SIMPLE STRESS &
STRAIN
HOOKE’S LAW Robert Hooke (1635–1703), an English scientist
The largest value of the stress for which Hooke’s law
can be used for a given material is known as the
proportional limit of that material.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OR
YOUNG’S MODULUS
Thomas Young (1773–1829), an English scientist
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
ELASTIC VERSUS PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A MATERIAL
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
DEFORMATIONS OF MEMBERS UNDER AXIAL LOADING
Assuming that the stress does not exceed the proportional limit of the
material, we may apply Hooke’s law and write
If the rod is loaded at other points, In the case of a member of variable cross section
or if it consists of several portions of
various cross sections and possibly
of different materials,
The total deformation of the member is
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown in Fig. under the given loads (E = 29 × 106 psi).
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
The piston of a steam engine is 60 mm in diameter and operates in a cylinder of diameter 400 mm. The
piston rod is 1 m long. What is the maximum pressure that can be allowed in the cylinder, if the stress in the
rod is limited to 80 N/mm2? What will be the change in the length of the piston at this pressure? E = 200
GPa.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of
aluminum (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2; link CD is
made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. For the
30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (a) of B, (b) of D, (c) of E.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of
aluminum (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2; link CD is
made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. For the
30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (a) of B, (b) of D, (c) of E.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS
Drawing the free-body diagram of the bar,
we obtain the equilibrium equation
However, the reactions may be
determined if we observe from the
geometry that the total elongation of the
bar must be zero.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
The assembly shown in Fig. consists of an aluminium tube through which a brass bolt has
been passed between rigid plates. After the bolt has been tight-fitted initially, the nut is
given quarter of a turn. The bolt is single-threaded with 2 mm pitch. Find the stress in the
bolt and the tube. What is the tensile force that must be applied to the assembly so that the
stress in the tube is zero? E for aluminium = 70 GPa and E for brass = 100 GPa.
Derive an expression for the total extension of the tapered bar of circular cross-
section shown in Fig. when it is subjected to an axial tensile load W.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, E J Hearn
Derive an expression for the total extension of the tapered bar of circular cross-
section shown in Fig. when it is subjected to an axial tensile load W.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, E J Hearn
POISSON’S RATIO
Provided the load on the material is
retained within the elastic range the ratio
of the lateral and longitudinal strains will
always be constant. This ratio is termed
Poisson’s ratio.
The negative sign of the lateral strain is
normally ignored to leave Poisson’s ratio
simply as a ratio of strain magnitudes.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
POISSON’S RATIO Named after French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson
(1781–1840), who attempted to calculate this ratio by a
molecular theory of materials.
For isotropic materials, Poisson values, are in the range
0.25 to 0.35 for most metals and many other materials.
Materials with an extremely low value of Poisson’s ratio
include cork, for which ν is practically zero, and
Concrete, for which ν is about 0.1 or 0.2.
For Rubber, the Poisson’s ratio is 0.5
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
MULTIAXIAL LOADING; GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW
In order to express the strain components in
terms of the stress components we will
consider separately the effect of each stress
component and combine the results obtained
using principle of superposition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
For materials within the elastic range the shear strain is proportional to the shear stress producing it
TEMPERATURE STRESSES
When the temperature of a component is increased or decreased the material respectively expands or
contracts. If this expansion or contraction is not resisted in any way then the processes take place free of
stress. If, however, the changes in dimensions are restricted then stresses termed temperature stresses
will be set up within the material.
Consider a bar of material with a
linear coefficient of expansion α.
Let the original length of the bar
be L and let the temperature
increase be t. If the bar is free to In this case the bar experiences a compressive
expand the change in length strain
would be given by
The new length
In most cases αt is very small compared with
unity so that
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, E J Hearn
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, SIXTH EDITION, BEER & JOHNSTON
A sleeve in the form of a circular tube of length L is placed around a bolt and fitted between washers at each end. The
nut is then turned until it is just snug. The sleeve and bolt are made of different materials and have different cross-
sectional areas. (Assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion αS of the sleeve is greater than the coefficient αB of
the bolt.)
(a) If the temperature of the entire assembly is raised by an amount T, what stresses are developed in the sleeve and
bolt, respectively?
(b) What is the increase δ in the length L of the sleeve and bolt?
The resulting elongations of the sleeve and bolt are denoted δ1
and δ2, respectively,
The shortening δ3 of the sleeve and elongation δ4 of the bolt are
The final elongation δ is the same for both the sleeve and bolt,
the elongation of the sleeve is δ1 - δ3 and of the bolt is δ2 + δ4;
therefore,
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, Gere and Goodno
The resulting elongations of the sleeve and bolt are denoted δ1
and δ2, respectively,
The shortening δ3 of the sleeve and elongation δ4 of the bolt are
The final elongation δ is the same for both the sleeve and bolt,
the elongation of the sleeve is δ1 - δ3 and of the bolt is δ2 + δ4;
therefore,
from which we get
The compressive force in the sleeve is equal to the tensile force in the bolt i.e. PS = PB
Therefore,
Stresses in the sleeve and bolt
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, Gere and Goodno