerman)')
-iirr-ee
- Gortres scheme i-..r-ihe Douiel' in China
- rrfirrbishment of lIu'anse attd [Link]

,Ittqs:i;tit-ri
- i:rileaucrair - iiltancial ;itiil,i-ri' pitiiticai hicculs
- lacl, o|[Link].'is
 'i r:

- lacll oi exo*itisi
- torr snrai i ti r"iliir l:l tc er:baril c;n la"rl;t :,:-.eie [Link]:cts
- !:(,i'crni-ll;jl]i p., jic'. -- ils,'.:i ,JI ^1..n,.*e.r.'
Ceneriil ansv,'e: i,ta-.r, 4
'titti \l
Cnc :x:[Link] oni'' i"i:a.r 5 t' .:i*- j

1i {ai
Rural Urban
i C-.ause5 - t';+i,;r'l: anci recrealicr:l - dei'oreslation
- pc',:r iarmlng rieli)3ds tourism and re:reatiott
I - ','r ir flres exhausl iurnes
-'Jrl'-:'i)[Link];.:,ii.-,11 ]n:lus:rial elfjuenl: alld gasec
- ii'i [Link] ' a;id rainfali
- ds foi':;Latit'r. ^-^a;:-l
i-ti di tiu
hiiok rnruiding : lreen house effect
I l- soil s:rcsicn I
ouarq'ing
I - fi"r-rii qatherin;: an'.i hone., , - urban agriculture
, ' colleltion ,
reiuse dumprng
- rntning and qriarr,r.'inlt ,- eutr"ophicarion
sel\age leaiiage
macninen - r'ehr:i:.
,L t4

Lifecis r - soii ercstolr ancl gui)r'irra psr cnological tonure

- siitariori poliution
, - poliutir:n ahotochemica-1
- ri.,cri Ot:,;Uali; ii[: -
smo! r isioiltr) o'nscu:'ed
.
- desirricticn c.'f'foresis di laoicjated obsolete bu i kiings
urban heat island
't i ,,.1

Credit single noints ur

Certerai atls\\e: nt3.]: c
No comnarisor. ntl ,' 1'-': :i:::;i:.-1'-'l-. ..'l'llr ' , r..- rlfl,'anl- i;la.\: Cf Car:S':S Onl'.
One exainole fu: r'-iral f,:;- .l''nA:. :-i aC:J.:1"13 ilil
l,--

(br \Igg,.-qigs fi:r cr-rmrr'ilrciai ;uels iri:. clr:r.. u;'a:iii;ll-.. blcgas natural sas
- usr oi'alternait\ --! J.: Sri'--;t IU3is. *inc. soia:. HL-P
- catat_..,ti c cofl 'r eite:S In u if1':r,,
- prosicuticri iie elslaticrl - Dre\ rntir'e ario'cll tiutritive or re!uiaicrryi
- use r,'f filters and gat.:e:,
- use oinublic lranslor'
- educatrorr and al..'areriess campatgns 16

j\i!g!sttPnl
- riifTrcult to eiior:e legislation
- fiaqnrenterl poiicies
- icts of coriuplion anrj nenotisnl
- reli;clancc br entrepreneur'-i tL1 ail'.:pi neu sor-li"ii'Jl.
- iaik cicapitai
- [Link]:.lpenisr
- fines tl c srnai!
 r6

- nuciear \\,astri dumped c)n consirlictive piarc margins iess pcllutative than coai. the
rt'aste is in van'sn'rall quanti';ies
General answer mar: 5
One countri andror one comnlercial fuei onll' nrax 6 i6 il2]f25.1

1-1 iat N-q!rys* the [Link] physicai s)'stem of iinks berween points alorrg
which movement can take place (1). can be roads. railwal'line canal (1) !2

(b.l No_d_qor veriex - it's a topoiogical ten- fcr a tenninaiion or intersection

point on a il-anspofl nenvork i 1) can be a signilioan', to$'n or a iuncrion of nv'o or
more roulesipoints of origin or ciestrucrion ( I ) ':

(c) Route it is a regula:^)1'raveiied patl: or ]ine or ccrnmunication betrveerr

different piaces" e.g. feeder. line-haul. distributor '7 I5l
Dia.r161 cni'. - mar i
 t7

(bl iDescriptio,,. ,Expianarroi, j

L

I ,*,t
' '
Smail' [Link],l rlrlrl< and
iroi"rs An(l rrading
tr:r,4int, II n,rr. ir iinrited
tU',,",, is li-'ir-l inrernal rrading
i',r-.,-.,1 r-,,A1-^ I

II pusrs along ine ooiists. l,trtie I area an,.: Iittic or nc irrrerr:onnections

I

i
transnorl ccvetins shon distances ] corncided r.r'ith arrival of expiorers
colonrzer$
i

II Ii Bnci LurLrlllz-cl i)
Prru I
i

i tbt 'l'hcre i-s emerssnce of a f'eu' Porrs exrenr.l their hintslitncis ancl i

malot D0neiratlon llne:; difli'erenriai growth ol ihe coasraj

COlrr'tillirri: tl,r lltOSt r i]Ot'r.;-t, r,orts is initiatecl. C'i"rionizers moving
irrlanC llad ing csntt-rs iilnirer urland to exploii resoLlrces,

[Link]:nt r:roui; snra I iel' ccrit!'c-\

Jiti::rccl in Lrert',l lren bli not
ironrecied. Ncioal 1c,\\ ii:
cievetope,j anrl liiljiecj Lr-i ;1rn1,-
road:;

icl - the iier,clc,pneni oi

{,"it (Jne por, tri"'s to caprurc liie nintei-
iesder rouL.s :ncl the t;euinnings iancl olanother, lnLernrei:are irading
of latei-al [Link]:, Lrelllres grow up iret,,r,eel iiie coastal
a;id ilr iand lei-minais. 'I.-rrr,n:, gl-o,a'
iarper :Lncj becon-.e regionai
heirdcl uaners wtl-ir riurne rous sn:aller
ounti3s lviiig aiong iire u,a) but nct
lveli conrrected.

E,me rsei.)cc oi'higii pi-iority roLltes to i

ccn,re;i ilie nlcst inrportanl ccrilre s, i

.Aii :'esources expioited ilr ciiscoverect. I

irlit siili [Link] oenlre s to Lre iinliecl br

,i the shoi"rest possible r(,utes.
l

'5i

Credit t I I singic n,,rin uf, iir : 1o: d:scliption ancl 5 for explanairon
Trel'ds i'ra''e [Link] as iii ciia.?rarr no: as caniid:te-( [:ncv,,ihenr l1 0l

(c) Ilole oi' inii:rnrarion 1'e;hnolcgv in

f ftrrrslrri't leqrvgr!._ql--r : i 1;r1r;11
- efilr:ierrg, on corlrnuitcaijon - lail. r.;acl : signais, [Link]'rc iigiris
- eflcollragss storage o; iltforination on dara base *,hich cati be i"elrieved
wlren nccessarr, Cut: ori lalrilul' L..osLs. i-l
CiS overla),s i'oi' terrain. pr-puia".ion ancl est;rblishnrent ,,:i moci:st toutrs

i r4[t n!4inq!Eliu!,!]Itn rc, g,[Link] !l.u!

- status of- siaie o1'roacis
- infcrmaiion iri rra] tiine on the rlovement oigoodr ancl passengers
- computerised planr'ing of rr.t,-rirs and 'ri'ips
- cireci<.irrc, in. traiisfer 'Dal c(),jing. [Link] o:'slrc,cis
- i'adar fiI airspace [][Link] ancl,,or controi
 T(l

Ccrrc;'ai ans\\'.:r nrax 4

One exam;;}e oi one dinrerrsion onli'max 6
Credit (?.1for a developed point oi ciedit (1) fbr sirrgle points up to 4, I9l[25]

)4 \a,) DclEr,Uti_u_qllel_Atuusiirp
- inncvation iritroduced in MitrDCs and ciumped in LIIDCs
- rnanuf'ar:[Link] anC tertiary, \/s sourcps of rau, materials
- soLirces of developnienl finanse vs Ltse of'the finance as donalions r:rr Qid
- brain filtration in MEDCs ,,,s brain drain in LEDCs
- resear:.lr and deveioprnent vs tesrir:g research
- de,cision rnaking done here vs irrplemenlation of Cecisions in l-ElTlCs
- enjo,r better standarcJs oiiiving vs io.,r,er staudarCs oi livinc
- balance of pal,rrerts in \4F-DCs ver3us foreign,iebt in LEDCs 16

!. :;1 ian.q1-t qt of "re.

i at i ottsl', i p
- cn1;itai i*'ai iabi iitl
- technicai ir-ncrr lio,.r - expefiise
- govLirnmenl noiic,, allo man{rlrelrent
- [Link] [Link] e.'i grorrth rates i-liffer"-rrore depenrient oopulation in LEDCs
- political strr't-,riit. - nro'. !'esoti!-ocs spent on firsartrts
- res0ui'ce 91,d11r;;meni - [Link] 1r; L,E,[]Lls

Credit ii) -ringle "reiationsirip'" and (1)fc;" reioant "expi;rrratiori" bct'uveerl core and
pcripi-ren'.No relationshin Max 5 bei.."veeri core and peripherr !6 [i2]
ib'; E',,aluativearis\'ver
Fxamlle based * frcm either"\4i-DC or" Li--DC e,c. Fir-a;ril. \'cne;:ueizt. Itall'. Sierra
L-cc,ne. L, Ii-. Zirnbabrve
I

Pcs,,ibis ans\\'e:'s
7-rrl', oq!i!! - :u:"aI ':1e,.:t:iil:a'ri.,l, ieirIr su;cesslii:
- \\L',:: .l:inli-'.. tan-''J n'-'i;lti'ir',
- nrai: loii:,is
- t:'l'igriit'n allC riili-rr J.'1,:i;L:::i \1.
- healrh ior al, Dr the ) ca; l[iu[t
- agrariari re'''olutirn
- 5ivli_s
- inlrastructttt ai cirr':i.,r-',m elr',
- il ecerr'irai i sati olt o I tii,i u sli-t e : lit. c ad ;'n i n t siraii crn

!i,lrluaie the deveiopmeirt poii:i:s r-ri rlrarcgiesr'prr-tiecls

Car be i:ositive aitdlor negatir'e cicnendirrg on exantple uhoscn

Ge nei ai answer tnar 6

trr tl
irlli'E tii;:n ,rnr: {l;iilrti,i'iilii.l 7 t -'l

Poirc;,' i7 Evaiuatir:n i6 IL--'1t J

 .---
-%

liit ':-
I i z'-$;r
t ! . -=-,"
II "..J))
.*EEP
L
Ir %::€-*.
.*.4q1I-..
I I

tr-} &{}I Ats \&.E, S CI{${}i." {TNA I'I O]\ S C OU}i (] ru,
"*I\
Geueral {.ertificate of E,eiucation Ad\..ancerJ Le'el

G}iOGF*.\.trHY q156/2
Tf 1
I -1;Drrr
r- i-.. --

JtiNL 2{}1 0 SF:S:i} L}r\ l. irours

-Ad ci it ittnat rn arerr ai:;
An!\^,et paper

TIPIF- I, hours

TNSI.R.T JCT IOh" S T.O CA]riDxl}A.I=nS

\\'rite -vorr i-iailre - crjnii'c nu:lt,er anci caniirciaie nurnl-.e;. ir tirc sraces prc,r,i,jeci cn the arlsu/er
naper,'ans*,cr booiiiel.

Ansv,,e:' four cucstio;is

-Ans*'u'l *ne question ir.-rrn Iitcric,r ,r"- fr'' que:iticlr:. fion: SecLi<.rn
B anii trne iiucsli,;ri licn-t
Seciici-, t . t

$triie &fl:i\tr'jer:r (|n thc .separate paper [Link]*c

'r-.'ur ".r-i1\'€i
ii'r,ou ilse m{)r.j th;rn [Link] si-r;..^i oi f)a:i3:. fusi.n trli sheets tor-_ihs:
INFOR]T{ATT O N }rOR CANL}ID A.f E.q

Tire nurnLri:r oitlari:s il; gi'en in brrcJ;;t:,

Inserl i ts ibr use [Link] eueslion 2
i I ai the enti ci:;rr:l; qursiicin cr part cluEsili)n.
}-cu shouid, ir:r.l;e reii:renct tc [Link] gxar:.iDli:s.
lll'-Si ari'rel: Jj1 : f. i1 Cpesli()lt, "qr-urji::d in tire ijeic or the [Link],om. *,!l:ri
You are ad'rsed ro spend nc rr-,rreer than ,i5 minutes on sec1i,.,-r
A
\"ou are rernilicied oiihe need ftr go,.rJ [1u];sh and clsa: i:iss:nrailon
in r,our ans11,crs

Tnis questron pupe";;;;ir;i"[Link];i*d rrtu,.,r, ;;s-_ ;; ir.*;

";;p*;l 1

--onr ilgn:: Zimb3.b\,,,r S:l;ot E..laminrlticr:. l-:,,.,rlci^ .llir l(

lT urr *i'e:
 ".1

Section A (Practicalsi

Ansrr,,er *ne suestion frcri: ihis sr:ctirn"

You are advised to spend nci more tlran 4i minules on l"liis question.

1 \'ou are requued to cari-,, out a fieid Srr-,'e-r' of a pcpular tourisi to\\ti" A la:ge-scale map
iscale l : 5 000) is provideti fcr use rn tire sur-r'ef i'i:e purpcse oithe sun'sf is io
investigate the err,lronmental irnpaci of lou.r'isrrr nnci ietern:rr-t$ the per:entage r:f iruildings
0f1cn used br tirir.i"is::.

