CONSTRUCTION

METHODS IN
BUILDINGS AND
C M P M

OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURE

Presented by Group 2 (3M)

Amatong | Butal | Galeon | Jurado | Lumbay |
Molina | Quilay | Sausal
CONSTRUCTION
 TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION
1. Building Construction
2. Infrastructure
3. Industrial
Building Construction is the BUILDING
process of adding structure to
real property or construction
CONSTRUCTION
buildings.

It is usually further divided

into residential and non-
residential
(Commercial/Institutional).
COMMERCIAL
BUILDING
INSTITUTIONAL
BUILDING
 INFRASTRUCTURE
It is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering.

Civil engineering covers the design, construction, and maintenance

of the physical and naturally built environment, including public
works, such as dams, bridges, roads, canals, tunnels, airports, etc.
INFRASTRUCTURE
 It is a relatively small part of

INDUSTRIAL the entire construction

industry, yet a very important
component.

It includes offshore
construction, mining and
quarrying, refineries, chemical
processing, power generation,
mills, and manufacturing
plants.
 INDUSTRIAL
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
1 SURVEYING

The process of measuring and

mapping the physical
characteristics of a
construction site and its
surroundings, to gather the
data needed for the design,
planning, and construction of
buildings, infrastructure, or
other projects.
2 CLEARING

The first step in any

construction project that
involves removing any
elements on the land that may
get in the way of the
construction process.
3 FRAMING

It is the building of basic

structure or frame, typically
lumber or steel. This frame
serves as the skeleton of the
building and provides support
for floors, walls, and roof
systems.
4 SIGNAGES

Involves placing signs for

safety, direction, and
information purposes at a
construction site.
5 MOBILIZATION

Refers to preparing the

construction site, such as
bringing in equipment,
materials, and workers.
6 LAYOUT

This is the process of marking

or planning where structures
will be built, based on
blueprints or plans.
 7. EXCAVATION
is the process of moving earth,
rock, or other materials using
tools, equipment, or explosives. It
includes earthwork, trenching,
wall shafts, tunneling, and
underground.
 8. FOOTING
The bottom part of a foundation
is called the footing. Footings in
construction are important, as
the footing distributes the weight
of the building evenly across the
entire structure so that it doesn't
sink into the ground.
9. COLUMNS
are structural elements that
transmit loads from a structure's
slab (the roof or upper floors) to
its foundation and the ground
beneath it. Often, they are
vertically oriented. Columns are
used in construction for trusses,
building frames, and bridge
structure support.
10 BEAMS

are horizontal or inclined

structural elements designed
to carry loads primarily by
flexure.
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

STEEL BEAM

PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM

COMPOSITE BEAM
TYPES OF BEAMS

BOX BEAM

TIMBER BEAM
CONSTRUCTION Formwork Installation: Wooden or steel
formwork is erected to define the shape and
METHODS dimensions of the beam.
Reinforcement Placement: Steel reinforcement
bars (rebars) are positioned within the
formwork according to structural design
requirements.
Concrete Pouring: High-quality concrete mix is
poured into the formwork, encapsulating the
reinforcement.
Curing: The concrete is allowed to cure and
gain strength over time, typically through wet
curing or application of curing compounds.
Finishing: Once the concrete has sufficiently
hardened, the formwork is removed, and any
surface imperfections are rectified through
surface treatments or patching.
11 SLABS

Slabs are horizontal structural

elements that form floors,
ceilings, or roofs.
One-Way Slab

Two-Way Slab

Flat Slab

Ribbed (Waffle) Slab

TYPES OF SLABS

Hollow Core Slab

Post-Tensioned Slab
CONSTRUCTION Formwork Preparation: Formwork is assembled
to define the slab's shape and thickness,
METHODS incorporating necessary openings for utilities.
Reinforcement Installation: Steel
reinforcement mesh or bars are placed within
the formwork to enhance the slab's strength
and ductility.
Concrete Pouring: Concrete is poured into the
formwork, ensuring proper consolidation and
compaction to eliminate voids.
Leveling and Finishing: The concrete surface is
leveled using screeds, and any surface
imperfections are smoothed out using trowels
or floats.
Curing: Adequate curing measures are
implemented to promote hydration and
strength development in the concrete.
12 WALLS

Walls are vertical structural

elements that provide
enclosure, partitioning, and
lateral support to buildings.
Concrete Block Walls

