CHAPTER -3 -The nature of radial force is such that it tries to burst outer

Q.1Explain the procedure to estimate the no load current winding and crush inner winding.
of a three phase transformer. -The average value of radial forces is given by,
Ans. Calculation of no load current: Fr(av)=(uo/2)(IT)^2×Lmt/Lc
-No load current of transformer is consists of two parts- 2. Axial Force :-
magnetizing component and loss component. -Fig shows the interaction of radial component of leakage
-Magnetizing component (I_{m}) is responsible for setting flux with current carrying windings.
up of required flux in core is given by, -Applying Fleming's left hand rule, it is found that force acts
-(Im)= MMF (A-turns) per phase/ in the axial direction.
Turns per phase -The forces acting on the transformer are compressive in
-Loss component (I) is responsible for losses occurring nature.
inside the core and is given by, -The average value of axial forces for shell type transformer
(I)= Iron loss in watts per phase/Voltage per phase is given by,
No load current (Io) per phase of transformer can be Fa=(uo/8n^2)(IT)^2×Lmt/W
calculated as, -The average value of axial forces for core type transformer
I(0) = √Im^2+i^2 is given by,
A) No load current of 1-phase transformer: Fa(av)=(uo/2)×k×(IT)^2×{Lmt/2(a+bp+bs)}
Let, •Measures:
-I_{c} = Length of flux path in limb (core) = Hw •Bracing of windings:
-ly Length of flux path in yoke = W -Inward axial forces are taken by windings themselves.
-at{c} = mmf/metre in core (limb) -Inward radial forces are passed on to the formers packing
-aty= mmf/metre in yoke pieces and cores.
- Total magnetizing mmf is, -Outward axial forces must be withstood by end insulation.
-AT, 2 atc lc+2 aty ly + mmf for joints -A well constructed transformer should have suitable choice
-The calculation of mmf is based on maximum value of flux of conductor dimensions and interturn insulation and the
density,hence rms value of magnetizing current can be, coils well supported and braced with compressive stresses
I(m) = AT(o))/√2Tp kept in view. The end supports are not easily arranged to
I(m) = AT(o)/ KpkTp give good insulation and at the same time good mechanical
-where Peak factor * K pk = Amplitude factor×√2 strength.
-Loss component can be, -Therefore, the need for second quality (good mechanical
I = Pi/Vp strength) should be avoided as far as possible by having
-No load current, good magnetic symmetry and the un-preventive symmetry
caused by provision of tapping should be suitably
Io=√IM^2+I^2
distributead.
B) No load current of 3-phase transformer:
-Total magnetizing mmf required for transformer
=3 atcle+2 atylv + mmf required for joints -Magnetizing
mmf required per phase
ATo=(3 atcle+2 atyly+ mmf for joints)/3
-Magnetizing current per phase is,
Im= (ATo/√2)Tp
Im = ATo/KpkTp
-Where K pk = sqrt 2 ; Amplitude factor
-Loss component per phase,
I= Pi/3Vp
-where Pi= Total iron losses
-No load current
Io= √Im^ 2+ I^ 2

Q-(2)Explain the mechanical forces developed under

short circuit condition in a transformer and the
measures to overcome them.
Ans.: Mechanical forces:
-Mechanical forces exist in transformers an account of
interaction of the current in the windings with the leakage
flux surrounding it.
-The leakage flux can be resolved into axial and radial
components. Due to these components there are two types of
forces.
1. Radial forces :
-Fig shows the interaction of axial component of leakage
flux with current carrying windings.
-Apply Fleming's left hand rule it is found that force acts in
the radial direction.
UNIT 4 Where, n = Efficiency cos o = Power factor
Q.2 Write short note on tubes of winding? Ans. Types of If output is rated in hp then
AC windings: Q = hp × 0.746 % n cos o
There are four types of ac windings:
i. Single layer and double layer winding Q.4 Discuss various factors considered for choice of
ii. Full pitch and short pitch winding specific electrical and specific magnetic loading of three
iii. Concentrated and distributed winding phase induction motor?
iv. Lap and wave winding Ans - Choice of Specific Magnetic Loading or Average Air
*i. Single layer and double layer winding : Gap Flux
• If slot consists of only one coil side, winding is said to be Density (Bav): Following factors should be considered
single layer. When there are two coil sides per slot one at while selecting average flux density:
bottom and one at the top, the winding is called double 1. Magnetising current:
layer. . The magnetising current of a machine is directly
*iii. Full pitch and short pitch winding : proportional to the mmf required to force the flux through
One pole pitch is nothing but number of slots per pole or the air gap and iron parts of the machine. The mmf required
simply 180° electrical. for air gap is directly proportional to the gap flux density i.e.