{a) E;xpiaur u,hy. a largc-scaie map is required, L4j

(b) fi) C,-itiine hor,r vou u'culd oarr-\r cui the flei.i surve\
(iit t]'l:at Ciificultie> rnigh: ,be facecl m [Link] tire nccrssan datal [12]

(c,l Chooss onc t..'pc cf diag:arn suilablc for':hsplaving the ciata 1'ou have
ccllected and expiain:

(i) your choice rri [Link].

iiil f orr 1'or.: r.r'oulrj con;[Link]:i i: t9i

I inscn i sl'Lou,s th.e ciisrribution cl nc.,i:,[Link],-rri in the i'uia1 areas oiZimtiabu'e.

lal .\;ime ths i:rappjrrt nrethoi [Link] cr lnse:'l .l and oescribe in detail hr:r.r'
the rrrap ,. r, iS]
",',rlrtiucleC.
(ii) \\hal ar: the limr',ations c,iusing this te:hr-irciue to shorn, populatiorr
distri'ruironl i41

icl Des;:i'oe arr3the: te:hrrcr-rr lr'r)rr \r;e1 it' r-ili. la) 5[1,r.1 population densitl
in an area l7i

(d) \ltrat are ihe ai-,'ani:rees ,i:li drsa"iianta;ies of usilig i:re technique
1,"ou have nanri in t'c) aijov3: [6]

c,'. ri',': .if[t I

 3

l-irrction E (FJilman C,;r'e)

Ans;u,er tu,r que:;tions lirtrri this [Link]

3 (at Brrsil.' c:tpiair Ll:c influence olpull lacrors on ruraj'Lrri:an nrigraLion. i6l
(b) using e.'<ami,rles. [Link] rvherc rrral migarlts ilre hkelr lo settle in
urbirn ar.:as oi'i,,ess Siiinrimlcalir i)et,e1c;ped (.or:irirics: /i_EDCsi. ilal
t, *l
(i:) v':itii rr'i'crirlce 1..) a riral iirc;:. ir; l i.i:DC. shou the ixi(-int,,i, *'iricir
l,robletri-i a:rirciated ..r'ii.h rural-,.riban [Link] ha-r,r trei:n sol,,,erl. T;I
tl
'i abie 1 gjvi:,, iniLrrt'rraLiol ah,.[Link] tirr: [Link]
r:,,j;li:r!rj:\ (rf'[Link] nopuia."licin in ilge [Link]:
fbi {oul curint:icl,,

(al F,rii;i i'. r li r'.: ici il i ) | ).t' :.

| : Li !ii)! : Al'tai (i t.t p e i1 (! A ni':.\,
i ,.i itr.!..
I{; l

(ir i S,*[Link]',;t t'ciisr in:r i'tr i f l

, ;:t iii:1ri'fcett'.iti:.c (rl'
lire i ()tai poi",it1g1ior'. ir ::

{c) D i:;i:usl, thc r: iti-r,,.: .t)it

-r;rit',itiii O, '!a-,iair n,,nitiali cin in tire cvel
i:.<l ears aga ::.t'[)Lii) :... :,.,;:..-..-:' ],:'. -'. .'";1, t'rrg31.'1 -.
Il\11I.{; I'I
i,l

ir I ji,r'; r')i

, , ilI'tr, {t','4,'
 4

(a') Fig. i sho,;,s thc I-larris ancl Uiiman t1945)rnultipk nuclei nrode] of iroatl
STIUCTUIE.

Ker':
1
1 ientral busiuess disrriot
2 q:|relesal.e light rnanuf'apfunng
I

I
l

l
3 Lorn, inconte resideiitial
i--_ _t-. 4 Medium income resrdential
5 Iiich income residentral
(; Hc'ar r nranufactur:-nl
--:--
? Outivins business district
i
I
i,,i 8 [Link] suburb
i1
J !-*:
9 indu:;trial srrtruib
I

l
i
,l
ll
r6t '-' -----l
ri---_J '
i ,.
L-- --,-

l
i)l

F iil. I

iicsr:i'i irt'[Link] tneil i't:i1 rir.:l a'i- ili; il,oiiel's r':-ticlcntiitl pa'iteln shown
tn
Irg. l. I6l

(i-,j D:sc:'i irr liiii e .,;r;:iiti ri'ti i:ilt{.)r :, ',}1,. I;;'.. l:illurricc.i [Link] loilticln
i-i11il(il:lj ::ililr t)!:','31opei f'oLur'tries
r,, i,.jiil: t-il'l-,:it; ...lll.i.J,i'r;ili.. ,1 .',,. '

\ ! r I r.,: '
ll-l

|-\
i,l
(c) .li:lli' S S :.ill-t J.,i: r: ll,l 3l: - r- : r'i il----l -i:

(a) idenirl" iitt Ir:ii',1,.i.'.'l' il:i-:'.-Iii'l-:' i6l

(lr) ',,.'iitli refer,:ttcc rirrill;illi.:" \ ai'-

1(-) ;i.i11
]1'l
iil; gl'os'rjr im'i. dcleli'Pmcii:.

tc) \\'11ii pq:fey,:1:CC i() [Link]. ii-illlSS, litt ','j':tn' titiii sClil':n::nt hloiarcitl'
. lt
can be regal'dr.:ii as ii>,lcil. L,.l

(t) [Link],'i'-\:1--ritriit tire ir,ai'"-. 1t.','.hi;i I l:itl:la.i ha;:irt'd:, rnl:r'iifi'er.:t agricultural

l(i l
irr0Cuc'.iCtr.

(b) \\'ilh eii:ncf to e,.latlilics. O:ttiile ri'avS bf i'ili:l-i qi':ate:' agiicrriiural

ref
ltll
r_,-l
,tndei cltitii'a'Lion.
[Link] arc t,c:;g oLrtlg:eri ilrrt:i laitr1 aliezid'.

ic) DiScr-rSS the rcaSOitS j'<.,r atli riie niohi.':riS Ci:ii1-j;rd'rr, rlre Cli-tfnlirlli
of cui'"rva-reci aieas, in sorne i-ess -:.i:on,:micaill i),-:r'eicpec Countries I ):
iI-EDC:;t.

ir '',1_r, r
 (a) i-'.>[Link] r.r'i:1 aricr:itural ciutpui is olten io.,r in L,ess Econornicalit
Deveioper: Cr:unt:".ies f LEDCst" i5l

(b) \\''ith leferenoe to exatnplts" shorr' iitu' conditrons thal cause intensive
farming diiier fiom tntse tilat cause ex'iensive fan::.lnc" t
1l
l'1--.1

tltith reier"en;e tri erampies" assess ejiort.s r:tadc t,;r governillents to

{c)
mode;"nise tire agriculturai sector. 17i

(.a') Di stingi"rr sh hstu'ee; ao. i n dy.s l i" i 6i is a tio t: a'tC :" c r t;olus t " i a i i.t at i rt n. iUJ

(b; \\:ith referenc; to exa:nnie r; -'{ou i-}a1. e studreC. cutiinc tire factors
ihat have ied to thc deoline o1 inrlusries. t'r
L'"1
nl

(c) thr u,at':r in r.r,irich gor,,grnrlctft :oiict has influenced the

-.r,.s-{reli:i
characte:" oi mairr-tiacLuling inousir', u'l1-hi:r a c0Lullr\ sturiiei.t. tql

10 (:i ) lSlicfir ,;utiine the rea:;ct-is ilr: io'*rism. t6l

(h) Llsing exanples. c>:plain tiie ';ircuir:shnors uniier .r'hich

r1-'l
tou::ism can ]e*c 1l si:stainabie cir,'r'eioprnen'.. I ^ "J

(c) irsing g;;311pies. e.,'aiuate ihe i,is'n lha: "tcuiism. r,r'ri-rttgi"' handi:C
mal b: ','eil e>:uioiiative".

Section C (Human 0prionsl

1l (al OU rCES r ',r1.'!11 -

qllU

icl

(b)
I -r ^l
I 1*l

('-'i belweon en*rq\

f 1t
LJ

r):55 I ll0ti
i-Turri over
ffi :-
/.r:-F-\
l'' it'
_
",,: ,,f::::,",,,",,^

ZTMBA BW-E SCHOOL E}IAM IN A'TIONS COTII\ C&

frer!c!-al Cerfificate *f' Education dri'ancerl l,evel

GEO{;IL{PHY- 91s6tz
i].riPEi{ L

JUNI: 2(}i(} SESStrO\ i hours

lJ*StrItT l

\*-

T'il,IE S hor-r:"1,

INS 1'P* [ i CT'tr (i \s^ T'( )

This rnserl consists of 2 pi-inted pager,

[Link]: ZimoaL.i^. t, Schorl i xar:riiiaiions _otiltci.. i11(rl ir

ia li f,4s l .- .t2,i, 1 r.

['f urn over

 a

t
tP

rttl

. I,jillc:,inls l--i{tI rr'-ir,r]:

 SCF*O(}I- EX^rMiSATIG5S i *L \CIL
Genersl Certificate oi' Eriucation -{civanced Levei

PC}SSIBLE ANS\&'ERS

.iu\E:010

GtrOGR{PH}- 9156/0?
('c\ A ri vat Lrets es oi "1algg:[Link]- lLAp
in the fielci
indir,icluaii:itrs ek-ar ir''r lririch laniuses nave to be srudied
to prod.:oe a slilrcied map ioi the ciassification of
base inap ean be used
lanCuses
scaie
enables nlap to shou mo;"e der;ail comparecl to a smail
maE'
iuig.-r"ui.

Credit (2) for rler.'eicped point

Single points up rc 4 i4l

Gr ir) piiol sitrvel

cb,lain pei:!'r-iissicrr frr:m iocai authoriries
soio or use o1'tearnu;orl:
surve) every brriliirng or use a sample. e'g 1 in
5 or along a transeci'
obrserve anci ciassin [Link] nuiicirngs in the
fleid 1cr ask questions if
underr-aking a q:;est;ot:nairc )

use qilestions to suppielrenl or':onfinn data if b'1 obser"'ation

.ri:seryarion oi iiti-et rypes
secondarl data
rscorc oir''.rite clolvn daiarmai'-e nctes in the [Link]
notebooii
on the map. pian. recorcling sheet cr in fiel<i
no base map mark

Creciit ( 1) singie Pcini

Credit (2) for oianning oriil
Orre dimenslcn c-rnlr l"'i:x 6 "8

- e'g ti) ciistantof torvpart':;

iiii a'lce ss isst'lcs
(storev t'uiiciingsi
* clloosing opptopriar= toirrisi buiitii;rgs
- iocai r*?irrir:.'poiice eic hc.,stiliqv/unco-operativeiignorance,/reftisai
'. iangu*g; p'obf*ms or lircra-c1' probltr'es tbr cuestronnaire
clata rei:abiiin issues - poople niaf
- iie or are sh1'
builirir"igs under ccnstrucil0n
6fie vear
rir-'',ne tJurist buii'iings cioseci for several months c)j t4
,bias
i[ i n]j
r--i-eciit ( i r 1o: singie points ''-

l.i (.i)-FicChart/[Link]*ro;-oth:rciiagranr(liflrameofteehnloue)
(1)
- :)ne reasotl ior choosilrg il
_ .[Link], foi,,it is the best,'or "suitabie" or'-eas)'10 crat ' . ,-,
nc .:
 iii) (.onstrultictli stePs ol 1 c l1(l seri diagran'r

,Ie Cti_+t: &arftru1

lind raiiii,/sq root find iength,tsq r0ql

[Link] cirr;les drav.,bars
caiculare degrees for sggntEn!s,' palrrula1.e lengrhs of b3l'
[Link] 9ui, 9e!jl]1ents
plol see:tors iioni il o'cl,rr,k (2i piot $ar scgtnpnl$
allocate shaile ior each sector aili;cate shacie f oi' each
shaCe irt secrneniibar secior
ke;,' for shadrng or iabel sh;rdcrco)o,-rr oi iabei
iitl e
ke.r'
i itle

Diagi'ain. ()ti1,r ir4ali

t'i
iruli crcdit icr tcxt onil'
CreCit (1 ) srngie Points
(1 ) reaso;ls ir:r choice (i I steps (7; iql [:-{]
Natrl' ol lech
1l
(a) Do" N'lan

S',er:r'

(2)
facltti:s {ihal :tfi'eci ooniilaiion ciistri'nutlon

[Link]:dil (1 i singi: tl,.,ill'':' for :teps l8i

(bi l:rccui-a1., rtn rlrI diStributi0nig:elei'aii:;ztltotl u'here ge':graphical

ri l sii-i [Link]. i or, facioi's a.?'e Il01 avai i aL'i e
manuai prir,-1ttction .rlsame size iii''ts
Ioss iniornra'iion - figure: rortr"Ced ofi
.f
sarne ciisrihution
ciilficuh ti., ciisiinguish netw'een arcas r.l,ith approxiirraleil
nr ergin u Cots'hirirrit-r g

Crerlir (11 srngi: ncinir'

ill
l1
(c) Choropleth (Nar';rel

{Ju:u!-qli-cE-!Let!