Reinforced Concrete Walls

Brick Walls

Precast Concrete Walls TYPES OF WALLS

Lightweight Concrete Walls

Gypsum Board Walls

Wooden Walls
CONSTRUCTION Masonry Construction: Bricks, concrete blocks,
METHODS or stone units are laid in mortar to construct
load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls.
Reinforced Concrete Walls: Formwork is
erected to define the wall's shape, and steel
reinforcement is installed before concrete
pouring.
Precast Concrete Walls: Preformed concrete
panels or elements are manufactured off-site
and transported to the construction site for
assembly and installation.
Wall Finishing: After construction, walls may be
finished with plaster, paint, tiles, or cladding
materials to enhance aesthetics and
durability.
13.1 ELECTRICAL
Electrical systems are like the
body's nervous system for
buildings. They're made up of
wires, outlets, switches, and
other parts that let electricity
flow safely to power things like
lights, appliances, and devices.
These systems are carefully
planned and installed to make
sure everything works well and
is safe to use.
13.2 MECHANICAL
Mechanical systems are like the
body's functions for buildings.
They control things like heating,
cooling, water supply, and fire
safety. Mechanical systems
keep buildings comfortable and
safe by managing things like air
conditioning, plumbing, and fire
alarms.
14 PLUMBING
Plumbing systems are like the
building's water network. They
bring clean water to sinks, toilets,
and showers for daily use, and
they safely remove dirty water
and waste. Plumbing includes
pipes, sinks, toilets, water
heaters, and drainage systems.
It's like the plumbing in our
homes that keeps things flowing
smoothly, but on a bigger scale
for buildings.
 FINISHING/
15 PARTITIONS
Finishing and partitions are like the
final touches and room dividers in a
building. Finishing is like adding the
last touches to make a building look
nice inside. It includes painting walls,
laying down flooring, and putting up
things like doors and windows.
Partitions are like walls that divide
up the inside of a building into
different rooms or areas, making
separate spaces for different
purposes. So, finishing and partitions
are all about making buildings both
pretty and functional inside.
TAPPING OFF/ROOF
DECK
Roof construction is a crucial aspect of building
design and is pivotal in providing shelter,
protection, and aesthetic appeal to any
structure.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR ROOF
DECKS:

Concrete Roof Deck: it involves pouring concrete over Steel Roof Deck: are lightweight and durable. They
a structural slab or using precast concrete panels. are often used in commercial buildings and can be
Proper reinforcement and curing are essential for installed using welding or mechanical fasteners.
durability.

Wood Roof Deck: are typically constructed using Safety: Access to the roof deck should be
treated lumber or composite decking. Proper carefully planned, and safety measures such as
ventilation and drainage are crucial to prevent rot guardrails and access ladders should be
and decay. installed.
 PAINTING
Paintings in construction refer to the application of coatings or
finishes on surfaces to protect, decorate, or enhance their
properties. In buildings, paintings are commonly used on walls,
ceilings, floors, and various structural elements.

Mural
Wall Paintings Floor Paint
Paintings

EXAMPLES OF
PAINTINGS IN Outdoor
Metal Paint Roof coating
CONSTRUCTION: Paintings
 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply in construction refers to the provision of
electrical energy to buildings for various purposes such as
lighting, heating, cooling, and powering equipment and
appliances.

The choice of power supply method depends on factors

such as the building's location, energy requirements, cost
considerations, and sustainability goals.
 TESTING
Material testing is the process of evaluating the physical
and chemical properties of construction materials to
ensure they meet specific standards and requirements.

TYPES OF TESTING
Concrete Testing
Concrete is one of the most widely
used construction materials, and its
strength and durability are paramount.
Concrete testing involves assessing
properties such as compressive
strength, tensile strength, workability,
and durability.
 Soil Testing
The foundation of any structure
depends on the soil it’s built on. Soil
testing assesses the composition,
density, moisture content, and load-
bearing capacity of the soil. This
information is critical for foundation
design and construction methods.

Steel Testing
Steel is often used in structural
components. Steel testing involves
assessing the tensile strength, yield
strength, ductility, and chemical
composition of steel materials.
 Wood Testing

Wood is used in various construction

applications, including framing and
finishing. Wood testing assesses
properties like density, moisture content,
and strength.

Aggregate Testing:
Aggregates are essential components of
concrete and asphalt. Aggregate testing
evaluates properties such as particle size
distribution, gradation, and abrasion
resistance. Properly tested aggregates
contribute to the strength and durability of
construction materials.
 DEMOBILIZATION
Demobilization refers to the process of
winding down and concluding a construction
project once the work is complete or nearing
completion.

Demobilization is the final phase of a

construction project, where the focus shifts
from active construction to completing
administrative tasks, removing equipment,
and transitioning the site back to its original
state. This phase is initiated once the project
reaches substantial completion, meaning that
the work is almost finished, and the property
can be used for its intended purpose.
HANDOVER Project handover is the final part
of the construction process,
where a project, along with all
information and resources
needed to occupy and maintain
it, is handed back to the owner.

The handover phase can feel like

the final stressful hurdle that
needs to be cleared, as an owner
impatiently tries to take
possession of their building, and
a contractor hurriedly tries to get
on to the next job.
7 KEY COMPONENTS DURING PROJECT
HANDOVER
Delivering Closeout
Warranties
Documents

Any Final Inspections or

Utilities
Walkthroughs

Jobsite and Materials

Outstanding Work
Management

Retainage
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!