• If coil side in one slot is connected to coil side in another specific magnetic loading.
slot which is one pole pitch distance from first slot, the MMF (air gap) ∞ Bav ох
winding is said to be full pitch. • If a small value of specific magnetic loading is chosen, the
*iii. Concentrated and distributed winding: When coilsides flux density in iron parts is low and these part work on the
of one phase are placed in one slot, it is known as linear or knee portion of B-H curve.
concentrated winding. In distributed winding coilsides of 2. Power factor:
one phase are symmetrically distributed among number of • When magnetising current is large, power factor angle
slots. • becomes large hence power factor is poor. Iml < Im2 Φι <
*iv. Lap and wave winding: Φ2 cos cos 02
In lap winding end connection of on coilside is connected to • The value of flux density in air gap should be small
start connection of another coilside which is present under otherwise the machine will draw large magnetising current
the influence of previous pole. Lap winding progresses back giving poor power factor.
to form circuit-like shape. In wave winding end connection 3 . Overload capacity: A high value of flux density Bay
of one coilside is connected to means that flux per pole is large.
Thus for the same voltage, the winding requires less turns
Q.3 Derive output equation of a three phase induction per phase. If the number of turns is less, the leakage
motor with usual notation. reactance becomes small. Leakage reactance ∞ T²
*Output equation of 3-phase induction motor : *Choice of specific electric loading: Following are the
Let, factors that should be considered while selecting specific
m = Number of phases electric loading:
D = Diameter of stator bore 1. Copper loss: A large value of electric loading means that
L Length of core a greater amount of copper is employed in the machine. Due
p = Number of poles to this copper losses in machine are increased.
Consider an 'm' phase machine having one circuit per phase, IR ∞ ac
kVA rating of machine is, 2. Temperature rise : Temperature rise in a machine can be
Q = number of phases voltage per phase × current , written as, 0 = ac-p-8.C
per phase × 10-3 Q = m Eph Iph X10-3 Where, ac = Specific electric loading
Terminal voltage of each phase may be taken equal to p = Resistivity of conductor 8 = Current density C = Cooling
induced emf per phase. coefficient
.. Eph = 4.44 fo Tph Kw Thus for higher value of 'ac', temperature rise in a machine
Where, Flux per pole Tph = Turns per phase increases.
Kw = Winding factor We can write, 3 Overload capacity:
Q = mx 4.44 fo Tph KwxTph × 103 But F= pns 2 • Leakage reactance of machine is directly proportional to
Where, n, synchronous speed in rps square of number of turns.
.. Q mx 4.44 pn 2 OTph Kw Iph× 10^-3 Leakage reactance << T²
.. Q = 1.11 mpn, Tph Kw Tph 10^-3 Higher value of ac' means that number of turns are more and
Current in each conductor I2 = Iph (as only one circuit). leakage reactance is more.
Total number of armature conductors,
Z = number of phases x (2 x turns per phase)
Z mx2 Tph 2mTph
Total electric loading = I,Z= 2 m Iph Tph
Hence, Q = 1.11 K. (po) (1,-Z) ns, x 10^-3
But р = л DL Bav and Iz .Z = Pay D.аc av
Q= 1.11 Kw (л DL B.) ( D ac) n, x 10^-3
Let output coefficient, C 1.11 Bac K, x 10 = W
11 Bac-K, x 10" Co = Q-C, D'Ln,
KVA input = W output kW n cos o % KW n cos
kW = C, D2 L n, n cos o
UNIT 5 Q.4 Derive the equation for end ring current for the
rotor of squirrel cage induction motor along with the
Q.1 State any four rules for selecting the number of rotor necessary diagram.
slots of three phase squirrel cage induction motor.