(l(rlside:' rance oi liala

ubtain ^ias,qrls and cias:r hcrunrlarics
(\c elnPt)' ,Pace:r)
obtirin hase mail
 ' decitle oti shirdin* schette:
- --iradc ir,
- l<e)'
- tiiie
16
Credit (1) single Points.
Generic I {ker *title) 1,7)

(d) 4sl"ar:[Link]'h

- efTiclellt iri shariinu area'sfatiai varialiolt in ciistriourion c'1-

i-rc'[Link]
- mallesinteril;[Link].''aitil lieariquantitalir"e
- rirllreciiate l'isul.i itr,p't'essit-'tl

P-i$4uarse!.:
- loss r:l inlclrnalion if llasse:; are too oroacl
as stlggested
;";uiuri"n ricnsir'1 changer:; gre,Cuailr raiher tiran abrLrptllr'
b1', at boundaries
- di;es no,, si:trn changr t,idetrsill vu'tthin each boltndar\'- area unlts
:]hr-ru'itl'liforrnitrintlensitl'w'iiichma!nt)ibctrueinrr:ali11'
14.1iri an-t' ord':rl

f'r: :;itrti; 11,:i:tlr'

iflr ecirL t' 1 r
i'J. gcneric crs'jil tt i..hr,,,1-'. in ial is iriaDptopriatc' 16] il51

,1 (:,r Puli iacrors rlal inciucie :

j iib rt prpotlt tn i-ri e s

1 r sherlbetier edttcatiaxt
i

ei:itiiotl-lic grcrn'th
be';ter meriicai 1a;iirties
heiie r housing
(g<-'c"1 [Link]-r' l-r1'gienc" tapperl \\'atilf i
iirgi't [Link] i,f iivine
/briirl'rt ligirt:.
"oi; ;in

Ciecli, ; i i ic;' -'in!rle Points'

Fol ii:liillg tn:, l:ri:Lcl's -.il]ii)i 3 tlari<s 16l

iir) [Link]?ii!Irrr-1 lqrratt:;'5'g1g4gnts

- ciil:lticia'.rd biiiiirr-rgs iii inner r:iL"r

- c1l:.e to indL,si,'i11 3ig25,mitiimise transr;ori costs
- a\:,'a} ii'crrl C'B'D chear lertrc
- on uiban i'ringe ar tli{iii1! ir:caj g:lvernment regulatitll'ls
- closc tc raiiu'ai siatioi'')''btrs t3rnlintrs/of'uil spa'je
- along urban ;ivgl's/proximiti' to chcap v'ater
- clos': tt-' ciittitping siie:"scurce of firorj - r"it'r riateriais
- cettletel"\ - ''cilr c-'f tite cie ai]' in Cairo
 :
Credil llri,:. eieveiopecipo:t'Its (u'he:e 511{ r.r'iii i

Sir':g1e Pcirus \"la:i ('

*
Gei:erai ai-lsr*.'*i^ -' m;:x :. one examrie ol^ uroan atrea niax b
*
Cit:lteric for tet'e;enc'; to ivlID[g rnali ']
Aliort'suecuiative language !r'':l
,-,

ict Solutions to setciing Area l-'robiems

- rurai eiectrificatlon
- r3sitleme*t
. gi'r.',r-i: nOil:l:.
- upgraciing sociai :eri'ices
- cauacit) huildingisl':ilis develoonieni - tPachers
" rneclisal staffi*plovecl
- ianl meciraiiisation
- eiiiicational subsidl
il
Sr-r ltiticn i;

E vaiuai-ion

Generai [Link]'vr\'er \'Iax l

ir4c;::e ihan cne ru:ai area Max-i
Generic ;-ria>. I if solutions are on urban areas

.rl,ai [Link]-:-a,[-Ast]y-e-ls2ub1r-0n

.,r oii:in g c las.. indepsnrien: porlt latt or"' self-re I ianl

: :';;:x ft'i,f,:'l:!:;;-l
..g ti',. \ {)util ani thl'ic no: 1'rlrking
I'i,.:;x;, ;J: ;;:;;*".ilJl.,no",*-,,
;'-i

DePe-ng:nlr -q!ii
- reiiai,', lt-, tiie ,r [Link],; .:eS-- ii-': Support
thi,.Se
-'cuth anl thl agec groups
- depencant: :cnsl-i'i ':; rhe
... :11.. .,or\,.ii-n'\ -'t:la
i\lilf :--:u r;, :1,! u-! E'rut'r!

Ci

\ )u-f {( : -: - ai:i r(S ' , , ,-,-.

el:art.i i--n', i la i l'' a3!i ve

- a:i a oiscriminaic: ihe reco!tt.,iiion olsome Ioosen:-ss 1p 1[g ;al3gllries

[Link]'.rir:ietc'i!-';rr'ciethedisalriedolunempio;-edinthe
..ecgnomioally actir.,e''age Lroundaries. e.g. sci,oiars \\'hc star ln schooi fo; iong
i6l /3
(b) for-hisbqlli1ln-iatei (india',\'!s{-r;oj
Beasons

- iaboul- [Link]
' reir g'ious
- c'-iltural
- individiral and' personal secui'ity
 (,

. econillTliil sl;ltLlS/'As9t)tt
- ,,:-. I lr-
\11 lillr
- lorver [Link],rdg of eciucatir:n
- eaill'marriag*s
- high infani mortaiitl rates
t6
- nlan\' lvornin tf child bearing age

.kago-ns-:[Link]-blflh-:3,te L( A ustralia- S:Ugligt)

- impr"t'*6i living standards
- later rnarriLges
- far'.riir i:ianning
- emanclPation of lYonren
- liieracv, se:i euucationicareers
- cainl:aign-'
- governi:rlenL pclicte:l
- fera'er v;omen r,rf child bearing agt
- lnu ir:fani mortal in rates
t6
- [Link] iiabiiities

Creciit (l) fbr ,isi'e|oped poinrs t lal

| , -J
Singie pcints i,'iar 5

{cr E-li-qels
- increased nredicai cover
- increased insurance oover
- ini:reased spenciittg r-u oid rreopie ':' homes
- skiilec lair':tt;
siior"iage r-'f
- in:reasccl sperrdir! fli e]"04t:iet3>
^ irigi; rai-aticn
goods
- .,io"gc ,:i iaste; ruhich affect Prr'Cuetion o{
an'i lo suit the old
- ,.-".risning oi buiiJinl:: ';ehicies
- -ics'-l': -'f siir"r'is ic's :a-'ili"tes
- cullulal enraricemelil b'' tire ageci
fcithel rneet the need:; oitht a3le d
- enli3iisn:--':i1 s ,r,at:e r"r''one1

Cr"e,iit il ; de,. ei,,-'-r:i pcrin'.s..,.ingle :. ul'Lrl 4

eff::ls.: i.
[Link]: pr-ittire
Ce:teral {:rcst: ..iai, -. r7l I'il j
l'.1 l--
One examPle oni" l''lax'i

Ilaari:r;,i
tai
-1,*,,
areas
- qualitr hi,.using cioes no. generall' arise next [Link]
ciose to CBD
overcro,r,,,,Jed nifn *ntiq irouiing ma\
s'tili iocate
- edges crf tire ciq on cuter
- thericir move ,u suburbs ontne
sui;uri:s
"i "u'[atted
planned for resident'iai purposes
- iiu-iner cit-t' grcuth mav iead to itew centres
-1hose;reqresiclenuaideveiopitenf'[Link]'
-peop}[Link]."*'ou,..lirii;'irorndc;:mttorl+;|r\l,ilsu,hiclrcierelopir,the
crornmuter z'3lle.

i
(il
(.re,Jit ( I ) fbr sing)e points
 7

('rr,i jndLisrries ars rnainil, outbirldeci fionr CIIIr ciue lci ian6 uses cornpctirrs iiri splce in

the citr,'

lnciustrial losation u'ithin cities tetrd to be:

- [Link] raii*'a1' lines or nta-ior roads/accessibilitl'
- in valle-\'s on iand of lol-l vaiuer'on cheap land
- near tht, CBll
. Altrng riversi srlurce of uraler J-Or cooiing Or dumpittg efflucnts
or trapspelfl
. on rlte urban iripgermore speoe arrcl ctheap larid
'rrLrih up area oi- the oitv/tcr
- industrial estate:llou locate at a dis-Lance fron"'
avoid ciashe:;u,ith other iand uses. (i.e. cdge of ciq'iocationt
I)escribe i6
Explain i6
Ccnerai anslrsr \{ax 5
(lne e;lampic oni. .\iax r'
rl al
(,ieneric Mar i if reier"tl L[,i]t.- I r-11

rne posil-i l e anci negali ve CL'inseq uenceS

(;) A 1 r-sr,, ct. i u sirOu' bai anr,e benr,eell

I --.--. \Sg s t-Ly.g.-qg8-lqg-Eu'St-

._* _-lj,:..11i v c..rnsrclL c'l qc-'- --
poliu',ion; air. u'[Link]. noise. iand
- niultipiier eiTect in social sen'ices
e.! ihe nrore resiCential suburbs and visu;ri Ieading to en','ironntcnlal
wr: iiave riue to job avaiiabiliry' degracation.

- (iofflfal-llts Plouth b:lci' into irrhati sprau 1 [Link]': t'- ;on!:slit-rn'

:;e llieiticl-tts e.g. silor-s far:ilitie s high land .,'alues hcvond the reacil
of manv

i",i-,h standaids oi lii'ing iur-: to lrigh iai'gc areas l):llred ol- vegelatioti
' -'([Link] ,t saiaric. i:a0inl 1t' arrcl rcplacecl '1,-r.' L:gi1 larce faotorl'
'ruitciings
clesire fbr highii competitive iile
stvi"s a' reflected '0\ l]/ijes 0i'
irlus'; l :rnd e.'lc usivr subu;:'bs.
1

C'anliidates to I'alse al isasi ( il t-rcrsit ii'e anc i i i negalii'e fc;r ba'iancoci answer'
a.:1. I in an1' order).
CreCit (2) for develoi'e<i n-'in''s
Singies points rlI': lt,' '"
0tre dirrrension onir - Ire:' i l:ot [Link] baseci t7l [25i

(a) Lirlran and rurai aisa: iriliracl fill rl reir sun'ivai

- Lti,han ;cilir.--s ciler sgrvices anci go,.-ros to rural are.1s
in l'cturn for foocl' la'Lrour
ltt'J :'lr' nlatJ;'.aii 'Jta '

goods'
goocs a1d ser.r,ice-r irrc[rde, ti:ansporl. i1sxlth., ecltcatiorr. manttfac;urerl
national regisi;1 etc.

A full ans\\iet to c;ovel'a'. least 2 ciinlensions

Accept negaiilc intei"ai',licn
Credit (1') sin'rie poinis
No recipro:ii.' - rtax 2 marks Ibl
 8

(b,) Exarnple-haseC ansr,",ei. (irovvth zinrj cievelopmenl couid be trigger"ed bi tirc

folicrving. tirowth cz',n be plauned or spontaneoLls.

exploitalion of resources - minerals. land

govenrment policies iorvard regicnai balancos
popr"rlati otl gro u'th an d ri-s;ttl emerrl
general econt,rtTt ic deve it-rpment
industriai invesfllt ent
ir:urist ciei'zpl6pmgn! qt3'

[Link] (ll
for clEve loPed Point-s
Single points \'lari 5
Cieneral answer Jv'la.r i
l,{ore i}ian tlne seitien'}ent r\"lax 6 113]

i.t) Arljutlents fo be i:aSed Lli c;rse studies r'"here seltleinent nierarciil ha:' retnained
"fiiecl" or :;itor'r' horr, i'.. i,a: ''citatrced'' r"'ii"h rirne '

i he hi;raictri;ai Pailerti
,\ccept an1' lirte of argtltnr::nt - primaci' crl binar)' or rank siz'e rule
Generrrl An:ll'.'er r\4a>l 3 iol narrattng hierarchies
One e.g. on11' \4a:i'1
Creot: (l r ft,r dc\"-]rll'cc i)ts
Single points l.4ax 4 [:/1 [25]

ial EJ{qs1l-a-lia/.4lrlt-a,!-agrrprr-l}ual*plt''i:gu?!i-sll
{lo.d.;;,,, p-r r"irne agricutturai soils [Link] t,''.lr<.:r - food Orops/cash crop-s
-
l:Stro'red '

lvashes av;ar fertiie top

- sever* *ro,,,on h1 ticodirgr'clcionesiilea.,'r,' i'ainialj
srils and leache-s nutrirnts.
hinder agricultural
- orought -- sr',,ore hsat/telt-ipet'alures anrl dr1 conrjitions
I -lr'. :'-i;S

- v.;i;altit iai; ilpu'5,in:irii fiou's ri'tav cover and soliciri; over iarms

.nu:.
- ea-rtiiqriake s agrieulura] l;lnd,icrops i]estr0},ing cuitir,ated iands
*
iich soils [o: agrlcuitural <ievelopmerlt yieids
- \.,oloartces hctr er er niovitle
incrcase

pests -r diseases

Credir (i) ibr singie Polnls

Accepl speculation t6]
 l-ir cover meci-lanii:al'
ltlr Exampies iierm i,ilD(l:-r o;" li'1EDCs atrd'olborl"'
nio-cliernical iiinrensions' l-{rti' f ields dur
lo'

- lvle;i-lanisatioll itticis ariC equipmentl

- hrii.-chsmicals(aEro-chemicais'seecir'feniiizers)
- techilicai ktlow'hou
- re Search and derrelopmenl
pots)
- sci'*ntific nranagement (green houses' snrudge
- slippcrive aiyicr'lltural poiir-:ies {loans' inpu*' schemes;
- in'igatir--'n
- ian,i :l: lamat iln