Ans- Rules for selecting rotor slots: Ans. End ring current (l.):
i) The number of rotor slots should never be equal to stator The stator winding is a 3 phase distributed winding and thus
slots but must either be large or smaller. Satisfactory results produces revolving filed.
are obtained when the number of rotor slots is 15 to 30% Following Fig. Q.4.1 shows the magnitude of bar current
larger than or smaller than the number of stator slots. and emfs in the bar and if bars are assumed to be infinitely
ii) The difference between stator slots and rotor slots should distributed, the distribution of emfs and currents can be
not be equal to P, 2P or 5P to avoid synchronous cups. considered as sinusoidal in the bars over a pole pitch.
iv) The difference between number of stator slots and rotor
slots should not be equal to 1, 2, (P± 1) or (P + 2) to avoid Considering a group of rotor bars under one pole pitch, one
noise and vibrations. half would send current to an end ring in one direction and
the other half in opposite direction. If the maximum value of
Q - What are the factors considered when estimating the the currents in each bar is Ib (max) and if the current is
length of the air gap on induction motor? Why the length maximum in all the bars at the same time, then maximum
of the air gap should be as small as possible. value of the current in end ring.
Ans- The mmf required to send the flux through air gap is Ie (max) = bars por pole%2 × Current per bar
proportional to the product of flux density and length of air
gap. le (max) = Sr %2p X Ib(max)
MMF infi Bav lg However current is not maximum in all the bars under one
where lg =Length of air gap pole at the same time but varies according to sine law, hence
. For small flux density also mmf required for air gap is maximum value of the current in end ring is the average of
larger and hence large magnetising current is drawn by the the current of the half the bars under one pole.
machine. .. Maximum value of end ring current,
. Thus power factor becomes lower if air gap of the machine Ie(max)= 2 % π x Sr %2P b (max)
is increased. But bar current varies sinusoidally,
Overload capacity: .. RMS value of end ring current is,
-The overload capacity of an induction motor is defined as Ie= Ie(max)%root2 X 2% π X Sr%2P Xroot2Ib
the ratio of maximum output to rated output. The overload Ie= Srib% π P
capacity is MN/AL from circle diagram. • If the length of air
gap is large, the zigzag leakage flux is reduced resulting in
reduced value of leakage reactance.
3. Pulsation loss :
• With larger length of air gap, the variation of reluctance
due to slotting is small. • The tooth pulsation loss which is
produced due to variation in reluctance of the air gap is
reduced accordingly.
4. Unbalanced magnetic pull : If the length of air gap is
small, small eccentricity of the shaft
would result in large irregularity in air gap. Irregularity in
air gap is responsible for production of large unbalanced
magnetic pull which tries to bend the shaft.
6. Noise: • The principal course of noise in induction motor
is the variation of reluctance of the path of the zigzag
leakage flux.
• To ensure that the noise produced will not be
objectionable, it is necessary to make zigzag leakage as
small as possible which can be done by increasing the length
of air gap.
UNIT 6 = Flux density at 60° from interpolar axis Kg= Gap
QState and explain with neat sketches different types of contraction factor
leakage fluxes in an induction motor and estimate slot Lg= Length of air gap
leakage reactance in an induction motor.
ii. MMF for stator teeth:
Ans.: Estimation of slot leakage reactance: Flux density at 1/3" height of stator tooth from narrow end,
B ts1/3 = phase / (S s/p )* L i * Wts1/3
Slot leakage reactance: Where
Wts1/3= Width of stator tooth at 1/3 height from narrow end
Let, Z. = Conductors per slot = (pi(D + 2dss/3)/Ss = Wss
q= Slots per pole per phase D= Diameter of stator bore
p = Number of poles dss = Depth of stator slot
Tph = Turns per phase Wss=Width of stator slot
The flux density in stator tooth at 60° from interpolar axis
Consider the slots of one phase under one poleThere are q Bts60=1.36 BtsI/3
slots per pole per phase and they carry same currentThe The mmf required for stator teeth is,
conductors in slot of a phase under a pole produce leakage ATts= ats (mmf/meter) x Dss (meter)
flux and this leakage flux links with conductors in q slots. If
lambda λ is the specific slot permeance then iii. MMF for rotor teeth :
Flux density at 1/3 height of rotor tooth from narrow end.