( redtt -l io; ':ai1-. i l;:i';;::ii'r

Single points N{ax o
Generai ans\!'er:i lr'iar' -(

One examPit \4ar 6 !-111

Lr-l
Annotale \4. S. B
crisis' [Link]-ludS
i'r i Ansv,:er to J':niotl:'tral; the pcpuiarir:n-l"esource

shLri-Liiq3 ti iand
oiogl'
sla [Link] leohn
fo; focd etc
evei iircreasing Pouuiatrc;n anci deman,l
increaseci oemarrd fo: cash

Fio b] en: : i1g*- in c l-49

- shonage 'if froi crcPs

- i., r-a a : ,.^ -r.r!ii)!
lj)uiua)ve vr r

- cestt'l.i:ii(-'n '-'f iooal iratritats e '9''''lets

. silla'-l'11 La: rilels iarns
- dts::-iih;arion es marginal iancs ar: :leareo
- sailnisa:iotl
- :ilinalil:nanse s:lc'

Genera; Itils\\'31's it'li'ir: 3

C)n: :5:. 1'1a.r. 4
Crecii: ill tor der"':loPed Poinls
Sin*ole Poinls lr4ar 4 rrr iall
I i I )--' I

Gerieric \'1a'; f . ii'ieicrs tc NIEDC

includ'e
iai I{easons f':r !o,r agricuiturai 'utr'll'' rr L-ED'-s

lar,d te:iure s\/$1-9111

unreiiabie i-ailfali
ia;r;. cf ;aPital
-.i i<1,-,'"r'ieri ge' skii ls'educarion/technol ogicai kncu hou'
i

poor "f
farniing methocis
si'iortag!- of arabie land
high pcouiariorr qrowth rat:
criirural'reii gion itradltion
,;li avourable g''lverttrilent poircirs
 1(j

- poor lanC management'"supervisic;i

- re:;earch and development limilec
- Liilccttlri:ll:llrielratural;ali:mlties'e'g';1'ciones'drougitt

Creciit (1) singie Points i6l

(t,) - size of lanij

- avaiiabitrin of caPiul
- ievel oltechnoiogr
- ciimeltic conditions
- terrziin
- distanoe florn n;arketitransoor' costs
- marl':ei
- popuiation size
- ievri of inPuts 1e'g. iabour;

i:en*rai ati-iu'er N4a:i 5

(-rne examille onil
N{ax 6
Credit (l) fbr developed point:i' singie'' up to 6
Tc refer tL,, areas or exampies [Link] rype-s of
inrensive '- e>;iensil'e farnring iirl
(c) Answers ct-.u id inclucie

- capitalisaticn (s;:artts. ioans, subsidies)

- [Link] - tracto:s. corn-irines' bocm spral's
- eduoaticnlcapaciq building b1'gv't or NGOs
- teehnicai assistance schernes
- camparsns,demonslrationsiroadshonvsissmpetitions'ileicdal'setc
- iis,rlsfbicf tr:ciinolcgl through contract farming
- importsubstitttliortr'innovationonfarmingirnpiemenrs
- bic:herni;ai Provisions
Eifor-' ;4

lrvaluation "3

Generai ars\\'ers -. tna:1 3 f-t r^il

tJns e:,. [Link] r:.i countr-" -- rna:' 4 l- .l L--j

\!rJ
'foriseclinpalalireiantuageorconii:nciiolleg"i'hereas'v;hiist'horrever'but'etc'

Ds lndustriallsati,:n
seciors'
- ttre long ternt. a-l:soii:te ilecline of empioir:lenl in tne manufacturing
(\B ir ief'ers to io;s:s [Link] rather than deciine in prodi"rctrvity)
posilive de indusrri;riisation * occurs when industries inteniionalil
reduce
- or raticnalisation'
u,oikiorce tc increase protiuctivi$' thrcugh rfiechanisation

-whenlndusiries,iust decline u ithoLit

N;3at;ve deinclustrialisati,ui - ocsurs
,"'.=.o,[Link] i:ise ir, prcriuctir it1 or mechanisation'
,'-1
 t,
Lq i n Li Lr11; i !r I r_.iai i rU

- tire grov,,th oiirigh techrroiogl industries. snrail firms anci sen'ice incustrics
( Lertiarisation i
)'ic, comparisoli - rnax , ,', ;tt1

(b.l E,xampie-baseclans',n'er, Irirctcrsrnal ini:iude;

- exhaltstir:n oi're:iources
- increasing cost: t-;i'ieu mat'eiiais
- aulolxatioll artci ltett iechnoicgr
- intr'oouctiotl r,f a r:l'al proiiiicL
- f'ali ui oenran'i
- (,!e|Sea) u(IlnnJtitiCli
- rationaiisaricilt
- ririst itt cosls
- the removai ,:f'subsid5
- l:ick ofl:aPitai trt:

General answei h''ial' 4

One eg. onir Max 5

Single poiitt-s hilax i; lr 0l

Credit (2; d:r'eilped Poinrs

ic) Exarnple-baseci a,us''r'et'

Covernment pciicies tl-la', it-iciudt

schcmes on ,'alii'-: aiici itton

pr{[Link] ct\ on e ;{i13i [Link]
Di"rlgral-nl'r):.'s tliai i',ar'c aflecteri ltrcal iori oi inciustrl'
ciccenlral isaiir-,tt
ai'ive tou'aris cr t'crsi1lcaticn
impori :[Link] ot:
incii gen isati on
"oia,:i''iillpolverlriellt

l',,!i"'r :
Asse sstneni '/t
Ceneral a-ltswef - nla'\'
N4ore than one counln elailplc - inrlx :. [c)] i:lsl

l0 r:i) I?.elson:, u,hi tilulsn iai::. liiace iiiciude

[Link] t.:iti'isnri pct:nle tiave)iing iri pitlsui'; oipleasure"ieisilre

ior [Link] interesrs
: :i,n,:i,il',r;;;..1ffi::i::Hi;"pecpletrii,el
touris;rn i'or tdii;ationai reasons
for sociai reae01'1s

: 'i:l[i;i:Ji;::T:1liJ;ff:il,

Credii ( t) sir-r5rie poitri:, l6i

 i2

('o t $-f,:!AUaqi-e-de-yiiL,:pniqr,r-quq-j!-Lo$ tUl

- sustainable lrenagelnent olresources leading lo coliservation arvareness on

lvilciiife atid rvhicli protects soil
"'egetaiion beautiful scenerl
- irrotection c'f habitats and
- respect lccal ouitures. iiveirhoods and customs
- (sharing
[Link] puropie in locai development processes e.g. CAh4PFIRE
henefils u,ii.h rest of peopie'
- promore equitl ir, the rlstribution of the costs and benefits oltourism

hiii-rw speculatiotl
).lot necessarilS counlr! examples

Credil (2t ibr rieveioPeci coini

Sirrgles uP tc; 6
Cleneri:1 aiiii\\'c'r \.'iar 5

One erarnpie li{ax 6 it:']

i3i Ar, el'altiati<;n lf ti:e in:pacl l;f tout'ism. IL) :ot(:I sccici-econolnic ihcets' Irnpacts
r:'iar i;:ciude:

- rich tourists and r00i" locals

col'li-ras't bet\"'een
- increase in ini'ia,;ion (t'iiff'erences in alforriabiiit-r' of t':t'(;dsrservtr-'es'
- con-Lrasi iri acootlimo(laticn (goverrtlnerlls elfbns
igrrore sqila1'ler dweilers for
't:eau'ci ftri [ir:l1el s1
- conflicr on iarrii (iocals have rto sectiriti'. agricultrtral iandlhousing
iand/i-rs}ringgrounrlsclaimerjforic.,uris-lcievelopinentl
1.0 see the tr-ibai iife
- [Link] ii-inai i:reas recjiicei Io "hur::ran zoos" fiir tourists
anii c,.rltitre of rire peopi:.
- triiral rvolrten:,e:ualtl e''lpioitei
- l-'i'ostitutior'
- s)l'it:ril ctj'dlse as:s

Cr;cir (ll rjcveioirco oirin'-s' singi:s tip';o 4

Genei al ens-!i'ei Nlar .1

Onc c-rrrtlpie MiLx 4

i'It f')(l
iiire t|[Link] lc i-rt a:::|terj I i J r.--'.]
.1rn1

11 (.a) cornparison bet,.veen trn) l\\c rssc)u!'c:es e.g. ccrai anrl cil. t-lse cotnparatil'e

lan guage.

j i-,"r, |- ln sstrl,-:s rl sc"iir:.rarr i v-'iiicsl shal'l '-'r I

rocl:s i
1

inciin'rdiaciii
-
- near
tllal surlace
Ju1 lsv! i
I L'llen
I casl
- ai cierrrh I

- al1tl3lll1es
- fault 1rili,1s;
- sait dctrie-s
I

lt
I
 ii
i,ea.,'e otli !\o'')(l
Fc,i" eaci-, resource ltin anr orcic:. singie points
t1'
lrict ccrni:ared * tnax j marlis lt'l

(bt Exampie-based and countr)- speoific

Descripticn cif iccation anci explatration

- at s ure,it ct resource e.g. iron and steel r,"'orks,&ecause of weight iosing

naiure anci another exaarpie rs asbestcsrclu:'lo ent'ironmeni:al concsms
ancl

prcci:nr:, asso:iatec. rt'iih the minelai

process demancis iots

- ai scurce olnor,r,er e.g. aluminium sn:eltins/'oecause the
of Power
and aiso the
- ai break o1'buil; polrtr e.g. oii refiningrso as tc' reduce costs
$'3ni 1o benefii b1 -- proCuc'"s
cernand *lcrucle r'-.rii is high becausc consumers
iike o:itz'rie^ ta'i' and detergents
ZimbaLrB',c'io:ilause it is
- ar [Link]. e.g. platinurn refrneci in South Afiica fronr
too axpensi-"e IC sonslruct a refining piant
So as to produ:e
Severai n:irie;ais to bc exa'minecj fbi,the chosen cOuntn
a

comprehensive ans*'er

[Link] ,. olrnineiai Drocessing industrl e'g'

tcr cive at ieasl one rype
cocrel reiining' aiurninium srneiting' cii reiining

Allocate6nrarkslllrciescriptir:nanc6fclrerplanati<rn
f.'lreiii (l iu ii:r giope i points' singles up ro 5
Generai ans\\,e; \/l:r:" 5
Mor* tnan cn: ccunt:\ exarnpie '\'lax ti
One incius'.n - rna:: I ilf l

,c; F-xnianations on !":esirns t'ci hisil ierel: c: enarl\ con;ulncii':r' iri \'IEDCs anc iou
ieveis oiconsumPtion ir' LED''
LEDCS
- lagf: ol'suttabie lesour;3s
- lack oi ec,lnomic dr',, tc frnan:l rapld dereiooment
cf energl resources 0I
irnp0fis
- raciii gro*'th oiooPr"iiaticn
- iach r-,icafrrfalro del'eiop alternarive frr-ims of energ\
- clebt
- la:k oiie;hnoiogical resc'urces
- iacll ol trus"" esP nu:lear

'i-he revcrse ri, be riislus:;etl for ldEiiCs

To link the trt'ir for ful1 credit
i redir ' I tr': d" c nts
>rng}:s r-tc'lt'(i .--:r:l
 14

i-: ia) lfajno.r

- asigniflcanr tlecrease in ali fonirs of pcllution in urban areas since l97l

- rivers in urban areas are n:ore poliuted tiran rurai rivers urr until 1995
in poriu'iron si,ce re80

, if;#,-,:ffi:,T*f*{i;T#ffiise
rurai rive:s have highest in i99;' and 2000 t6]

ib.,) Exampie-birsed anslver. Pciiution of u'arei and air recluired.

Q au s.eSS1--wartlpgll utiQn' ali-Pi1it'tl-e1

industrial eifluent and gases

mirring anc aoricultural waste

:
-
:r,::;,i:"i:,ir"ffi1x;Hfilo'iu,.o,u,u
.Jt.'rge ancl domestic u'aste
- hot vraler ficlm power generators

, li*i[:*ii:]"*i+*'ilxil
autr:mobiies * exhaust fume:
retiigerators -- CFCs

C:-edit ()1 dei'e)oPecl Poinls

.Ansrler 10 ;over at ieast one airu'alei pcini'
General ans\\'er l\4ax :
li'i:re than ci)e e)'arrrPie Max 6
ijtn::;' \iar I i: rei:i's LF)' ii f i
""
[Link].{ltsu'e:"I(,ref=rt..\1EDC:.Regicnaibiocstobeconsiderec.