effective slot permeance for q slots will be λ/q. The Btr1/3=Фm/ (Sr/p) x Lrx Wtr1/3
conductors producing leakage flux are, Wtr1/3=pi(Dr-4dsr/3) Sr. - Wa
Where
Z = Conductors per slot x slots/ Dr=Rotor outer diameter
pole/phase dsr = Depth of rotor slot
Z =Zs* q Wsr = Width of rotor slot
Reactance of coil is given by X = 2 πt fT² Lλ .. MMF required for rotor teeth,
Now for conductors of one phase under one pole, ivMMF for stator core:
T = Zs q and lλ = λ/q AT cs =at cs* lcs
slot reactance of conductors of one phase under one pole is, where, lcs=Length of flux path in stator core
= 2πf * (Zs q)^2 * L λ/ q
If the conductors of a phase under all poles are connected in v. MMF for rotor core:
series, the slot leakage reactance per phase. AT cc =at cc +lcr
Xs = P * 2πf Zs^2 qLλs = 2πfpq * Zs^ 2 * Lλ{s} where, lcr=Length of flux path in rotor core
but Z = 2Tph/qp Total magnetizing mmf per pole for B g60
x s = 2pi*fpq ( 2 Tph/qp)^ 2 L lambda s AT60 =ATtg +AT ts +ATrs+ATcs +ATc
x s = 8pi*f Tph ^ 2 L(lambda S /qp)Ω/ph Magnetizing current per phase
T m = 0.427pA*T60 /Kws * T s
Q Explian the procedure to calculate no load cureent of Where,
3phase IM P = Number of poles
Ts= Stator turns per phase
The no load current I, of an induction motor is made up of Kws=Stator winding factor
twocomponents: Loss component of no load current (1.) :
(i) Magnetizing current I Iron loss in stator teeth Pist = Weight of stator teeth x
(ii) Loss component of no load current I Specific loss
The magnetizing current is 90° out of phase with voltage Iron loss in stator core P isc =1 Weight of stator core x
while the Specific loss
loss component is in phase with the voltage. Total iron loss P i =P ist +P isc
Magnetizing current ): Loss component of no load current per phase is.
The calculation of magnetizing current of an induction IL = Pi/(√3) * VL= P i 3* V ph
motor follows general procedure of dividing mmf required
No load current:
by number of turns.
No load current is calculated as,
I0 = √Im^ 2 + IL^ 2)
The flux produced by stator mmf turns passes through (i) air
gap(ii) stator core, (iii) stator teeth, (iv) rotor core, (v) rotor
teeth.
The calculation of magnetizing mmf should be based upon
the value of flux density at 60° from the interpolar axis.

i. MMF for air gap:

Where,
AT g =800000 Bg 60Kg lq
Bg60 = 1.36Bav
QExplain the effect of ducts on the calculation of
magnetizing current of three phase induction motor.
Ans. The provision of radial ventilating ducts results in
contraction of flux in axial direction is shown in Fig.
It is clear that effective axial length of machine is reduced
owing to presence of ducts and this results in an increase in
reluctance of air gap.
We can derive an expression for ventilating ducts by treating
stacks of laminations as teeth and ducts as slots.
.. Contracted or effective axial length, L' L-Kod na Wa
Ked= Corter's co-efficient for ducts
n=no. of ducts
duct width gap length
Let ratio of reluctance of air gap with ducts to reluctance of
air gap
without ducts be Kad
L Kat L-Kod na Wa
K=Gap contraction factor for ducts
When two ventilating ducts, one on stator and other on rotor
are exactly opposite to each other, the Carter's co-efficient
must then be based upon ratio duct width Performance
Parameters of Three Phase Induction Motor as to an
approximation we can gap length "assign' only one half gap
to each duct.
The effect of both slotting and ventilating ducts can be
allowed for in a single expression:
Let K = Ratio of reluctance of air gap of slotted armature
with ducts to reluctance of air gap of a smooth armature
without ducts and is called "Total gap contraction factor" for
ducts and slots
[K = KXKd]
The overall effect of duct is that it modifies gap contraction
factor.