AticmDls lnciu'it

- ox)'gen u'hiffs
- car Pooling
(PPPi
rc'rugh etlvtronmen",al iari s e.g. Poi:ure: Pa"s Principle

. I;fr;l;i#:Iffirecyci,rig
proper d ispossl t..h*ior,.ql ta !i ;h imne,r's' desi grrated C umpin g s iie:;)

-* il::;i"i]J:ff:1l,1'll*,0.,,
:
;'Ilol1llorlng agencles
- ;iean-uP camPaigns
a ** a!'sne s s i ei'lcati onal campa i gn s

vshiciei or scru'r'bers on chirnne)'stakes

- ;f:X;:Sm'on
- rernc"'al cf unroadwofthl r'ehioles
AncnlPl-s ':j
,1ssesslnelil
(ieneral anslr'ei Ivia:; 3
 15

One exanrPle onl,v l\4ax 4 r7t 11{l

/ L-' l
J
Generic lr{ax 2, if refers to L'EDCs L

13 (a) Transpq$-!€lEryqlk
gefltre
- a s)-stem of interconnecting routQs r'vhish
allows movgment from one
to the others (2)
- (or vertices) wlrich are the junctions and
mgst networks are made up of nodes
p1 whlph gonneef
t.r*inuir, una f i"f.u (9r edges) whiph ere the routes sesviees
' them (2)
.theforrnc,fanstworkta},.es/reflectsinfluenceofreiief,population.^factors
anti political
ilistriirution, ievei of econon'iic developrneni, historical
(2)
i'e. political and socio-economic factors

[Link] (i) for diagram

'fext t6l
onlY' Friar 5

steges iievolopnlent or life c'vele

(b.r Example-based answer' Candidates mal'expiain 'of
of the transpon networt . Stug.s rna,'be
iinke.i witliippiicat'ion of the Taafe Morril
anclGouid Mociel

- lriaps and eiiagrams are cleariy creditabie

if annotated or used in support of
the text

Cre<iit (2) for 5 stages develoPed

General answer lviax 5
2 oi: rnore examPles N'lax 6
Reserve (2) for diagrams
Text onl1' Ir'Iax 10 r1r'1
L' ")
Genet'ic ira^ - 3 if refers to MEDC

(c) Nol exanlple bascd' Aliow specuiation

.[Link]
for economic activitl"
ectivify/econom"v
' transpon is the life line of an;' [Link]
nrining, manufacturing industr-r '
_ oiversifieci and economic activities like
[Link],rawnraterialsar,dmanufactured
g.-'ods h"n"t nenvork becomes compiex and dense
11"'"

- iniand seas accomrnodate ships' boats'1- ferries

Reverse is true for less developed cortntries

Ltar,lin*r's Ciscreiion verl' crucial (2'2' 1 )
Credit (2) for develoPed Points
[7] t25l
Single Points Max 4

14 (a) Characteristics for criierla inciude:

' levels of technolog;itcaPit'ai

- ievels of emPloyment
income levcls
 16

- degree olgovernment investment

- service Provision
- qtraiity of housing, transpot"t netrvorlts
- education
- 'health facilities

Credit(2]fordEr,[Link]'slnglesuptaS.
,, [6]
One example onlY Max 3

discusseci' May include

(b) Social and econonric conditions of the periphery can be

- 1ou' standards of iiving (poverty, poor diet, poor housing)

- high unemPlcYment
- iov" leveis of investment
- iach c'f skills
- lou' levels oleducaticn
- iow energ,v consltmPtion

Desc:ribe Explain

i
--_J
l

(2, 3) in artS' order fol eacit celi'

Credit single points (1)
Cenerai answer lvlax" 5
Ii C]
Cne e:,.amPie oni;, lr4ax 6

(c) Pr,lblems in PeriPheral areas

- laci' ol rescurce endowirr*nt

- skerved economic Policies
- Iack of caPrtal resources
- PoiiI)ce1 inlerirr3ll'c
- outmigraiion of'skilied ceopie frctm ihose areas
- iaci: ':f ownership of deveiopment programmes
in these areas
- poor infrastructuiai and servlce cieveiorrment
- poligy fragmentation ani reversals

Credit (2) ibr developed poirtts' singies rrp to 5

Generai answer Ma.x 4

tel i25l
One examPle oni3'Max 5
 ZTMBABWE SCHOOI-, EXAMINATIONS COUI{Cru
Genernl Certificate of Iiducation Advanced Level

GEOGRAPHY 9ts612
p A pT--p ?

NOVEiv'IBER 2010 SESSIOi\ 3 hours

AilCiticnal materiais:
Answel paper

TIME 3 hours

II.{STRU CTIfJ]\S TG C ANDID ATES

S/rite youl'nam.e. Centre nurnber ancl candidaie number in the sllaocs provided on
r;he ansu/er

paper/arrswer booki et.

Answer four quesrions.

,[Link] one question fiom Section A. two .luesiioils fi'om Section B and one cluestion from
Section C.
Write voui answers on the separate answer pape: prcviclec.
if 1,ou use rnore thari orre sheet oj-Llape;. fastel tlis sheers topetner

INFOT{\[Link] O]\ FOR CANT}IDATE,S

The number of marks is gi'vr:n in brackets .l ar iire enci c,f each question or pari question.
[
You shoulcl rnai<.e reference to appropriare exarr:pies. stuciied. in the iieid or the ciassronm, where
these are relevant to a question,
You are adyised to spenci no ionger than 45 minutes on Section A
You are reminded of the need for good English aird clear presentatir--rn iri your anslveis'

Tiris question paper consists of 7 printed pages and 1 bianii pagt.

Cop','righ',: Zimbairwe Sotroc;i Lxasrina"'ions Ccunc ii. 1"i201C

OZIMSEa ]i20lfr [Ttlrn ot:er
 Section A (Practicals)

Ansvrel one question from this sectron.

You [Link] advised to spend not rnore than 45 minutes on this question.

Table i shorvs informaiion on population sizes and the number oi functions fbr
centrai piaces in a countrv

Table 1

Central piace size No. of centrai [Link] size No, cf functions

places f

\iiliase 2{)A 1 500 l+

Grcu,th 6C 5 000 6
I
I
,
30 000 1a
i
*_,**1

itr i80 00() t8

00[r 00t)
I I I
*istlsxqft, l- ^l_
_ _i ?o 0Oo r,()C_-*_*--_
^..r\^r,t.r\t\ :._
i
_ 40,_ -_-j i

llll,
l.1e gai'.'nriis Ii : ii : r,
S,L ^.\.\
OOI ^,,,
rO
Cf r - o(i i

.'_-:-,
I

(a) Dsscrioe ancl illu:trate a teclurique \/ifr,[Link] us: to r;:i:seni the

inforrnatlt'rr proi'ided in Tabie 1. il1j
(b) \lhat conclusions ,:al'ne inaoe about th.e reiarioriship 'oeir,veen FoDulatitrn
size and number of funcrion: in centrai piaces 3ilo'u;Ti !n Tabie I ?
ifj
(c) Expiain the sienifican:e cithe fc''ilowing nleasffes of centraltenilenci
in the interpretation of geoeraohical data:

(i) mean

(iii meciian

(iii) mode rdj

rra: li20l/
 3

Tabie 2 shou-s esiimate:r of total urban anci rural popuiarioil living ir,
a.:soiute povefl.\' tiorn 300r-i to 201[r in some regions of the world.

I'abie ?

% pr'"ople iiving in Millions of pecpie Percentage

absoiute poveril. iir,ing in absolute change 2000
p,iVeit to 2010
I

2000 1lt1 l't

It'r.l(r l0i0
LEDCs
l'otal 5: +a y4+ ri56 7: /

[Link] 5q i67 ftifi -r11

i17 3 []6 *.73

Ai'rica
Toml 16 i,{) l6s :71 +61
P,u:a.i 50 :i8 r40 :?6 .5i
l.,rben J- 2q .:o 41 -8i
.+sia
I oal )tl Atl^ -:-
i
I

Rural 51 {{1
'i
Urbari 4: it0 i ?ti
I

_\ \

S. ,A.m'crisa I

Tcrai i +tr
I
11-:
3r I tr.

R-urai il 5: ;i5 <- -24

L-, ^.\
I
i
! I r-h^tl
i L r ./(.rr i , l 4\ E9
:l :---l

S'cut''r. ! Digl\ ci a!. il99'i'

(a) Name anY [Link] [Link]:s \ r)u ',\:oui(i u:3 t. ;erieseni the percentage of
peopie iivtng in al-rsciuie pLrveii'. in {f:lca- .4.:ra an.d Scuth luaerica in
2010 i'l
l- |

(['' t Describe the steps rou i,,'cu1d 1al:e ti,i;au one oithe diatrrams named in
{a)aDo1'e. tl()l

(q) \itia'" are the acivantages and iisaivar:tages oi using [Link] tecirnique
iiescribed in i'bi,l t<l
L" l

(di Discuss the probierns '',ou tr,(,,11d encounter in cr:iiecilng the data shoun iri
'fable l. t o::
L'I

q ' ir'l [Link] I

rTu::"r {tt't:*
 +

Seetion B (I{unxan Core)

Answer fwo questions fion: this section

3 (a) Expiain irriefll, Iite tefins pofsitlation densilr' and populatiorL disffibution. t5:i

(b,r Fig. 1 shou's [Link] charrge ir: f naiiand. 1930 ro 2000

I
i I
I

i
I I
I
t- 1{\
/t/ I
I ....'.."1

l
I

6tl F
,
I
I !

Jt) *t
I i
F 5ti '*
I
i
I
I
,
6
J
I

4{)
i--.-_
l\- \ \
I
I
I
rn
a. 30 ; 1

\ \
I
t-
I
I
?fr ,

t... r
i......""
!
I

t0 i
i

0 ---_.r__^"*r_."-r_-T.
I

1,94A
I II
193C 195C ]960 i!70 I yoil 1990 2000

... To't"ai porrulation

- lleath rate
'Birth rate

F r(T I

f)l=.--:-:: :n- , .-;i.:rrr ih': tr:n,j: ';hi,ivit rit irli: I ii0l

(ct !,-itl, rei:i:rra- ta'a nan:d cc)i-ilil:\. i"arLra'le atiSmpi-c'oeing n:tiiie to
Iq-l
alieviate Dloti::i-:,. ci li:: i::ss l:i. il:iqeil irt:clu::s oi sclcietr .
i,'

(a) Srith ihr: aii, c: a:agrans. cxrial:i lhe i:lr,s I,l!-r c.t',t-ii'c pr:Tniiariot:
slyuctt$e anci l-cg,rss'!\'e po?Lt-;Qiiot: sll'Ltclltt't. it,:

(b) Vr'ith leference to sxamples striciec. ci.'nsiilgi t"l-r'; i-nfiuence of difTerenl

depenoenc';' Iiaiterns gp 56rcieq, :nc fre econorfl'y'. i1:]
(c) .,\ssess eflorts i:reing maci': to rec,ulate popr:iarion 5ro,,[Link] in anl Mort
Econornicalll Developed Clounilr' i:vlEDCl siudied iil

ij ::' l'la,i;
 i

ia) BriefL,r, descritr ths terms urisim prtmac)),'rani;.yize ruie arrd lsina4,
distribution" l6l

(b) I abie 3 shorn,s th"e percentage of world population iiving in wban area:;
195C to 2020 (estimated).

f,'able 3

i rEri i

S;oricl

liofih,[Link]
l-.(_)ceenr
!

i Sar:-rh Amcrrca I +i.o -) r Lt 75. i E_1.0

Jlr
-+i

i ,rrfrica

(Scturct. li'iddau':;ott, ,\mith C- J,r:i," ;,)(.,),

(il i)*s,:ljr"'e Lns trenis shor,r'ri in lable L

(ii) ,A,ccouirr icr tlrc trenis shown in la'nl: i. T i1l

I i --;

icj $;ith re:ereri;r I(' l-es.'; E,::r-''nomicalil' I)ei:iur;il Counr::ielr t'[Link])Cst

-vou irave s:uiied. eraiuate [Link] e;<rsrii tl., rr,hir:h qoverntnsni effons ha.,'s
sc'iveo the pr*bier, oi ui'oan primacl ,
i7)

6 ("ai Explai.n the cc,ricepr of bid-r*ni in ielariorr io urban ianciuse. L6l

(h) Vr'ith iefererrce tr lr,ic,r: Ecr'nomicalli' L)evslop.6 Countries iNfEDCsj

studied" oirijine tlie ii:tuac.r ol counter-urhanization on the receiving
rr al
regions.. LIJJ

ral
(c) Using Gne aiea stl:irsc. [Link] [Link] tai;en tc curf, urban sprau'i, Ll )

,, {r^) Outlirie tire di-fferences bet-,r'een [Link] and cat'tie ra:rc:hi::g, r6l

(bi \\rith reference tc; one exarnple vor.i har,e [Link]. expiain hou,
[Link] fa:[Link] has charge.C over tire past 2i [Link]. I i-!

For anr" [Link] [,coirornilaiil iieveioperl Ccurrtr',' iLEDC i 1'ou hai,e

stuiioi. evaiuale e ifc*s bainq mario ro intplnr e i!-le nationai heil. l1r
i,'<ts'r_'. la

7+ rr r11: '. r
 6

(*i In reiatiorr to agncuiture. define tne terms diminishing rerurns and

!ocatioytai rent. t5l

(b) Describe; and expi ain horr,' h,iore Economical 11' Deveioped Ccuntries
f MEI)Cs) haiie r)\'ercorne the lmpact of ph5'sicai factors on
agricultural
i11l
I 1-'l
production.

(c) \Vtth referencs io L,::;s EcOnomicall-" ller,*iopeci Countries (LEIlCs)

stuciied. assess rneasures tiiat har e boer ',alien to increase access to lvater
for"agricultural purposes til
-,'s77i;:i7l lirikages harizontai
(a) Briefl1' ciefine the terms intiusrria! tncriia^ al1d

iinkttges as useC in irrduslrjal studies. ii']

(b.I \\'ith referei].e tc, one }lore Economicaliv Ilelelcped Counta' 04EDC)
vou have stuciied. otttlirrs the causes of the tu'entieth centui-v- deciine
in [Link].i indur:tr..' [f :]
(") i;or seiecteC L,ess Economicalll' Developecl Countrte5 (LEDCs)" assess
measure-q being maile to re\,amp industrial s16u1h sL) as to deai ivith
$cononuc Smgnatloil i"j

ltf (aI Briefli,expiairr the terms su.,:;tainahic lrturi.-rtq ai domcsrii- trturisrn t6l

(br \"rfi reierenc3 ta) e:laiuDles. desclrbe ai-ri expiair, changes irl paitems
o;'tirurii:ri. li 2j

ict F-,'ai'"ia:: ti :: role 1113rei bi the l,'ri''aie:j3Jinl in promo"tit! the toul'[Link]

::rjusi;r in r-n.'i,:ss L-ccirirl:::aj.' -;5r.3|plec Corurrn (LEDII; srudiecj i7l

Ser:rion C iHuman Opiionsi

-[Link]',e: one ciiesiion from thrs ssciion.

1t (a) Wit[ reference tc s:,e;',:ii ;:ian*oles^ ciescriSe and expiain ttre drst-ribution
of their rene'*;lbie enjrs\ Eources. if 2l

(b.l lliscuss the chailenges fa;.:ed in er:pioiling rener,i'abi3 incrgr soulces. i13 j

1z (a) Describe the diilereni \ 'avs in il'hien rvater ie'ccurces irra]- become
ir ll
polluted.

("Di Wttl: reference io examples,r:ou have sturiied. assess attslnpts tc' deal
r-111
rdtii the calrscs a'rd consequencss of air poliution. i I.-,

( r qr, ', t.'1:, I,

 7

13 (a) In reiation to transpcrt and movemenr,, define the terms containerisation

ano break af bzilk point. l6l
(b) With ref'erence to Less Econumically, Developed Countries (LEDCs),
outiine measffies taken to improve transport and comrnunication
networl,s, t1 2l

(c) Evaluate efforts being taken to soirre environmental problems caused b5,
the transport sei:tor irr ruameci areas. 111

14 (a) Defino the terns {iross i)omestic PrtsciucriGDP), ([Link] }tiationai

Product (CNP) and giobalizctiorz. r
Itll
r1

(b) Sholv hor.l'the idea of resr-rurce endorment is useful in unciersranding

taherns of ecortomic de',eiopn:ent in a*ny Less Economicalli, $s1,31oo.6
' Countries (L,EDCs7 studied. t111
l1-l

(c) Evaluate attempts made to in:rprove the quaiity of iife in anv corlntr,r,5,011
irave sturiieC. [7]

OI(a ) ir'1nrr
 ZIMBABWE SCT{OOL EXAMIT{ATIOT{S COTII{CTL
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level

POSSXBLE AF{SWERS

NSVEMBER zOtrO

GEOGILAPHY 9L56ttJ}
 7

(i) [Link]/scati;ergraph i i
(a)

(ii t - drau,axeshorizontalairdvertical
t:f
- iabel axes - popuiiation size as iridepencient and nurnber
tunctions as ciependent variat:le (iog seale for pop size )

- piot itr the central Places

- cirarv the regression line or best fit iilte
. ia'pol the places [Link] the regressiotr line
- tirie
" ke3'

[Link] (1) singie poirit-q and (2) for explanation

on iabei axes'
Di,ugru,r'", tJxt t,niy * lnax 7' generic - max
li1 a
[11]
Do!u lr.h o,
nft
^t
ll
fohr.{l(irf)l :'v.q
i !-[Link] ' i
rhtq
t,
/ ,/
i
r{L
uy'
:r iili
r.l
I
i
I
,,+11

/a (t
::L,
,A !-\ir
;Ti'
cDt,i siE
4,1'
,,,1,{ 4-
;l.-'..-.--t"i'-+
'\ri
l, ,. v'
lv:;'
;-*.-----
i

rJ" of iUt Ct'i-ttt-: -----*

r,lo e{ [Link]; LIO ees

nttrnber oI its iunct;ons rviil

(',r) As population inc;"easts tn siz:, the
in;rease

-thr'1ar'g*rthesertl,[Link]'e,ti-referverthenumber
fer^ iarge cities)
ther,.iiii rr* tti,er* ur.e manv smali"r,iiiages buirelaiiYeiY
t!:e greater the distance
- ihe iai-i:.:: the s:'fliemenls grorr,'in populat-jon,size.
farther apart than tramiets)
be$r'een ti-", f u'l
"iiiu'*' =pu"*Crnuch
. aS a settlerleri lncreases in size' r:he number of highei crcier s.:rvices will
also increase.

Credit 2 for a der';iop:'J noint' singles up to 3

Credit artv Cenirai Pia:e Tireor')' aspects
t6]

concenii'ated' Can be used to

(c) lr'ieal shoivS centrai tenieniri'rvhe;re values are
gives idea on pulchasing
predici the future e.g' aver:age iit+orne in a country
po\\' e:' p'.rterrii al.

nunrtrer cf valiles CCcLlrS a'nove and

hagdlex is ihe miodle value, so ttrat air ecual
Cio",]r" Its value cloes nct necessai:ily ccincide u'ith the rneaii'
 j

i: useii tt icr:ntiir [Link] ;nr-rst pt:puiai' i:l firsi-r i,-,naD Ic vaiue.

-,yi:rr,l-g
rl ide'r'riii]'irrLt ]lios: frlrrr':en' si:os :;izc l;i t.\Ocr rveiqlrt til dgtermine
-*Ju
,.reo;-rir:s'taslfls.

(-r":iil (j -'.:;
i:'. al:r t'rCe:
Credit (1) single l8l i25l
Poiuis

lLtl \;rrn* of technicues

rsirnpie; bar'5aphs icr tc,tars
- sruitiPie bar.;
- ci)!1'tpcl''itli ira:s iii'irl:C '*'a: grairi-ts
- irie' ciiarls rlt
- proilr:riional s.''m'oois llir:les^ t:ars' cub:s I I'j

(bl [Link]$ritquPIlnfiil!
Di-t; -'r--rt c
t-r
C,:mnound bars alc muitiPie bars
I !tl[ar

- iir'd t'a,:l;i stt rirci-- anolies t('nrof * same ri'idth (i )

-i.,-l-< - NB: stells do nol aPPi," 13 i1s1i1
- drart ci;-citls oi anl siz: (11 tecirntoues
- caicuia"te oegr"ees ibr - Crawing axes i I l -r

segll)enis'convefi !"t' i.l,i - labcllir,g flxcS r '

- piol secicirs trr:rn iJ' o'cicc'}i - riot or construci ba::; il i

- aii':car: snacic ( I i
* snictiuin giadient or aliooaling loiour
- snaile i';l i i :
,".llvill!
for comPound (2)
- convefi loo.'c
iie-., for slrading'ia'cel i 1)
:Y qtl\rt('
- titletli
i,:., ii'
Diagrrrrn cillt -
Lrr i[j]l1- max 8' $3i-r3:i: " , k-'t - :ltie r

ai: jrant: rrri:l'i' both ani: c:i:e::'narl, i'(rl

ii2 ciiagra-m: L;N! I

fl-is@yalreg:;rii:-alLqgs).ii-i--aJilj-irrcrg-!G
- ^ -,.r i, a: Dtsaoi a-,:1a935
I

_--. -
. 7-:r-.-:*. --
- \ li-:t, ,,.,i-iJtl[t' 'l - ----;--i-----
icst c: in:bnr'a"ii'i" r -rl*!]l&1'lIit'
Pre chet:
--*'"""i'- -
I digJ'r ou a map r:an cbliterare other l
-J'll'
:

- ouantiielive I tnformatic:r I

- i ersatile
i - loss ol inlorrilr'.tron
:l'r'Irile. br;--: --lii"at impression
][Link]:.[Link]
- Ju:lllliut;i i tri Plcttinc'
- '' ersalile
i

r - - loss' of information
, Compound car l-i's;i Lm;'^"*kt
grar,[Link])torea<icnirthebclfiom
- qi-rantltative I t:gf*1" accurateh' resi arr
l

i
\ ::Salii3 - lii:ull' C'l
t---_-._
FiG:hniqtte ;iicsei-l (3'lr ir' alrr crder
Credit ll) ior d*r"eicirei Pr:ini
acj'aniage a,ri Cisad'antage ; eler arr"
C,;neric :: ii rnapi roi,iut, [Link],q u,' irr ii: I ':,ul'
r-i
.i
iIs.?lcrrui, t uries !l,]s-iav. dail

iiliterac;1
Cata reiia'oiiit)' ioulcatcd. inadequate. ciistoned)
faisehood (1ies. x'rori g infonrratlonl
accessibiiitl
ciassificaiion criteria oi indicatcrs of povcrt;
[Link] seninlentr unco-operatl\leirudersh;ri suspi c i ou s
[Link]"eii-tt":-:eCl,r:reSii On: lair:S :1C
i i-i t enrr*uti cn,-;i' iiaia alier cci ect i on t su'bj ecti ve)
1

language ban'ier
Credit ( 1.t. sinr:ie pcints ttn t:r r\ l8l i25j

Popuiaticl oen:;11. iri *.he totai nuntber of peooie ner unit area

ionlula
i,
:-::- tl'l":::' n - l,pie'knt II
'lrl rr'.'Diatit ,

arga ilur:- )

It is a raric

Can i:e high. nreiium or ic;u Censin' oipopulalion

(i) '3

"Popuiation distributioii"' relers 13 1t'fier: peopie live anC hov,'they- are spreac 0r
spaced crver an ;riea, ii chattges u'ith tim*. it can be even. uneven. sparsf
or ;lensc.
3 16l

tLrr _tjq-n;S_!i eSLQ!,P Ir -l

iorr BF, and iirgli BR
sreai-., ill"outh in iotal oi;nt:iation iiii 20r-t0
nlth itii arrd L)R a;e iallilr;. u'i;h Bit at a iasi*r rale than DR
j
trirth l.a.r: ha.. r,rogressli,eir fallen br'3 peonle per 1 000 b,i 1000
i,'rrt oi iall il: BR has h*en s::ceeoingll faster than DR since rnicl-i960s
:)i:l :i':: iai::n srgn:ii;arrtil Lri 35 pecpieil 00[) tl1 20t)0
lrn:r.: lr, I g;(i diso:a) s the iargest nalural increase

j'giul-.([Link]- :

chiiCren ssen as irri-'orir iit eariir,l' irraris

sourc: oi sc;,-irii,. sign of virilitl
aniturjtb changec irr r960s r,,'hen:Oupie: began to veiue rnaterial Dosses:jioil'c
insurance and sllial securitr pians rs:loveC the r-reeci for rnanr chiidren
in:pro.,,*i l-,ieciical care reducrlg sl:t kriler riiseases. inf'ant mortaiitr ' maternal
n:ortalit"r
l,inii e-xplarlatiolls io desli"iprions to avtiC r.-netitiln it 0l
(c) [Link]/i

cid peuple's hornes

irnproved heaithi carr:
reciesigning buildings anci cars tbr olct anri physicrll,v- challenged
finantring projei:ts for rvidorvs anci widowers
." [Link] Pension Paynlents
- legal instrumertts ti) pr(ttect widows and orphans etc (Legal Aid Projeet
Cgntre) from treing iis;placgd frorn propenies anci ELHI{
- orDnanages
- e,jucariotr fiackziges (B.E .[Link];
- reha'oilitatior: prograrnines aiid c*nlres f'"rr s'rreet petrr:ie/fosler hornes
- upgrading sharrr;' Cu'r,:llings
- seif-heip pro-iects for unemoloy'ed
- ieod iiandouts. e .c, Batl('OSSi
- CIL

The ir:s:i prir-iiegeci incluoe r.,.,ieicwed. gid perrpie. grphans. streei people,
uncmpl c,yi;d. mental iy ciraii en ged. pl-r1'si ;al i i' chai len ged, albinos

Ansu,ei ier,ends on exa:npie chcscn.

Uen*f iii lil13r,Vtrt llai; 4. lri*iC than,--nc eutrtrir. tnr-.i. i
(Jne: iesr privileged grciup [Link] rnax 2
llo group rrreniioned - no credit
parents awal'tc
Eva][Link], i.l e.E" culrurai beiiefs do not ailor.v idea oiputtii-rg old
oki rr*opi*s'honies. t9l i25l

the aged'
ia) Fi'cgressivr copr-riation [Link] has potential to gio',',. mors ;''cutns than
'f'hJreproriuctive age gIOups l(t - 64 dominate' Has concavr: siCes and heavt'
$ntton 1n'iiie) unc tap-ered apex. (t5'pical of LFL;Cs) ('2)

rf,

t
../,l 1ra
E

'\ t\
./
..-y'- -. >x. (1)
- i \\\
-=:---- -
:j

Regres*.ive ncpuiaii+il structul'e has iirrrited 3116potontiai to

grori' rnore adults cr
,iu., ;,,orihr. Tnc unprodlctive age +65 ,vears cionrir:ate, Ha.s thin base and
"gJ.j
*i11* t.',r. It is e"'en. straigltter siCerl, boxier and ccnvex rides
(q,pr:al of MEDCs ,. 1*-_- . .
{2)
,f
{.-''---t"-:
tr \ I F-

i'
\ . -" --../'r- t.1i
la
'l-*/ ,'J

iror eaen srucrure credit

Diagramii Text j i6j
 6

(h) toc man)/ young' [Link] i:equire h*avt' investment in health

Y-qrrflh.-. -c-,Ee!-dg!JI
.rA 'Ihe.v are unproductive and so oonsurrlers onl;'. Piace a burden on [ire
"C*"uti"n,
naliOnal fisct-ts" shortage of'schools, health services, socia-l evils, rielinquenc;''

Agecl clepenciency loo men-v ageci in rhe oopulation. They are retired and so
'fhe"v are pansi0ned
uriprociuctive. They rc:,-1uire [Link] care b*cause Of age,
brri that cannof su-stain them. A lot of investrnent for thern in the fbrm of oirl
people's homeS, The,v also nestito be tsl<en care of e.g, oookirrg, cleaning hecaust:
of t[eir ft'ail natttre, eonservatism, chaRges in tast:s, idle infiastructtt!'8, iaboUr
shortage, hiring expatriate wr-,rkers,

Credit li.1 singie pciilt as shc'*'n ir celis'

gg1;111)lT)V

] ouTn
-_f:::: I

i
iJ
tr
i

l
t'3

depencienci i
I

I
I

'_._*--._*-*l--- '.# I

aEerl I
I

dipenderrr,r I
I t3

Generrai fii1r", 5, one el{ample max 6

rl?'l
['-]
Accept pcsitive influences alsc'

(c) Af-tempts depenci on examplc of'MEDC citosen

"4

- tax rebates
- free education for prc'cuc'rive coupies
- iree heaith services
- cheapandr"eadiil'at'ailabieor-'ntra;'epti'resoptions
- ia-l-holiclal allcrt"ances
- i isas
- i-le5r Jiatl ir'f f;l ie:

Evaluation 3 to be ilni.-:d rr, attempt stated

General ma:.3. mort tnan one \{EDC ma>-4, Generic ?' ref'ersto LEDCs i7] i'f5]

(a)Usar:p-rpaEYiswhereblthedilferenceinsizebetweentiielargesicit,r.,and
i)ne
other cities is ilruch gr*u,.. r-he,n is pr-eCietcrJ b'\ nOrmal distrit'irti*n'
/2
lar"ge cil dcminates e'g. Lirna i., i Peru

.BanL:[Link],aresihatr'hepopulaticrt.'sizeofagil,enciq'.tends
of ihe givr:n cit''
to t-re equalro the poptilalion of tne ia-rgest cit;- divieied by tl:e rank
e,g. USA cities (i)

Fr-,rmula: Fr :
Pir
l\uhere Pr - pop cf citl ranked r
P - pop of the largest ciry
r - ranl(,:f the citl' t 12
 i

iljuai:*i:,,siqqt is t,,hert i$';);tiit:s are iargertiran ineir preotcred sizc e'*.i1'

.j\ul-iii'aii:l- .[Link]*ialrie anri S';clnei 'l I ;

Spain - ivladrii airii Ba-rceiona I i6 i

irr uq!-rflrtr-t:n-o!-1ruds-15

- p:ogrtssiv: increase in 0,'i, of pecple living itt urban areas. the worid cver
- grfatest [Link] in urbanization as n1 2C?0 *'itlbe S. America (4290l,esia
low,est
- lovu'esi i'isc ir, C\:::ani:r ,.r'lti; .l -1 8q. b;. 20)ir as [Link]
- Se;uth ,{[Link]'j or c'n;:rie i , iits iri ur'oan a:'gas r''"tli ha'''e rioubied L't
2C20
- Dei\,"ten l9?[; and.l0lC). Euiopc will have the si, aliest
ori,
rise of :.790
- l99C tc,2Ll2U. Hsia !\iii frars overtaiien South America b} [Link]
- greatesi 9'o tri l9-rt) rn liorlh Atnel'ica/icu'esl9i, in 1950 in Af ica
- i 990 to l{,20 .a,si;. u'ili experience the greatest rise of ?1 .l'r'a

Ex:rlanaiion oi litniis
"6

nreli,[Link] ui agriculture pusired r;eopie from rural areas

liope of ion:; in cities during inouslrizLl revoilttion - better lii'ing siancards
natu:al lncieaEe in towns
squalii i..oncjitit:ns ln io\\'iis upon anival. poot houslng anc poi'eit'' nusl:eC
bzrck to niial
'l
na",,-i:"al ctiamiiies iike r-irough1 pushid pe,--.pi: irr Q7[i:-
\4 ars
[Link] risc of L)r,
dtre to pcirti:ai independence li l]
e'LC

ic': EJigil l1

decrnfraiisatton r-,f'aciminisraiit,e ari{l e;ctl':-mit fun::rions e.g l-iiongrtC.

Pretori a. "j oirati..n e ::'nttrq
satei trre 'Lc il'j',s
ciormiton to\\1-rs I g (--[Link]. \ol'ton. Zlmur.;ii:
r)e\\'1-o\\'ns o:
Diani't.-cl lo\,'n:' e.g. .'\'cu,a' D;coma. Br:asiiia
grcr\\'tf, Pc,i ? SiiS-ig!-\
rural e I r::r,:i fi :aii oi'l -nro g:arn m es

Fi,aluatio;-, ,'3 shcui,j De eiicrt-reiated

Cr-:neral max 3. One e.g. iria:, 4
ivlixed gr^ili (\'I!lDC' * LEDC) - max -r i;l il:l
 1
i
{ai t
I

1.t-ritrrrt(r
.t---
_\
--:\i'
'\6.- f
V
:. '''+ -.i.-
;6; '1 R-[-sr4rr't'4
*- ,. , -" z- ihflU;'ilv.
=r -,
,r =-.-It*<
*a-
"i [Link]. -ang
, \ ". -i:..----
.--
._.,-1:
_
|_*;__r---"=rr i tsianCc
,,a t; "<e.
;'li \!, ,(

hrgh ianC values at c,i'\ cenrre. iail ouir.r'aris{inciude I'i-Vl/\

ti:ei"e rs competition lor lanii f-c'l son'ls areas oi ine oit]' are more cjesirabic
than oth*rs {experisive lanci't
the nighesi bidiie r u'il1 [Link] the u:e ol land aI cit)' cerrtre
tre highesl birider is the cne oirif iikeii'to get nraxinlLrm profi1 frorn that
]o;ation
ccrnmercial zoile L)[Link] the prine zone of the c!f.u

Dialiam 10 shor',,vrnicel drop anil zones ,'i (or ccncenlric zcnes onl,
ra.,ithr:ut drops)
'iext i'l
[Link] (1; sitigie points L6l

(nt irnpact ci corrnler urbanization cr, rcrrei\ ijrg ;lre a

ietiicr;"ich pec,pie pusl.t u! n:'iles cinri-,perttes

rri iraslru ;tr:r'e i i.:r 1 r-r: 3raaIiLrniLi ial; il itics brought i nic-, otherr.r' ise
,.r. y1 -\fs q r.-re -.

cier:ioniren", i:r g:lelai as casl, ficl,s ir.l

: ultu;'; co;r1li:'.s as rur;1 and ur'carr ciwellers inieraci
ra\1 3r::\ a.; oi :1 :: ;:t'li:inut3 tc e,'tlr-)offti: acttYitres
lasi:. and ciniiiicr:, olssri'iot ol.iilini_: dc chang: as peopie ariat'ri Io neu
iife s:r;:s

(icnsrai riia.,,5. one e.t irrl" i'n?..\,6

Creriit (l; for ,jei: j:pe ,j poin',. sinq je:, urr tl tr
4:;cnl :r;;'31ir'3 1:la. -,r;sl'.;\ i lill'rll-'.: iiri
rcl M-qasurcrrl

venical i:rnansion .- sk1 si;raprrers

sreen belts
ne,,r,,iclrls aia'a1'from origrnai -"ites e.B. lv{iiton Kevnes
incenti',,es tc irrdusiries to disperse Io srrraiier cenifes in decllning rer:i..ns
strict planiling conrrol s

Evalrrarii:n,'3
General rir:r,-r: 3. niore than one ?1r9a iria>; 4
[Link] rneasures;na; incluie gxru"{-ii pointq and re:iettiemenr.. L
/r L-'\-
' .l
(a) Dairying Cattle ranching

awal'frcm r.-ities
can be or*ctised on a st:raii area requires iarge tracts cf iand
beasts feeci cn mali-grown fr-rdCer anirnais lefl to roanr and feed on natural
crops tD produce nrilk pasture
capital intensive e,g. animais kept not mucir capitai required
in shecis in rvinter and str;rage
facilities f*r' winter fodder"
veterinary sert ices, miiiling
high iev,:l of technologl e.g. ion of technolog.v for there is
le,,rei
cornDLiiers very, 1ii-"ie or no use of cornputers
higli [Link] per area/intensi',,e iora' ou1plut per areaiextensive
milk prcducti,:n nreat production
[Link]

Nc comparisorr rIIflX ?" L6)

(b) Exary:tc-'-bg;sti--ansrvgi

- use of r;rociern nrachiler3 anil equipment and te:irniqri:s e.g battery'

breeding, bottttrsnravs. [Link], combine irarvestols
- shcrlage of labour
- use cf ICT to tnottitor and manage activities
- multiple ou'nershlp aboiishe,ci
- Gh40's anii cther inliLjilattcns that offer quick retLlrns
- switch from casii crops to ftrod craps
- bio-tecirnoloq'
- ianri refcrnii t,-. i::,c:erse or decrease size of iaiid n1 fragn,etttation of once
i,,,hite-owned fanls
- fanns iess tn:[Link]
- farrntrs aspiti an,-l eti:"rgent nev,' crop of farmers
nol,rl
Need fbr a criticai it'cl; ai tite changes especiaiii ''';ith the case 01'n:ost LEDCs iike
Zirnbabwe
Discredit change.; fori:-t suirsisieilce to commercial farming'
Credit (2) for dsveicoecj poiir*u. singles up to 5
Getieral max 5. tncr: thai ane e,g. max 6 [12]

(c) Effq$s"/4
- Oapitalisali,,r:t
' Ranches scientifrcaii,. rrranaged
- Nati<:nal i'ielfel P:"c;.1erts
- DeircietrcS' 1r, pa:ltuie ts tnaCe up for by growing stockfged
- T,onaticn of atiimal herd tc fight Flv{D -" strict policing
- Animals vaccinated atrd dipped regulariy
- Diseased [Link] are rsoiated. treateci c-'r sliiughtered
- Restocklng
- Cross breetling rc siiit oiirnaric corrditions -'l!'search anci dei'elopment
- Cafile fartenirrg irr pens
.' r\rtificial insemination
Evaiuati<x /3
Cenerai ri16,'i;1, mcre ihal one LEI)CImax 4. generic 2 refel's t-'-r N{EDC ' i7] [25]
(a) (f) "Diminishrng relurns" *at h cefia\n pcini in prociuction, aejiitionai
 10

lnputswil}yieltlproporii,[Link](2)andthe
revenue
aiciitional cost incuried wili be grea"ter than the additional
received.( 1) 13

\--l
(ii)..Logationalrent,,._thpilifferencebetwgenthetotalrevelltlereceivQ<i
'ny a farmei. fcrr a cr6p Brown on a unit of iand and the total oost of
frOm the
produetiorr and transp,rn of that crop. (2), It decrease$ with distanQe
ntarkei ( i ). Frormula on),r' -- rnax 2 TR PC = LR'
: /3 t6l

(b) qul! es
Mqthp-ds--1i:-qlrsrgla€ihys1ca1--dt{Ii

-useofinorganicarrdcrrganicfertilisersincaseofpoorinfertilesoiis
rh;thrrr
- use [Link] in dry ion<titions o: in areas c'f seasonal
- oioud seeding technique
- baitery system lor poulu-r"* shortage of iand
- zelro grazing in batns - colC rveather
- gveen houses to ccniroi ienlpflrature
- irnuige irots and rvindniills lo control frost
iands and stlprplemeni lvaler
- dams i.o regLriare flcw to reduce flooding of
to control pests and
- a$o'chen-'ir:als, (peslicides, insectici'Jes]herbicirles)
dlseases
anci srosion
- teiracirrg' contour ploughing to 'ionirol moisture
areas u'ith short growing season
s),ntheric honrro*es tc [*icken maturitf in
-geneticenginoerlngtoi,[Link]]Strainsincrcpsandanimals

Credit{ilsinglept,lntupto6forciiflrcui4,crecjit!1]Yr],"6pointsfcrso}ution
refers tc LEDCs
Cieneral ma-x 5, one e.g' rnax 6, Serreric
2.

i [12]
Iv'lixed griii - rnax

r4
(c) Lj-tqlurs
- ;"ec..'cle water ibr nlarket gardens
- rveils/borehoies
- darr, pianning nnci ccnstruction
- protectt:;r, of rn'aier scurces or catchnrent areas
- water rigitts
- water [Link]
states over ln'ternational
- bila'reral agreements with neighi'ror'rring 'vers
- iaws and b1 iaii's
- ciredging * desiiraticn of streams
- piping and PumPing

[Link]-! /.3

r-'r (l
t-l
generic 2 ref to \'{EDLI L/..i [-/i
General max 3, one cctlntry tr'g' inax 4"
 "i)

'') ta, "'ln0u-crriai (g';ograpliilalili;i:atronsii ineriia" - tire tirndflnc-\ of panicuiar

in'jusrries or [Link] r:f incusiri:s I0 iemain in an extsting location aner"
:he or"iginal faciors for,-heir loca!isatrorr hale ol'disappeared.
",.,ea-kened
It is assooratec vrith tire losaiadvantases tliar. aie built up b1'the incir:stries
concerned {.s,ggloniei'ation eccttilmtes] ,'2

"Venical iinkages" - inier-relaticnsiril;s ber,veeri separate firns. invcir,,ing each

irnderlaking cxe i.,.f a ser"ies ci iinked piocesses 12

"I-ioiizcn'.al iinka'les" - separate fim":s protiuci r-nan) indiviciual rrans and

accessoriss ihat cro not flrn"rr a chain oi'prc.:esses. br-ii t-eed an assernbli
;irm proeiucing the finisher1 proCuc: ln rnclor industi"l, i:ot''nponent-i of
cars arij nracie b1' spcciaiisl fir;rrs. ;) i6]

(bl -ti.\gUplq:-hale-S--i-,9.-!A*c[j=,-.1A

- e;,;hausricn .:i'ratr niaterial:i e.g. ccai

- -iobs foi' women in
iight anc sel'ir-' inciustries
- closure oicuai mines due ro enl'i:cnmti:iai oi,tcr3'
- ;os. of labciur cheaper elsewhci"e - LEDCs
- decen;ralisatioti oi iabour
- advenr, ui [Link] trrlants
^ depi:lion oi'po\4rer solirc3s
- outciated products. stec.l repiaced b;, nia:;tic
- poiii:rirx due ro facrories in inner':ities
- la;L ol'investment io nlrxitrllis.:
- fcr*isn ;ompetiiion -- [Link] suppiiers
- [Link] ir,sues - strikes

t--rcciit il i fl;r c':velciied tloini' sirlsl:-: ull' i{:t Li

Cienr:rai mal 5. nic;re'tha,r (.)n3 3.i. r-l';a:,'.r. generic I ref*rtc LiiifC: illf
(l l-\l1i-q5.'{sL lt,iji 3ilii1rllg]iitr-qr-gt''+111-

Iorex re-reltll(ln
:.iurbis;:nrenl oi,alto:- ljantl e'g ZiS['()
atira;tivr uration svsietx -- reilucci taxes
coricric.i :
[Link] exchan ge pcti ici
r,
* repatria:ion oi' proftl:
Ie:;s strici etti i:^cnmenlal iar','s
incentive: - tax hciiia,'s, subsidies
re a::ec1
1 ou'fi €l-'ch ip I e.r.\'s
b i laicri i a gre'.jinen tr:,.r'ith i: otnBail i 3s ol- governmenl:'

Evaiualqr--l
-i.
Gererai ma>: orie e.g. crii\ mar:4. :reneric I referto N{EDCs
Il:red ulili - r,:a:, i i 'i i-]l
 i.-

in) ,"1)omestic tourism,' inyulvcs ir-rcaj rssiCenl5 lp6r,eiiing u'ithin national

l(r
in
bcrCers tC enlOl tOurisi lescrts specialii'lr)i\rallrl Sunln']el' C3rnn-ron
t2
l'4EDCs.
"sustainatrle tottrism" Ineeis the needs of present tourists and host regicrrrs
whiie protecling and enhancing iipporlriitit-r (i) for the future. .There is
,,lonug"*.nt cf:ali resourcss iu sucir e \l'av that economic. social. aesthetic
needs-can be fiilfliled while mainiainirrg cuirural integriti'. essenlial
ecclogicai processe:i. biologicai rliv*rsiq ar:rj iife suppon S)'slems
/4 i6]

(bi E;<[Link]-based: palterns :h:rnse florn area t.) area [Link] are determiled br)

tashicnebilitv and stagnation c'f rssons'

P rri6:-I:-d e"c q Url-llli hplarrglr-ru

decrease witi:
scason '' deterioration of resorts
* greater eifluence
m"1re nerlp ie inv r-: ivec
o shcrrter working rn'eel; or Paici
rn;rearreC frequencl
vacaiiolls
" ar,ailabiiin' of cheaper ciestinarions
ir,tercc,titinentai
anci advsnising and air travel
* [Link] securiw
natiOnal .'vherehl
Tran s-Atlantic tourism flcPPeri
ernpr;asis on eco-touiisnt ' sustainabie tcu;'isrr or anra:tivl
en'.'ironrneni
* cheaper. advantagecus forelgri
pa;llage ht:lida;-s as cPlc'sei to
acir enturous tourism br i".:'-rthfui exchange rate
* grealer [Link]' and aoc:ssibii it1
s*if-::aterins rol i'Ja1 s
iiicreased ooPuialitr of actire
holrda-r's e.g beiiches
naragiicing. saiiing

Creciii [Link] fi,: cie"eloPec po;nts. ;ingies un tci t)

t" 1l
l(-i
Ceneral r.ri3L 5. cl: c.g. milx 5

[Link]-pl]-4iile rQ:-qlia ur i 51r.';{

Tours
- Drovision - tout" operators - ll.T'.(-. Shorvman
trailsi-1ol-1-
- sancluaries '- Chipangali Orphanage
lrii
resear::h ani cieveiopment - rvorkshops on hospitalitl
and managem
- hu;,rti.!',i3i,Ju''cesdsleioptnent
- citlering services
- accon:i:rc,oaticn- - rnoteis' inns' hcrteis' ilrivate lodges
[Link] foi a+,,areness - iocai ano intenlationai
on print ano eiecrrottic
-
media
- anciilian services .- banlis' insurance

Evaiualist_i

Generai rnax .]^ n:ore tlran one t.g,',no c]mpan} menrioned i/ : al l't (l
i+
Generic ) teler tc I\4F DC
 i,)

il (at |ilplets
igurqi
solar $opical arr:nr plenty of sunshine

wind best wi,ncl resoLtrces in lrpiands fcrr maxinrum outpul

Europe - V/aie s

H.E,.P. florving
[Link] rivers vrater head and body of water
mouniains

1,Ar[i\/ es Sev*n ;-i';cr -- U.l(' to lap tn€ powel

ticla) coastal areas - Franoe the rise [Link] Power

brogas ubiquitous agricuit:ure anii rregetation

geothermai piate margins arcss oi' cittslal activio

Nelv Ze,aiancl

of energl'for fuil answer'

General 5, one e.g, onl1'max 6' Allcirv ai least 'l sources
generic 2 for non-reneu,abie,
Cre<lit (2; tor dewiopea pcintl singles up rc 6.
Lli;e oicells will heip [Link] rnarks'
lv'lixed griil (non-renen'abie rel]cw'abie) -'nrax '1
-1-

Scurce r
___,........"..,.....,^.....",ff
desorib! ____*L.- elpratL
ll:'rt'!
(li i
lt
-)*- 1.4

,,1 ;) t1?l
(3)

it , Cl,aile'nrres

- iack i"'f tecliriolog,v knowhorv"sir-il1s

- iacli of caPital resources
- eni'ironmentai considerations esp H'E'P' orojects
.disagreementsandargunr*ntsor,[Link]
Ilatoka. Prcrject
- skerted proliL!;al prit--ities (imrncdiate concems-)
- research ancl rieveicpment issi;es - poor pianning

7, generic. 2 |or non-renei,r'able

Crecjit (2) ibr ieveloperl poin,;, singies up t0
Not examPrle-based t 1.
lviixed grili ' ;1
[i3l [25]
 14

12 (a) lrclude.:: soas, oceans, uitciergrourid, ri'iers, iaites

Naqggl-weyg -- [Link]. quakes. (hot lava)

pppestic - sewage, detergents, iiquid wastes, rubbish

4sdculttrrgl- slumy, fhrtilisers, pesticides residues. spillages, oils, deaii animal

stogk, poisonous fishing

Eqerg:,_-ibd6lriai * disposal of wastes atrd effluenls, leaks, washing and r:ooling

proaesses! acici rain, the",:rlal pr-rliution

Wgdarg - le sting o1'n'-[Link] vi e&P.-irs. navl' ships spillages

jets
Mining.- seepages [Link] v.,astcs, disposal of rvaste water from processes such as
and c;leaning - oiranide . mer.)uri'

11gqqpgrt'- vehicle lieis ar:C ciis. tank r'r'ashing, raittwash from roads

At [Link] i iimensicns for fuii answer

Credi; (i) singie Pcint
Aliou' sPe culatton
,/L'Li/-'t
'
)'jotexample-based I ii2l
-
fnrr )
(b) .Atisltpu-1,-Lqaugpf*arq-lo-qlsgu'ileal-sfull-palbti's!

- carbon taxes
- laii chimnel's

: ilt::;ffi1,".,
iegisiatlon (clean Air AcL IS0 certificalion. PIri")
reguiar colle,ttion of rcfuse
repiacing or repairing curut pipes (seia'age)

. *frHi*iHiil;:-:*:cc,Per
-
-
calalr'tic conveners
impounding [Link]:rth;- vehicles
use of unleaclec fuel

. ffi-';s':ir:[{i:ers/porn'er
et(

Credit as PeI cells shou'n

Causes Consequences
[Link],t : a
Evaiuation 14 tj
Ceneral answer rytex 6. ont e.B. on1;'mrr:: 1 , [13i [25]
 i5

l3 (ai -e,q1gl-1ailIza!iQi1"
- n'[Link] meihod oi'moving bulltl'goods in large metal
containers, (i) ccnla*rers stan,Jardiseci io suit cargo (1).
lvlal,:es ieading and unluading time redueed. (1) Forklifts used makes water and rail,
roarj transpr)rt more sfficient and faster (i). reCuce<i theft arrd .Janrage (1) 13

"Rreak*oi'..bu1trr-point" - point where gooas are ransfened frorn clne mode of

tranrifrofi ro anotiter e.g, shrp to rail, Warehouses provide lahou;" to load and
i.:nlc;rci. Such points marv b* river crossings, ports, road termini, N4anufacturing
can be done to iower transpon costs and/or reduce impurities e.g, Quest
rr ariu1'a ;t,,rri n g ll rria"re.
t3 16l
(b) Mgdrui!
'irqtgpalt lS,.ngUgnlqalicil
dualizaiii:rr of roads - provide cotnputer"s {br e-mail"

anci i ines
*i:li::lancsets
- subr,va;-s - raiio anC'iV
- -
tipgrading of all'po,-ts ari :;eaports
' print media
far and telex

, ili*fjia'dL,,ouc,
caneiiz,ation ..- iniani ports

r-redit transpcrt * comRrLtniciltion 8r'4 or vice versa

r,re,ilt i2) fcr rjeveiopecl ,tcrirls: singles up to 6
General max 5, one LELr{- [Link] inax 6, generic 2rafar to MEDC i12l

(c) E&I!:j_rI

hauiage truclis restricted to travel mosii't at i:ight end the3'are noi

al i r-r.r.,eci intc resirlential areas
lo confirnr poi),tirrg
: ;.,,'iffr3x
.uii*o1' eiectrif, cation
bulldozing sno!-l/-covet'ed r"oad surface s
iegislation
penaltiesifrnes
tnuzzlers on exhaus PiPes

, t?;.x*;'/ff
research into solar-poworeci vehicles

[Link]-11-r3

T"c. l;e effi:rt-iinked anci r"eaiisiic

Seneral rnar 3
(Jne named area max 4 [7] [25j
 15

14 le) "'iircss llome.q'tilPi'ggligi" (CDP) is the totai outpllt of goods a"nci services
p-d11*; O ir;,u nu["nu! econcnnl, in a giverr period of time usualil' a year.(1)
it is valued ai nlarket Prioes 12

,.Gross (cNP) is tire total value of goods ancl serviees produo^ed

\itilto4aL_EIQ(i]!!i"
f;; *,.,ifi;;;C* (r). 'nlio includes figures f r fbr:d nr'rriuctiotl, value of
gcods produced, prgt,isiorr olservlces, profits from over$ear inveSlmentS And
rrron*1r'earried ficm fore igr' business, 17

gio\\,irig inlercc,nnecteCness oJ'the world in reiation

.,_Ql_ohA]-LZgilpE" is tl'tir

t/.r-**i**i. rtti,,,ities 'l'here is a *'oriri-wide intra'firm division of laboi-lr

rvhere activities are based in rnanl' sites c','er the lvorld' based cn a country'S
conlparati i/e advantages i6l

(b) Ar:::rvei: is *xampie'based. in LEDCs, ec,:nornic developrnerrt is

linked to
the gro..rir"r of ,urban cenires u'hich grew Llp in a;'r:as of resourae availabiiit5'
..g,",ri,',"ruls. oils, agricttlturt. pirviicai fsatures, energy resouices or cultutal
herita;:e. A good exampie is Zimbabrve where:

- llshirrii - Iiaribtr, Wesi Africa

*Bindura. i{"ivekr"e
- mining tor'"ns
- afic,lituraltov.'ns*Chirlhoyi'Ckregutu,Chiredzi,Banket
- '[Link] rowns basc<i on ph,r'sicai *\Iic'tr:ria Fails
*Masvitigo
- rourisr towns based otr cttltural heritage
- forestrY*M -ln4vuriiaFIZ
ieading to *'he setting in
Ii.:si:uri-:cs prc',r,iied gro',vt-h nitciei [Link] propulsive industries
oi cr,,mulative causar.;On" sirrea,l elfbcrs;, rnuitiplie:' etfeois as u:eI1 aS agglomeration
and in most oases
econcmie:i, Ites,,-urce endorvtuent oni;v proviieii indusrriai inertia
have been depieted'
these iov,'ns contilur to prosper .t *n url*, mineral resoill'ctsS

i-redit (21 for cei'eioped points- singies up to 6

Gen:ral rnax 5, one LEDC cnli mex 6, generic - max 2
ir{ixeii grili- ,1 [12]

(c) Atgne;-,4
-pro',risionofbasicii:alth*vaccinationiimmunization
- a:rivilies
iob-crealicn ii^r i't'rrriai and informal
- nalional scciai secr-irit1' schernr:s
- empolvermeni of iocal people witir seithelp proiects
- provisicn of pri'n:ary^ st'cr-'nctary arci tertian' education
- itppleinentarl' f'eeding si:henres fbr destitutes etc
- ruiai electrificatitltirryood lotsiothEr fuels
- ilpgrading sl:ant-r' rJweliing'&ousing projects in periphery
- piJuisron a1'ciean' pip':d waler anc roiiers

Evelualslr-,-

Generai rnax 3, mq"re$:ran orle corlntry i:ra;'

;l t7l i25l